scholarly journals Antimicrobial susceptibility of Pasteurella multocida and Haemophilus parasuis isolates associated with porcine pneumonia

2013 ◽  
Vol 82 (1) ◽  
pp. 3-7 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kateřina Nedbalcová ◽  
Zdeňka Kučerová
Keyword(s):  
Czech Republic ◽  
Pasteurella Multocida ◽  
Antimicrobial Agents ◽  
Haemophilus Parasuis ◽  
The Czech Republic ◽  
Microdilution Method ◽  
Broth Microdilution Method ◽  
Amoxicillin Clavulanic Acid ◽  
High Level ◽  
Resistance Rates

Pasteurella multocidaandHaemophilus parasuispig isolates obtained in the Czech Republic were tested for their susceptibility against selected antimicrobial agents by broth microdilution method between 2008 and 2011. A low degree of resistance was observed for ampicillin, amoxicillin/clavulanic acid, ceftiofur, tulathromycin, tilmicosin, florfenicol and enrofloxacin in 20 (6.0%), 15 (4.5 %), 2 (0.6%), 8 (2.4%), 13 (3.9%), 5 (1.5%) and 5 (1.5%)P. multocidaisolates as well as for tiamulin, gentamicin, tulathromycin, tilmicosin and ampicillin in 2 (2.4%), 2 (2.4%), 3 (3.6%), 3 (3.6%) and 6 (7.2%)H. parasuisisolates. In addition, moderate level of resistance to tiamulin was found in 60 (18.1%)P. multocidaisolates and high level of resistance for tetracycline was detected in 107 (32.2 %)P. multocidaisolates and in 23 (27.7 %)H. parasuisisolates. Differences between resistance rates ofP. multocidaandH. parasuiswere significant (P≤ 0.5) only for tiamulin. These data confirmed that antimicrobial resistance is not very widespread among current porcineP. multocidaandH. parasuisisolates in the Czech Republic.

scholarly journals Resistance to erythromycin of Staphylococcus spp. isolates from the food chain

2008 ◽  
Vol 53 (No. 6) ◽  
pp. 307-314 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Schlegelova ◽  
H. Vlkova ◽  
V. Babak ◽  
M. Holasova ◽  
Z. Jaglic ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Czech Republic ◽  
Antimicrobial Agents ◽  
Raw Milk ◽  
The Czech Republic ◽  
Microdilution Method ◽  
Broth Microdilution Method ◽  
Processing Plants ◽  
Agar Dilution ◽  
Efflux Mechanism ◽  
High Level

The aim of this study was to determine both the occurrence and the genetic basis of resistance to erythromycin among 1 235 <I>Staphylococcus</I> spp. isolates obtained between 2000 and 2006 from (a) raw milk and meat (1 704 samples), (b) foodstuffs produced from these (451 samples), and (c) contact surfaces at processing plants and dairy farms (363 samples) in the Czech Republic. Isolates were screened by broth microdilution method for resistance to erythromycin and further 11 antimicrobial agents. In addition, isolates were screened by agar dilution (erythromycin range 1–128 mg/l) and D-zone test for inducible resistance to macrolides, lincosamides and streptogramin B (iMLS<sub>B</sub>). Forty isolates were found to be either resistant, or intermediate, to erythromycin (3.2% of isolates); of these, more than 50% were identified as <I>S. epidermidis</I>. A total of 15 (1.2%) resistant isolates of staphylococci originated from foodstuffs. Resistance mediated by methylation – i.e. iMLS<sub>B</sub>-resistance (10 isolates with the <I>erm</I>(A) or <I>erm</I> (C) gene) and constitutive MLS<sub>B</sub>-resistance (one isolate with the <I>erm</I> (B) and <I>erm</I> (C) genes) – exhibited a significantly high level of resistance to erythromycin with minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) of 64 – >128 mg/l (MIC<sub>mode</sub> = >128 mg/l). In contrast, the efflux mechanism encoded by the <I>msr</I>(A) gene (13 isolates; MIC<sub>range</sub> = 4–128, MIC<sub>mode</sub> = 128 mg/l), the inactivation mechanisms of resistance encoded by the <I>mph</I>(C) gene (three isolates; MIC<sub>range</sub> = 8–32 mg/l), and/or their combination (13 isolates; MIC<sub>range</sub> = 4–128, MIC<sub>mode</sub> = 64 mg/l) led to lower MIC values. The efflux gene <iomsr</I>(A) dominated among the erythromycin-resistant isolates (65% of resistant isolates). This first report on the resistance of <I>Staphylococcus</I> spp. to erythromycin in the Czech Republic illustrates that, while occurrence was low, isolates from food were nevertheless carriers of <I>erm</I> (A), <I>erm</I> (B), <I>erm</I> (C),<I> msr</I>(A) and <I>mph</I>(C) genes for resistance to erythromycin and, therefore, represent a potential thread to humans.

scholarly journals Antimicrobial-ResistantStreptococcus pneumoniaein Canadian Hospitals: Results from the 2007 CANWARD Study

2009 ◽  
Vol 20 (suppl a) ◽  
pp. 37A-42A
Author(s):  
Aleksandra K Wierzbowski ◽  
Franil Tailor ◽  
Kim Nichol ◽  
James A Karlowsky ◽  
Daryl J Hoban ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Antimicrobial Agents ◽  
Macrolide Resistance ◽  
Minimum Inhibitory Concentrations ◽  
Microdilution Method ◽  
Broth Microdilution Method ◽  
Amoxicillin Clavulanic Acid ◽  
Resistance To Penicillin ◽  
Overall Resistance ◽  
Blood Specimens ◽  
Resistance Rates

BACKGROUND: The Canadian Ward Surveillance Study (CANWARD 2007) tested isolates collected from January to December 2007 from 12 Canadian hospitals to a range of antimicrobial agents. The present paper focuses on antimicrobial resistance inStreptococcus pneumoniaein Canadian hospitals, with an emphasis on macrolide resistance. MEtHODS: Minimum inhibitory concentrations of antimicrobial agents were determined using the broth microdilution method and interpreted according to Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute breakpoints. Macrolide-nonsusceptible strains (clarithromycin minimum inhibitory concentrations 0.5 μg/mL or greater) were analyzed by multiplex polymerase chain reaction for the presence ofmefA andermB genes. RESULTS:S pneumoniaerepresented 9.0% (706 of 7881) of all isolates collected in CANWARD 2007. Of the 706S pneumoniaeisolates collected, 33.1% (234) were from blood and 66.9% (472) were from respiratory specimens. The overall resistance (resistant and intermediate) rates forS pneumoniaeisolated from respiratory and blood specimens, respectively, were: penicillin (23.9%, 14.4%), clarithromycin (22.1%, 12.6%), trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (14.7%, 11.5%), doxycycline (7.8%, 5.1%) and clindamycin (7.1%, 3.3%). Multidrug resistance (resistance to penicillin, clarithromycin and trimethoprimsulfamethoxazole) accounted for 2% (n=9) and 0.5% (n=1) of respiratory and blood isolates, respectively. Susceptibility of 95% or greater was found with amoxicillin-clavulanic acid (99.5%, 99.3%), ceftriaxone (99.5%, 100%), cefuroxime (95.0%, 96.8%), ertapenem (99.8%, 100%), meropenem (96.1%, 99.5%) and levofloxacin (99.1%, 100%) for respiratory and blood specimens, respectively. No resistance to vancomycin, tigecycline, cethromycin or telithromycin was found. mefA was present in 53.6% (52 of 97) of respiratory and 59.3% (16 of 27) of blood macrolide-nonsusceptibleS pneumoniae, while ermB was present in 38.1% (37 of 97) of respiratory and 37% (10 of 27) of blood isolates. Eight of 97 (8.2%) respiratory and one of 27 (3.7%) blood isolates contained both mefA and ermB genes. CONCLUSIONS:S pneumoniaeis a common organism isolated from clinical specimens in Canadian hospitals. Resistance was highest to penicillin and clarithromycin, while ceftriaxone and levofloxacin susceptibility were both greater than 99%. No isolates resistant to vancomycin, tigecycline, linezolid or the ketolides were found. Resistance rates were higher among respiratory tract isolates ofS pneumoniaethan among blood isolates. Macrolide efflux,mefA, was the predominant mechanism of macrolide resistance among both respiratory and blood clarithromycin-nonsusceptible isolates.

scholarly journals The determination of minimum inhibitory concentrations of selected antimicrobials for porcine Haemophilus parasuis isolates from the Czech Republic

2017 ◽  
Vol 86 (2) ◽  
pp. 175-181
Author(s):  
Kateřina Nedbalcová ◽  
Monika Zouharová ◽  
Daniel Šperling
Keyword(s):  
Czech Republic ◽  
Antimicrobial Treatment ◽  
Haemophilus Parasuis ◽  
Broth Microdilution ◽  
The Czech Republic ◽  
Minimum Inhibitory Concentrations ◽  
Microdilution Method ◽  
Broth Microdilution Method ◽  
Treatment Of Infection

Haemophilus parasuisisolates obtained from pigs in the Czech Republic were tested for their susceptibility to amoxicillin, penicillin, ceftiofur, enrofloxacin, tetracycline, and tulathromycin by determination of minimum inhibitory concentrations using the broth microdilution method. TheH. parasuisisolates were mostly susceptible to majority of tested antimicrobials (amoxicillin 90%, penicillin 73.3%, enrofloxacin 83.3%, and tulathromycin 83.3%). All isolates were susceptible to ceftiofur. On the other hand, no isolate was susceptible to tetracycline, 30% of tested isolates were intermediately susceptible, and 70% were resistant. These findings indicate that tested antimicrobials with the exception of tetracycline should be the preferred option used for the treatment of infection caused byH. parasuisbut due to the potential transmission of resistance from animals to humans, the use of ceftiofur is considered as a last resort option in antimicrobial treatment of animals.

scholarly journals Antimicrobial susceptibility of Pasteurella multocida isolated from sheep and pigs in Spain – Short communication

2019 ◽  
Vol 67 (4) ◽  
pp. 489-498
Author(s):  
Dolores Cid ◽  
José Francisco Fernández-Garayzábal ◽  
Chris Pinto ◽  
Lucas Domínguez ◽  
Ana Isabel Vela
Keyword(s):  
High Resistance ◽  
Antimicrobial Susceptibility ◽  
Pasteurella Multocida ◽  
Antimicrobial Agents ◽  
Empirical Therapy ◽  
Microdilution Method ◽  
Low Levels ◽  
Resistance Rates ◽  
Farming Industry ◽  
Susceptibility Patterns

Pasteurella multocida is responsible for economically important diseases in sheep and pigs. Antimicrobial susceptibility studies are essential for initiating rational and effective empirical therapy of P. multocida infections. In this study we investigated the antimicrobial susceptibility to 18 antimicrobial agents of 156 clinical isolates of P. multocida from sheep (n = 87) and pigs (n = 69) using the microdilution method. Both sheep and pig isolates exhibited low levels of resistance (≤ 15%) to ceftiofur, gentamicin, neomycin, spectinomycin, chlortetracycline, tulathromycin, florfenicol, danofloxacin, and enrofloxacin and trimethoprim/sulphamethoxazole, high resistance rates (> 15% up to 50%) to oxytetracycline, tilmicosin, and tiamulin, and very high resistance rates (> 50%) to tylosin tartrate, clindamycin, and sulphadimethoxine. However, sheep isolates exhibited significantly lower percentages of resistance and lower MIC90 values (P < 0.05) than pig isolates for most of the antimicrobials tested. In addition, sheep isolates exhibited also significantly lower phenotypic antimicrobial resistance diversity (8 resistotypes vs. 30 resistotypes). LAC-LIN-SUL-MAC was the resistotype most frequently detected in sheep (39.1%) and LIN-SUL-MAC in pig isolates (26.1%). The differences in susceptibility patterns could be influenced by the lower use of antimicrobials in the small ruminant industry compared with the pig farming industry.

scholarly journals Antimicrobial susceptibility patterns of Brazilian Haemophilus parasuis field isolates

2017 ◽  
Vol 37 (11) ◽  
pp. 1187-1192 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michela Miani ◽  
Monique S. Lorenson ◽  
João A. Guizzo ◽  
Julia P. Espíndola ◽  
Elías F. Rodríguez-Ferri ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Antimicrobial Agents ◽  
Clinical Isolates ◽  
Haemophilus Parasuis ◽  
Swine Industry ◽  
Antimicrobial Drugs ◽  
Field Isolates ◽  
Microdilution Method ◽  
Broth Microdilution Method ◽  
Indirect Hemagglutination ◽  
Susceptibility Patterns

ABSTRACT: Haemophilus parasuis is the etiological agent of Glässer’s disease (GD), an ubiquitous infection of swine characterized by systemic fibrinous polyserositis, polyarthritis and meningitis. Intensive use of antimicrobial agents in swine husbandries during the last years triggered the development of antibiotic resistances in bacterial pathogens. Thus, regular susceptibility testing is crucial to ensure efficacy of different antimicrobial agents to this porcine pathogen. In this study, 50 clinical isolates from South Brazilian pig herds were characterized and analyzed for their susceptibility to commonly used antibiotic. The identification and typing of clinical isolates was carried out by a modified indirect hemagglutination assay combined with a multiplex PCR. The susceptibility of each isolate was analyzed by broth microdilution method against a panel of 21 antimicrobial compounds. We found that field isolates are highly resistance to gentamycin, bacitracin, lincomycin and tiamulin, but sensitive to ampicillin, clindamycin, neomycin, penicillin, danofloxacin and enrofloxacin. Furthermore, an individual susceptibility analysis indicated that enrofloxacin is effective to treat clinical isolates with the exception of those classified as serovar 1. The results presented here firstly demonstrate the susceptibility of Brazilian clinical isolates of H. parasuis to antimicrobials widely used by swine veterinary practitioners and strengthen the need to perform susceptibility test prior to antibiotic therapy during GD outbreaks. In addition, because only six antimicrobial drugs (28.6%) were found effective against field isolates, a continuous surveillance of the susceptibility profile should be of major concern to the swine industry.

scholarly journals Prevalence of Antimicrobial Resistance among Clinical Isolates of Bacteroides fragilis Group in Canada in 2010-2011: CANWARD Surveillance Study

2011 ◽  
Vol 56 (3) ◽  
pp. 1247-1252 ◽  
Author(s):  
James A. Karlowsky ◽  
Andrew J. Walkty ◽  
Heather J. Adam ◽  
Melanie R. Baxter ◽  
Daryl J. Hoban ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Antimicrobial Agents ◽  
Bacteroides Fragilis ◽  
Clinical Isolates ◽  
Surveillance Study ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Microdilution Method ◽  
Broth Microdilution Method ◽  
Amoxicillin Clavulanate ◽  
Bacteroides Fragilis Group ◽  
Bacteroides Ovatus

ABSTRACTClinical isolates of theBacteroides fragilisgroup (n= 387) were collected from patients attending nine Canadian hospitals in 2010-2011 and tested for susceptibility to 10 antimicrobial agents using the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI) broth microdilution method.B. fragilis(59.9%),Bacteroides ovatus(16.3%), andBacteroides thetaiotaomicron(12.7%) accounted for ∼90% of isolates collected. Overall rates of percent susceptibility were as follows: 99.7%, metronidazole; 99.5%, piperacillin-tazobactam; 99.2%, imipenem; 97.7%, ertapenem; 92.0%, doripenem; 87.3%, amoxicillin-clavulanate; 80.9%, tigecycline; 65.9%, cefoxitin; 55.6%, moxifloxacin; and 52.2%, clindamycin. Percent susceptibility to cefoxitin, clindamycin, and moxifloxacin was lowest forB. thetaiotaomicron(n= 49, 24.5%),Parabacteroides distasonis/P. merdae(n= 11, 9.1%), andB. ovatus(n= 63, 31.8%), respectively. One isolate (B. thetaiotaomicron) was resistant to metronidazole, and two isolates (bothB. fragilis) were resistant to both piperacillin-tazobactam and imipenem. Since the last published surveillance study describing Canadian isolates ofB. fragilisgroup almost 20 years ago (A.-M. Bourgault et al., Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 36:343–347, 1992), rates of resistance have increased for amoxicillin-clavulanate, from 0.8% (1992) to 6.2% (2010-2011), and for clindamycin, from 9% (1992) to 34.1% (2010-2011).

scholarly journals Exploring citizen science in post-socialist space: Uncovering its hidden character in the Czech Republic

2019 ◽  
Vol 27 (4) ◽  
pp. 241-253 ◽  
Author(s):  
Barbora Duží ◽  
Robert Osman ◽  
Jiří Lehejček ◽  
Eva Nováková ◽  
Pavel Taraba ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Czech Republic ◽  
Citizen Science ◽  
The Czech Republic ◽  
The Public ◽  
Public Representation ◽  
Science Projects ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
High Level ◽  
Search Approach ◽  
Insight Into

Abstract Citizen science is a relatively new phenomenon in the Czech Republic and currently a general overview of existing citizen science projects is not available. This presents the challenge to uncover the ‘hidden’ citizen science landscapes. The main objective of this paper is to explore the (public) representation of citizen science (CS) projects and to describe their heterogeneity. The study aims to answer the question of what type of projects in the Czech Republic meet the definition of citizen science. Based on a specific methodological data-base search approach, we compiled a set of CS projects (N = 73). During the classification process, two general citizen science categories were identified. The first group (N = 46) consists of “pure” CS projects with a prevalence towards the natural sciences, principally ornithology, and thus corresponding to general European trends. Citizens usually participate in such research in the form of data collection and basic interpretation, and a high level of cooperation between academia and NGOs was detected. The second group of “potential” CS projects (N = 27) entails various forms of public participation in general, frequently coordinated by NGOs. Based on these results, we discuss the position of citizen science in the Czech Republic, including socially-oriented citizen science. Further research is strongly encouraged to achieve a more in-depth insight into this social phenomenon.

scholarly journals Spatial modelling of assumption of tourism development with geographic IT using

2010 ◽  
Vol 58 (6) ◽  
pp. 279-294
Author(s):  
Jitka Machalová ◽  
Ida Vajčnerová ◽  
Kateřina Ryglová
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Czech Republic ◽  
Information Technologies ◽  
Tourism Development ◽  
Spatial Modelling ◽  
Capital City ◽  
Geographical Information ◽  
The Czech Republic ◽  
Decision Making Processes ◽  
High Level

The aim of this article is to show the possibilities of spatial modelling and analysing of assumptions of tourism development in the Czech Republic with the objective to make decision-making processes in tourism easier and more efficient (for companies, clients as well as destination managements). The development and placement of tourism depend on the factors (conditions) that influence its application in specific areas. These factors are usually divided into three groups: selective, localization and realization. Tourism is inseparably connected with space – countryside. The countryside can be modelled and consecutively analysed by the means of geographical information technologies. With the help of spatial modelling and following analyses the localization and realization conditions in the regions of the Czech Republic have been evaluated. The best localization conditions have been found in the Liberecký region. The capital city of Prague has negligible natural conditions; however, those social ones are on a high level. Next, the spatial analyses have shown that the best realization conditions are provided by the capital city of Prague. Then the Central-Bohemian, South-Moravian, Moravian-Silesian and Karlovarský regions follow. The development of tourism destination is depended not only on the localization and realization factors but it is basically affected by the level of local destination management. Spatial modelling can help destination managers in decision-making processes in order to optimal use of destination potential and efficient targeting their marketing activities.

In vitro activity of antimicrobial agents with and without sulbactam, EDTA and sulbactam-EDTA on ESBLs-producing Escherichia coli isolated from healthy Tibetan yaks

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Baoguang Liu ◽  
Xiaoling Yuan ◽  
Yiheng Chen ◽  
Xiaoshen Li ◽  
Ming Bai ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Nasal Swab ◽  
Antimicrobial Agents ◽  
Synergistic Effects ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Microdilution Method ◽  
Broth Microdilution Method ◽  
Third Generation Cephalosporins ◽  
Enhance Activity

Abstract Background The spread of ESBLs-producing bacteria has been strikingly rapid in many regions of the world and it causes therapeutic difficulties in everyday practice. The aims of this study were to investigate the prevalence and susceptibilities of ESBLs-producing Escherichia coli isolates from healthy Tibetan yaks in China, to evaluate the activity of drug combinations on ESBLs-producing E. coli isolates. Methods From July 2018 to August 2019, a total of 750 nasal swab samples were tested for the presence of E. coli and ESBLs-producing strains. The MICs of 11 antimicrobial agents alone and combinations with sulbactam, EDTA or sulbactam-EDTA against 240 ESBLs-producing E.coli strains were determined by the broth microdilution method. Results Overall, 59.87% (n = 449) of the samples were positive for E. coli, 240 (53.45%) of 449 E. coli isolates were confirmed to be ESBLs-producing. The addition of sulbactam to the third generation cephalosporins, amikacin and fosfomycin for all isolates resulted in low MICs, increasing the level of susceptibility from 0, 0 and 0% to 50 ~ 87.5, 4.2 and 100% respectively. The addition of EDTA to fluoroquinolones, doxycycline, florfenicol, amikacin and fosfomycin, showed improved activities and resulted in low MICs, increasing the level of susceptibility from 0, 0, 8.3, 0 and 0% to 4.2 ~ 29.2, 33.3, 33.3, 66.7 and 45.8%, respectively. All other antibacterials (except fluoroquinolones, doxycycline and florfenicol), when combined with sulbactam-EDTA, were found to be more active than combinations only with sulbactam or with EDTA against most of isolates, with lower MIC50s and MIC90s. Conclusion In conclusion, ESBLs-producing E. coli isolates were widespread in healthy Tibetan yaks in China. ESBLs-producing E. coli isolates exhibited varying degrees of multidrug resistance. This study these findings suggested that sulbactam can enhance activity of β-lactams and some non-β-lactams of antimicrobial agents and had a synergistic effects with EDTA in improving activities of some families of antimicrobials.

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