Infection with Mayaro virus in a French traveller returning from the Amazon region, Brazil, January, 2010

Mayaro virus (MAYV) disease is a mosquito-borne zoonosis endemic in humid forests of tropical South America. MAYV is closely related to other alphaviruses that produce a dengue-like illness accompanied by long-lasting arthralgia. A French tourist developed high-grade fever and severe joint manifestations following a 15-day trip in the Amazon basin, Brazil, and was diagnosed with MAYV infection in January 2010. This case is the first reported in a traveller returning from an endemic South American country to Europe.

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South American Missions

Latin American Studies ◽

10.1093/obo/9780199766581-0244 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Cameron Jones

Keyword(s):

South America ◽

Amazon Basin ◽

Colonial Period ◽

Indigenous Populations ◽

South American ◽

Extensive Experience ◽

Republican Period ◽

The North ◽

Bourbon Reforms ◽

Franciscan Order

While it is certainly true that more academic studies have focused on the North American missions, in terms of their historical impact South American missions were just as important to the frontiers of Spain and Portugal’s American empires. The massive size alone of the frontier region, stretching from the upper reaches of the Amazon basin to the headwaters of the Paraná as well as stretching across the lower Southern Cone, meant numerous missionary enterprises emerged in an attempt to evangelize the peoples who inhabited these regions. While small handfuls of Dominicans, Mercedarians, and Augustinians would engage in such efforts, most missions were established by the Jesuits or Franciscans. Certainly, for the Jesuits, or the Society of Jesus as they are properly known, American missions represented an extension of the Counter-Reformation for which they were created. Starting in the mid-16th century, this relatively new organization, founded in 1534, began in earnest to “reduce” the Indigenous peoples into their missions. These activities, however, abruptly ended when the Jesuits were expelled from both the Portuguese and Spanish empires in 1759 and 1767 respectfully. The much older Franciscan order had extensive experience in popular missions in Europe and was one of the first orders of regular clergy in the Americas. Franciscans, like the Jesuits, engaged in evangelizing activities throughout both North and South America from the colonial period to the present. The expulsion of the Jesuits, however, pushed them further to the forefront of missionizing efforts in the late colonial period. This acceleration of Franciscan missionary activity was aided by the establishment of the Apostolic Institute in 1682. The Institute created a pipeline of missionaries from Spain to come directly to frontier areas with funding from the crown. While this aided missionary efforts throughout South America, particularly in areas abandoned by the Jesuits, it embroiled the missionaries in the politics of the Bourbon reforms and their obsession with limited clerical power. Ultimately, while missionizing efforts continued into the Republican period, their association with the Spanish and Portuguese crowns led to widespread suppression and secularization following independence. The historiographical divide in the field tends to lie between usually older, Eurocentric histories by scholar-clerics which focus on the missionaries themselves, and newer studies carried out by more secular professional historians that examine how Indigenous populations were affected by the inherent imperialism of the missions, though exceptions abound.

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Deforestation impacts on Amazon-Andes hydroclimatic connectivity

10.5194/egusphere-egu21-9251 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Juan Sierra ◽

Jhan Carlo Espinoza ◽

Clementine Junquas ◽

Jan Polcher ◽

Miguel Saavedra ◽

...

Keyword(s):

South America ◽

Transition Region ◽

Amazon Basin ◽

Climate Models ◽

Regional Climate ◽

Austral Summer ◽

Regional Climate Models ◽

Horizontal Resolution ◽

Deforestation Rates ◽

Tropical South America

The Amazon rainforest is a key component of the climate system and one of the main planetary evapotranspiration sources. Over the entire Amazon basin, strong land-atmosphere feedbacks cause almost one third of the regional rainfall to be transpired by the local rainforest. Maximum precipitation recycling ratio takes place on the southwestern edge of the Amazon basin (a.k.a. Amazon-Andes transition region), an area recognized as the rainiest and biologically richest of the whole watershed. Here, high precipitation rates lead to large values of runoff per unit area providing most of the sediment load to Amazon rivers. As a consequence, the transition region can potentially be very sensitive to Amazonian forest loss. In fact, recent acceleration in deforestation rates has been reported over tropical South America. These sustained land-cover changes can alter the regional water and energy balances, as well as the regional circulation and rainfall patterns. In this sense, the use of regional climate models can help to understand the possible impacts of deforestation on the Amazon-Andes zone.This work aims to assess the projected Amazonian deforestation effects on the moisture transport and rainfall behavior over tropical South America and the Amazon-Andes transition region. We perform 10-year austral summer simulations with the Weather Research and Forecasting model (WRF) using 3 one-way nested domains. Our finest domain is located over the south-western part of the basin, comprising two instrumented Andean Valleys (Zongo and Coroico river Valleys). Convective permitting high horizontal resolution (1km) is used over this domain. The outcomes presented here enhance the understanding of biosphere-atmosphere coupling and its deforestation induced disturbances.

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South American Climate during the Early Eocene: Impact of a Narrower Atlantic and Higher Atmospheric CO2

Journal of Climate ◽

10.1175/jcli-d-19-0170.1 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 33 (2) ◽

pp. 691-706 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Xiaojuan Liu ◽

David S. Battisti ◽

Rachel H. White ◽

Paul A. Baker

Keyword(s):

South America ◽

Climate Model ◽

Atmospheric Composition ◽

South American ◽

Early Eocene ◽

Tropical Atlantic ◽

State Changes ◽

Climate Model Simulations ◽

South American Climate ◽

Tropical South America

AbstractThe Cenozoic climate of tropical South America was fundamental to the development of its biota, the most biodiverse on Earth. No previous studies have explicitly addressed how the very different atmospheric composition and Atlantic geometry during the early Eocene (approximately 55 million years ago) may have affected South American climate. At that time, the Atlantic Ocean was approximately half of its current width and the CO2 concentration of Earth’s atmosphere ranged from ~550 to ~1500 ppm or even higher. Climate model simulations were performed to examine the effects of these major state changes on the climate of tropical South America. Reducing the width of the Atlantic by approximately half produces significant drying relative to modern climate. Drying is only partly offset by an enhancement of precipitation due to the higher CO2 of the early Eocene. The main mechanism for drier conditions is simple. Low-level air crosses the tropical Atlantic from North Africa in much less time for a narrower Atlantic (2 days) than for the modern Atlantic (~6 days); as a result, much less water is evaporated into the air and thus there is far lower moisture imported to the continent in the Eocene simulation than in the modern control. The progressive wetting (during the mid- to late Cenozoic) of the Amazon due to the widening Atlantic and the rising Andes, only partly offset by decreasing CO2 values, may have been partly responsible for the accumulating biodiversity of this region.

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Mayaro Virus Disease: An Emerging Mosquito‐Borne Zoonosis in Tropical South America

Clinical Infectious Diseases ◽

10.1086/515070 ◽

1999 ◽

Vol 28 (1) ◽

pp. 67-73 ◽

Cited By ~ 118

Author(s):

Robert B. Tesh ◽

Douglas M. Watts ◽

Kevin L. Russell ◽

Chitra Damodaran ◽

Carlos Calampa ◽

...

Keyword(s):

South America ◽

Virus Disease ◽

Mayaro Virus ◽

Tropical South America

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Rubiacearum Americanarum Magna Hama Pars XLIII: New Species and Notes on South American Hippotis (Condamineae) and Schradera (Schradereae)

Novon A Journal for Botanical Nomenclature ◽

10.3417/2019298 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 27 (2) ◽

pp. 87-101

Author(s):

Charlotte M. Taylor ◽

David A. Neill ◽

Melissa Calderón Cruz

Keyword(s):

New Species ◽

South America ◽

Field Study ◽

Amazon Basin ◽

South American ◽

Standing Tree ◽

Free Standing ◽

Southern Ecuador ◽

Northern Peru

This paper reviews Hippotis Ruiz & Pav. and Schradera Vahl, two Rubiaceae genera with centers of diversity in western South America. Both are inadequately known and in need of field study. Recent authors’ circumscriptions of H. albiflora H. Karst. and H. mollis Standl. are narrowed here, and four new species of Hippotis are described: H. antioquiana C. M. Taylor from northwestern Colombia, H. ecuatoriana C. M. Taylor from central-southern Ecuador, H. elegantula C. M. Taylor & M. Calderón from the western Amazon basin in Ecuador, and H. vasqueziana C. M. Taylor from lowland northeastern Peru. Four new species of Schradera Vahl are also described here: S. cernua C. M. Taylor and S. francoae C. M. Taylor from western Colombia, S. condorica C. M. Taylor & D. A. Neill from southern Ecuador, and S. morindoides C. M. Taylor from southern Ecuador and northern Peru. Schradera condorica at least sometimes is a free-standing tree, a habit newly documented for this genus.

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The Physical Geography of South America

10.1093/oso/9780195313413.001.0001 ◽

2007 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Thomas Veblen ◽

Kenneth Young ◽

Antony Orme

Keyword(s):

South America ◽

Amazon Basin ◽

Physical Geography ◽

Environmental Literature ◽

South American ◽

High Mountains ◽

Natural Landscape ◽

Modern Agriculture ◽

Body Of Knowledge ◽

Main Components

The Physical Geography of South America, the eighth volume in the Oxford Regional Environments series, presents an enduring statement on the physical and biogeographic conditions of this remarkable continent and their relationships to human activity. It fills a void in recent environmental literature by assembling a team of specialists from within and beyond South America in order to provide an integrated, cross-disciplinary body of knowledge about this mostly tropical continent, together with its high mountains and temperate southern cone. The authors systematically cover the main components of the South American environment - tectonism, climate, glaciation, natural landscape changes, rivers, vegetation, animals, and soils. The book then presents more specific treatments of regions with special attributes from the tropical forests of the Amazon basin to the Atacama Desert and Patagonian steppe, and from the Atlantic, Caribbean, and Pacific coasts to the high Andes. Additionally, the continents environments are given a human face by evaluating the roles played by people over time, from pre-European and European colonial impacts to the effects of modern agriculture and urbanization, and from interactions with El Niño events to prognoses for the future environments of the continent.

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Eukoenenia virgemdalapa (Palpigradi: Eukoeneniidae): a new troglobitic palpigrade from Brazil

Zootaxa ◽

10.11646/zootaxa.3295.1.3 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 3295 (1) ◽

pp. 59 ◽

Cited By ~ 6

Author(s):

MAYSA F. V. R. SOUZA ◽

RODRIGO L. FERREIRA

Keyword(s):

New Species ◽

South America ◽

South American ◽

South American Country ◽

The Third

The order Palpigradi is currently represented by 13 species in South America. Among these, six species of the genus Eukoenenia Börner 1901 are found in Brazil: E. roquetti (Mello-Leitão & Arlé 1935), E. janetscheki Condé 1993, E. maquinensis Souza & Ferreira 2010, E. ferratilis Souza & Ferreira 2011 E. spelunca Souza & Ferreira 2011 and E. potiguar Ferreira, Souza, Machado & Brescovit, 2011. The number of described species in Brazil has increased from two to six in the last two years. Furthermore, Brazil is the richest South American country in terms of native described species. Despite the apparent advance in knowledge concerning Brazilian palpigrades, many species remain undescribed, and several areas were not even sampled in the country. Souza & Ferreira (2010) showed that palpigrades are widely distributed in some regions of the country and new species have been found. In this study, E. virgemdalapa, the third species of troglobitic Palpigradi from Brazil is described.

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The drought of the century in the Amazon Basin: an analysis of the regional variation of rainfall in South America in 1926

Acta Amazonica ◽

10.1590/s0044-59672005000200013 ◽

2005 ◽

Vol 35 (2) ◽

pp. 231-238 ◽

Cited By ~ 44

Author(s):

Earle Williams ◽

Alaor Dall' Antonia ◽

Vitoria Dall' Antonia ◽

Jorge Mathias de Almeida ◽

Francisco Suarez ◽

...

Keyword(s):

South America ◽

Regional Variation ◽

Amazon Basin ◽

Rainfall Anomaly ◽

Annual Rainfall ◽

Severe Drought ◽

The West ◽

East West ◽

Extreme El Niño ◽

Tropical South America

The most severe drought in tropical South America during the 20th century occurred in 1926. This extreme El Nino year is further documented anecdotally, in an update of the river stage observations at Manaus, and in annual rainfall records. The annual rainfall anomaly is an east-west dipole over tropical South America, with drought to the west over the Amazon basin whose discharge is documented at Manaus, and with a surplus to the east and including the Nordeste region of Brazil. Speculations about a role for aerosol in aggravating the drought are discussed.

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Recent changes in the atmospheric circulation patterns during the dry-to-wet transition season in south tropical South America (1979-2020): Impacts on precipitation and fire season

Journal of Climate ◽

10.1175/jcli-d-21-0303.1 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 1-56

Author(s):

Jhan-Carlo Espinoza ◽

Paola A. Arias ◽

Vincent Moron ◽

Clementine Junquas ◽

Hans Segura ◽

...

Keyword(s):

South America ◽

Atmospheric Circulation ◽

Low Frequency ◽

Fire Season ◽

South American ◽

Low Level ◽

Atmospheric Circulation Patterns ◽

Transition Season ◽

Circulation Patterns ◽

Tropical South America

AbstractWe analyze the characteristics of atmospheric variations over tropical South America using the pattern recognition framework of weather typing or atmospheric circulation patterns (CPs). During 1979-2020, nine CPs are defined in the region, using a k-means algorithm based on daily unfiltered 850 hPa winds over 0035°N-30°S, 90°W-30°W. CPs are primarily interpreted as stages of the annual cycle of the low-level circulation. We identified three “winter” CPs (CP7, CP8 and CP9), three “summer” CPs (CP3, CP4 and CP5) and three “transitional” CPs (CP1, CP2 and CP6). Significant long-term changes are detected during the dry-to-wet transition season (July-October) over south tropical South America (STSA). One of the wintertime patterns (CP9) increases from 20% in the 1980s to 35% in the last decade while the “transitional” CP2 decreases from 13% to 7%. CP9 is characterized by enhancement of the South American Low-Level Jet and increasing atmospheric subsidence over STSA. CP2 is characterized by southerly cold-air incursions and anomalous convective activity over STSA. The years characterized by high (low) frequency of CP9 (CP2) during the dry-to-wet transition season are associated with a delayed South American Monsoon onset and anomalous dry conditions over STSA. Consistently, a higher frequency of CP9 intensifies the fire season over STSA (1999-2020). Over the Brazilian states of Maranhão, Tocantins, Goiás and São Paulo, the seasonal frequency of CP9 explains around 35%-44% of the interannual variations of fire counts.

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South American climatic response to changes in the tropical South Atlantic Ocean hydrography during Termination 1

10.5194/egusphere-egu2020-16361 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Karl J. F. Meier ◽

Andrea Jaeschke ◽

Julia Hoffmann ◽

Barbara Hennrich ◽

Oliver Friedrich ◽

...

Keyword(s):

South America ◽

High Latitude ◽

South Atlantic ◽

Convergence Zone ◽

South American ◽

The South ◽

Low Latitude ◽

Brazil Current ◽

South American Climate ◽

Tropical South America

Rapid climatic reorganizations during the last Termination (i.e. Heinrich Stadials 0-1) had major impacts on the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation (AMOC) strength and on global atmospheric circulation patterns. However, if and how this high-latitude forcing affected low-latitude climate variability is still poorly constrained. Here we present a high-resolution multi-proxy record from marine sediment core M125-3-35 recovered in the western tropical South Atlantic combining foraminiferal Mg/Ca, Ba/Ca ratios, stable oxygen isotope measurements and organic biomarker-based sea surface temperature (SST) proxies (TEX86 and UK&#8217;37). The near-shore core position of M125-3-35 off the Para&#237;ba do Sul river mouth in southeastern Brazil and the means of foraminiferal Ba/Ca ratios, which depends on the quantity of continental freshwater input, enables us to investigate direct coupling of continental hydroclimate and oceanographic changes.The data show a complex interplay of oceanic and atmospheric forcing dominating the tropical South American climate, which is mainly controlled by the strength and position of the Intertropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ) and South Atlantic Convergence Zone (SACZ). During times of weakest AMOC in Heinrich Stadial 1 (HS1) , a distinct SST peak in the tropical South Atlantic points to an enhanced Brazil Current and strong recirculation of heat within the southern hemisphere. Further, wet conditions prevailed during this time in tropical South America caused by a maximum southward shift of the ITCZ. This happened in coincidence with a temperature drop and weakening of the North Brazil Current (NBC) in the tropical North Atlantic (Bahr et al., 2018) as result of maximum AMOC slowdown. Therefore, for the first time, we reveal a clear seesaw-like pattern of the NBC and BC during times of abrupt AMOC variability.While HS1 is generally characterized by a warm and wet anomaly in our record, Ba/Ca ratios and SST show a distinct centennial-scale alternation between warmer (colder) and wetter (drier) phases indicating a distinct climate instability during this climatic phase. A distinct offset exists between SST reconstructed using Mg/Ca, TEX86, and UK&#8217;37 which points to strong seasonal differences in the oceanographic settings and/or changes in the terrestrial input from the south American continent. These findings illustrate the strong sensitivity of hydroclimate variability in tropical South America to oceanic forcing as expected also during future climate change, in line with recent studies that showed a severe impact on modern South American climate by changes in (tropical) South Atlantic SSTs (Rodrigues et al., 2019, Utida et al., 2018).&#160;Bahr, A., Hoffmann, J., Sch&#246;nfeld, J., Schmidt, M. W., N&#252;rnberg, D., Batenburg, S. J., & Voigt, S. (2018). Low-latitude expressions of high-latitude forcing during Heinrich Stadial 1 and the Younger Dryas in northern South America. Global and Planetary Change, 160, 1-9.Rodrigues, R. R., Taschetto, A. S., Gupta, A. S., & Foltz, G. R. (2019). Common cause for severe droughts in South America and marine heatwaves in the South Atlantic. Nature Geoscience, 12(8), 620-626.UTIDA, Giselle, et al. Tropical South Atlantic influence on Northeastern Brazil precipitation and ITCZ displacement during the past 2300 years. Scientific reports, 2019, 9. Jg., Nr. 1, S. 1698.

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