Morphology and function analyses of cell population using image processing

A ‘virtual histology’ can be thought of as the ‘staining’ of a digital ultrasound image via image processing techniques in order to enhance the visualisation of differences in the echotexture of different types of tissues. Several candidate image-processing algorithms for virtual histology using ultrasound images of the bovine ovary were studied. The candidate algorithms were evaluated qualitatively for the ability to enhance the visual differences in intra-ovarian structures and quantitatively, using standard texture description features, for the ability to increase statistical differences in the echotexture of different ovarian tissues. Certain algorithms were found to create textures that were representative of ovarian micro-anatomical structures that one would observe in actual histology. Quantitative analysis using standard texture description features showed that our algorithms increased the statistical differences in the echotexture of stroma regions and corpus luteum regions. This work represents a first step toward both a general algorithm for the virtual histology of ultrasound images and understanding dynamic changes in form and function of the ovary at the microscopic level in a safe, repeatable and non-invasive way.

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Effects of Cytokines on Platelet Production From Blood and Marrow CD34+ Cells

Blood ◽

10.1182/blood.v91.3.830 ◽

1998 ◽

Vol 91 (3) ◽

pp. 830-843 ◽

Cited By ~ 96

Author(s):

Françoise Norol ◽

Natacha Vitrat ◽

Elisabeth Cramer ◽

Josette Guichard ◽

Samuel A. Burstein ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Cell Population ◽

Culture System ◽

Simple Liquid ◽

Similar Response ◽

Platelet Production ◽

Liquid Culture System ◽

Cd34 Cells ◽

Proplatelet Formation ◽

And Function

Abstract The late stages of megakaryocytopoiesis, consisting of the terminal processes of cytoplasmic maturation and platelet shedding, remain poorly understood. A simple liquid culture system using CD34+ cells in serum-free medium has been developed to study the regulation of platelet production in vitro. Platelets produced in vitro were enumerated by flow cytometry. A truncated form of human Mpl-Ligand conjugated to polyethylene glycol (PEG-rHuMGDF) played a crucial role in both proplatelet formation and platelet production. A combination of stem cell factor (SCF), interleukin-3 (IL-3), and IL-6 was as potent as PEG-rHuMGDF for the growth of megakaryocytes (MKs). However, the number of proplatelet-displaying MKs and platelets was increased 10-fold when PEG-rHuMGDF was used. Peripheral blood mobilized CD34+ cells gave rise to a threefold augmentation of platelets compared with marrow CD34+ cells. This finding was related to the higher proliferative capacity of the former population because the proportion of proplatelet-displaying MKs was similar for both types of CD34+ cells. The production of platelets per MK from CD34+ cells was low, perhaps because of the low ploidy of the cultured MKs. This defect in polyploidization correlated with the degree of proliferation of MK progenitors induced by cytokines. In contrast, ploidy development closer to that observed in marrow MKs was observed in MKs derived from the low proliferative CD34+CD41+ progenitors and was associated with a twofold to threefold increment in platelet production per MK. As shown using this CD34+ CD41+ cell population, PEG-rHuMGDF was required throughout the culture period to potently promote platelet production, but was not involved directly in the process of platelet shedding. IL-3, SCF, and IL-6 alone had a very weak effect on proplatelet formation and platelet shedding. Surprisingly, when used in combination, these cytokines elicited a degree of platelet production which was decreased only 2.4-fold in comparison with PEG-rHuMGDF. This suggests that proplatelet formation may be inhibited by non-MK cells which contaminate the cultures when the entire CD34+ cell population is used. Cultured platelets derived from PEG-rHuMGDF– or cytokine combination-stimulated cultures had similar ultrastructural features and a nearly similar response to activation by thrombin. The data show that this culture system may be useful to study the effects of cytokines and the role of polyploidization on platelet production and function.

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NR4A Expression by Human Marginal Zone B-Cells

Antibodies ◽

10.3390/antib8040050 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 8 (4) ◽

pp. 50

Author(s):

Kim Doyon-Laliberté ◽

Josiane Chagnon-Choquet ◽

Michelle Byrns ◽

Matheus Aranguren ◽

Meriam Memmi ◽

...

Keyword(s):

B Cells ◽

B Cell ◽

Cell Population ◽

Human Blood ◽

Marginal Zone ◽

Ex Vivo ◽

Transcriptome Profiling ◽

Marginal Zone B Cells ◽

Healthy Donors ◽

And Function

We have previously characterized a human blood CD19+CD1c+IgM+CD27+CD21loCD10+ innate-like B-cell population, which presents features shared by both transitional immature and marginal zone (MZ) B-cells, named herein “precursor-like” MZ B-cells. B-cells with similar attributes have been associated with regulatory potential (Breg). In order to clarify this issue and better characterize this population, we have proceeded to RNA-Seq transcriptome profiling of mature MZ and precursor-like MZ B-cells taken from the blood of healthy donors. We report that ex vivo mature MZ and precursor-like MZ B-cells express transcripts for the immunoregulatory marker CD83 and nuclear receptors NR4A1, 2, and 3, known to be associated with T-cell regulatory (Treg) maintenance and function. Breg associated markers such as CD39 and CD73 were also expressed by both populations. We also show that human blood and tonsillar precursor-like MZ B-cells were the main B-cell population to express elevated levels of CD83 and NR4A1-3 proteins ex vivo and without stimulation. Sorted tonsillar precursor-like MZ B-cells exerted regulatory activity on autologous activated CD4+ T-cells, and this was affected by a CD83 blocking reagent. We believe these observations shed light on the Breg potential of MZ populations, and identify NR4A1-3 as potential Breg markers, which as for Tregs, may be involved in stabilization of a regulatory status. Since expression and activity of these molecules can be modulated therapeutically, our findings may be useful in strategies aiming at modulation of Breg responses.

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Impact of aging on the morphology and function of the somatotroph cell population in rats

Mechanisms of Ageing and Development ◽

10.1016/0047-6374(93)90058-y ◽

1993 ◽

Vol 70 (1-2) ◽

pp. 45-51 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Gloria M. Console ◽

Cesar L.A. Gomez Dumm ◽

Rodolfo G. Goya

Keyword(s):

Cell Population ◽

And Function

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TIM-1 defines a human regulatory B cell population that is altered in frequency and function in systemic sclerosis patients

Arthritis Research & Therapy ◽

10.1186/s13075-016-1213-9 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 19 (1) ◽

Cited By ~ 32

Author(s):

Octavio Aravena ◽

Ashley Ferrier ◽

Madhvi Menon ◽

Claudia Mauri ◽

Juan Carlos Aguillón ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Systemic Sclerosis ◽

B Cell ◽

Cell Population ◽

Regulatory B Cell ◽

And Function

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The ageing B cell population: Composition and function

Biogerontology ◽

10.1007/s10522-009-9256-9 ◽

2009 ◽

Vol 11 (2) ◽

pp. 125-137 ◽

Cited By ~ 84

Author(s):

Alexander Ademokun ◽

Yu-Chang Wu ◽

Deborah Dunn-Walters

Keyword(s):

B Cell ◽

Cell Population ◽

Population Composition ◽

And Function

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Effects of Cytokines on Platelet Production From Blood and Marrow CD34+ Cells

Blood ◽

10.1182/blood.v91.3.830.830_830_843 ◽

1998 ◽

Vol 91 (3) ◽

pp. 830-843 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

Françoise Norol ◽

Natacha Vitrat ◽

Elisabeth Cramer ◽

Josette Guichard ◽

Samuel A. Burstein ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Cell Population ◽

Culture System ◽

Simple Liquid ◽

Similar Response ◽

Platelet Production ◽

Liquid Culture System ◽

Cd34 Cells ◽

Proplatelet Formation ◽

And Function

The late stages of megakaryocytopoiesis, consisting of the terminal processes of cytoplasmic maturation and platelet shedding, remain poorly understood. A simple liquid culture system using CD34+ cells in serum-free medium has been developed to study the regulation of platelet production in vitro. Platelets produced in vitro were enumerated by flow cytometry. A truncated form of human Mpl-Ligand conjugated to polyethylene glycol (PEG-rHuMGDF) played a crucial role in both proplatelet formation and platelet production. A combination of stem cell factor (SCF), interleukin-3 (IL-3), and IL-6 was as potent as PEG-rHuMGDF for the growth of megakaryocytes (MKs). However, the number of proplatelet-displaying MKs and platelets was increased 10-fold when PEG-rHuMGDF was used. Peripheral blood mobilized CD34+ cells gave rise to a threefold augmentation of platelets compared with marrow CD34+ cells. This finding was related to the higher proliferative capacity of the former population because the proportion of proplatelet-displaying MKs was similar for both types of CD34+ cells. The production of platelets per MK from CD34+ cells was low, perhaps because of the low ploidy of the cultured MKs. This defect in polyploidization correlated with the degree of proliferation of MK progenitors induced by cytokines. In contrast, ploidy development closer to that observed in marrow MKs was observed in MKs derived from the low proliferative CD34+CD41+ progenitors and was associated with a twofold to threefold increment in platelet production per MK. As shown using this CD34+ CD41+ cell population, PEG-rHuMGDF was required throughout the culture period to potently promote platelet production, but was not involved directly in the process of platelet shedding. IL-3, SCF, and IL-6 alone had a very weak effect on proplatelet formation and platelet shedding. Surprisingly, when used in combination, these cytokines elicited a degree of platelet production which was decreased only 2.4-fold in comparison with PEG-rHuMGDF. This suggests that proplatelet formation may be inhibited by non-MK cells which contaminate the cultures when the entire CD34+ cell population is used. Cultured platelets derived from PEG-rHuMGDF– or cytokine combination-stimulated cultures had similar ultrastructural features and a nearly similar response to activation by thrombin. The data show that this culture system may be useful to study the effects of cytokines and the role of polyploidization on platelet production and function.

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Fibroblast Memory in Development, Homeostasis and Disease

Cells ◽

10.3390/cells10112840 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 10 (11) ◽

pp. 2840

Author(s):

Thomas Kirk ◽

Abubkr Ahmed ◽

Emanuel Rognoni

Keyword(s):

Cell Population ◽

Structural Integrity ◽

Tissue Homeostasis ◽

Metabolic Memory ◽

Anatomical Location ◽

Environmental Stimulus ◽

Environmental Stimuli ◽

Biological Memory ◽

Underlying Mechanisms ◽

And Function

Fibroblasts are the major cell population in the connective tissue of most organs, where they are essential for their structural integrity. They are best known for their role in remodelling the extracellular matrix, however more recently they have been recognised as a functionally highly diverse cell population that constantly responds and adapts to their environment. Biological memory is the process of a sustained altered cellular state and functions in response to a transient or persistent environmental stimulus. While it is well established that fibroblasts retain a memory of their anatomical location, how other environmental stimuli influence fibroblast behaviour and function is less clear. The ability of fibroblasts to respond and memorise different environmental stimuli is essential for tissue development and homeostasis and may become dysregulated in chronic disease conditions such as fibrosis and cancer. Here we summarise the four emerging key areas of fibroblast adaptation: positional, mechanical, inflammatory, and metabolic memory and highlight the underlying mechanisms and their implications in tissue homeostasis and disease.

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CD4+CD25+ Marrow Infiltrating Lymphocytes in Myeloma Patients Display an Activated Phenotype and Lack Suppressive Function.

Blood ◽

10.1182/blood.v108.11.1741.1741 ◽

2006 ◽

Vol 108 (11) ◽

pp. 1741-1741

Author(s):

Kimberly A. Noonan ◽

Stephanie Mgebroff ◽

Paolo Serafini ◽

Kristen Meckel ◽

Mark Bonyhadi ◽

...

Keyword(s):

T Cells ◽

T Cell ◽

Cell Population ◽

Regulatory T Cell ◽

Cell Phenotype ◽

Autologous Tumor ◽

Activation Markers ◽

Tumor Specificity ◽

And Function ◽

Infiltrating Lymphocytes

Abstract We have previously shown that marrow infiltrating lymphocytes (MILs) from myeloma patients proliferate upon stimulation with anti-CD3/CD28 beads more efficiently and exhibit greater specificity to autologous tumor than their peripheral blood lymphocyte (PBL) counterparts. In attempting to dissect the mechanisms responsible for greater tumor specificity of MILs, we examined the frequency and function of the putative CD4+/CD25+ regulatory T cells (Tregs) in both compartments. Phenotypic and functional differences in the CD4+/CD25+ populations were examined in MILs and PBLs from 12 multiple myeloma patients and 3 normal donors. CD4+/CD25+ cells were stained for the suppressive marker: FoxP3; or the activation markers: CD40L, CD71 (transferrin receptor). CD4+/CD25+ MILs of myeloma patients are CD25lo, FoxP3lo and predominantly express activation markers. They expand more readily upon anti-CD3/CD28 stimulation, produce high amounts of the Th1 cytokines: IFNγ and IL-2, and low amounts of IL-10. Importantly, they fail to suppress the tumor specific T cell proliferation. These findings are all consistent with an activated T cell phenotype. In contrast, CD4+/CD25+ cells from PBLs of myeloma patients are CD25hi, FoxP3+, primarily produce IL-10 and IL-4 and markedly suppress T cell expansion in a tumor specific assay, suggestive of a regulatory T cell phenotype. Although MILs possess a lower number of FoxP3+ cells as compared to PBLs, the higher MFI may indicate the presence of a small yet highly regulatory T cell population. Interestingly, MILs from normal donors possess a more regulatory phenotype then their myeloma counterparts as determined by high FoxP3 and low CD40L and CD71 expression as well as reduced expansion upon activation. Taken together, these data underscore major differences in the immuno-inhibitory pathways present in blood as compared to marrow. Notably, MILs of myeloma patients demonstrate a paucity of Tregs. These differences may explain the disparities seen in the tumor-specificity of T cells from these two compartments. The ability to expand a T cell population with fewer endogenous Tregs and heightened tumor-specificity may have significant implications for the implementation of adoptive immunotherapy. %CD25 (MFI) %FoxP3 (MFI) %CD40L %CD71 Fold Expansion Ability to Suppress Myeloma CD4/CD25 MILs 4.7 (29.6) 2.2 (2932.1) 88.8 90.1 12.2 − CD4/CD25 PBLs 19.1 (115.2) 52.3 (163.7) 15.7 19.6 2.5 +++++ Normal CD4/CD25 MILs 14.0 (56.8) 70.1 (82.7) 37.3 6.4 3.3 +++ CD4/CD25 PBLs 24.0 (19.4) 30.9 (261.8) 12.1 4.2 4.0 ++

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Monocyte Heterogeneity: Consequences for Monocyte-Derived Immune Cells

Journal of Immunology Research ◽

10.1155/2016/1475435 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 2016 ◽

pp. 1-10 ◽

Cited By ~ 50

Author(s):

Sara Sprangers ◽

Teun J. de Vries ◽

Vincent Everts

Keyword(s):

Dendritic Cells ◽

Cell Population ◽

Immune Cells ◽

Blood Monocytes ◽

Tissue Specific ◽

Sharp Focus ◽

Heterogeneous Cell Population ◽

And Function

Blood monocytes are precursors of dendritic cells, macrophages, and osteoclasts. They are a heterogeneous cell population with differences in size, phenotype, and function. Although monocytes maintain several tissue-specific populations of immune cells in homeostasis, their contribution to populations of dendritic cells, macrophages, and osteoclasts is significantly increased in inflammation. Identification of a growing number of functionally different subsets of cells within populations of monocyte-derived immune cells has recently put monocyte heterogeneity into sharp focus. Here, we summarize recent findings in monocyte heterogeneity and their differentiation into dendritic cells, macrophages, and osteoclasts. We also discuss these advances in the context of the formation of functionally different monocyte-derived subsets of dendritic cells, macrophages, and osteoclasts.

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