scholarly journals Abelard and Heloise: personal relationship in the socio-cultural context of the 12th century

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 49-57
Author(s):  
Oleg Shevchenko ◽  
Irene Klipenstein
Keyword(s):  
Middle Ages ◽  
Cultural Context ◽  
World View ◽  
Historical Analysis ◽  
Personal Relationship ◽  
Historical Case ◽  
Peter Abelard ◽  
12Th Century ◽  
High Middle Ages ◽  
The Relationship

The 12th century was a controversial period of deepening ecclesiastical influence on all strata of the population, strengthening church prohibitions, expansion of convents; the century of establishing a new stratum of intellectuals, the first rise of women role in society and the formation of the courtly culture’s foundations. Philosopher Peter Abelard and his student Heloise were chosen for examination by us as the bright personalities of the 12th century, a product of medieval society and the voices of their time. An exceptional historical case of well-documented reliable information on the personal relationship allows us to correlate the world-view of lovers and their lives with the socio-cultural realities of High Middle Ages. The aim of the article is a historical analysis of the relationship between the philosopher-teacher Abelard and the student Eloise in the socio-cultural context of the 12th century. In previous studies scholars have only indirectly touched certain aspects of the teacher-student relationship in the context of intimate gender relations of the High Middle Ages. We analysed the autobiography of Peter Abelard, the letters of Abelard’s contemporaries, his correspondence with Eloise. We arranged scientific achievements of historians and examined personal life of the couple against the background: tactics of seduction, intimacy, determining and understanding the relationship status, men’s standing in society after castration. Emphasis is placed on the progress of 12th century’s social consciousness in the light of the personalities’ world-view analysis. A division between individual views and the Catholic medieval outlook is analysed. Through the study of the transformation of the relationship between teacher and student, and future lovers, we have shown that the views of Eloise and Abelard illustrate a feasible range of medieval perceptions of the relationship, in tune with the new era challenges, yet integral to its time.

scholarly journals Medieval Shiloh—Continuity and Renewal

Religions ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (10) ◽  
pp. 493
Author(s):  
Amichay Shcwartz ◽  
Abraham Ofir Shemesh
Keyword(s):  
Middle Ages ◽  
12Th Century ◽  
Byzantine Period ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Written Sources ◽  
The Middle Ages

The present paper deals with the development of cult in Shiloh during the Middle Ages. After the Byzantine period, when Shiloh was an important Christian cult place, it disappeared from the written sources and started to be identified with Nebi Samwil. In the 12th century Shiloh reappeared in the travelogues of Muslims, and shortly thereafter, in ones by Jews. Although most of the traditions had to do with the Tabernacle, some traditions started to identify Shiloh with the tomb of Eli and his family. The present study looks at the relationship between the practice of ziyara (“visit” in Arabic), which was characterized by the veneration of tombs, and the cult in Shiloh. The paper also surveys archeological finds in Shiloh that attest to a medieval cult and compares them with the written sources. In addition, it presents testimonies by Christians about Jewish cultic practices, along with testimonies about the cult place shared by Muslims and Jews in Shiloh. Examination of the medieval cult in Shiloh provides a broader perspective on an uninstitutionalized regional cult.

scholarly journals Fragmenty českého překladu básně Facetus

2020 ◽  
Vol 65 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 19-30
Author(s):  
Michal Dragoun ◽  
Kateřina Voleková
Keyword(s):  
Czech Republic ◽  
Middle Ages ◽  
National Museum ◽  
Latin Text ◽  
National Library ◽  
The Czech Republic ◽  
Scientific Terminology ◽  
15Th Century ◽  
12Th Century ◽  
High Middle Ages

The article deals with two incomplete handwritten copies of the poem Facetus with a Czech translation. The poem Facetus, or more specifically its version referred to as ‘Cum nihil utilius’ based on its incipit, probably originated in the 12th century; in the high Middle Ages, it was the second most widespread of moral lessons in verse. It was also used in school instruction, with which both copies are associated. The fragment of the National Museum Library 1 H b 179, most likely from the second decade of the 15th century, contains the beginning of the poem’s interpretation and a part of the text accompanied by a Latin explanation and Czech interlinear glosses on individual verses. This Czech version reveals a certain continuity with the tradition of Czech scientific terminology of St Vitus School and Bartholomew of Chlumec, called Claretus. The second copy is written on the front free endpaper of the manuscript of the National Library of the Czech Republic X F 19; it comes from the turn of the 15th century; it is an incomplete record of the beginning of the text of the poem, with the Latin and Czech versions alternating after individual words or short sections. The study further provides a transcription of both fragments and records the manuscript preservation of the Latin text of Facetus, excerpts from it and German translations in Czech libraries.

Out-of-home Child Care Research: A Cultural Perspective

1999 ◽  
Vol 23 (2) ◽  
pp. 477-518 ◽  
Author(s):  
Miriam K. Rosenthal
Keyword(s):  
Child Care ◽  
Cultural Context ◽  
World View ◽  
Cultural Beliefs ◽  
Cultural Perspective ◽  
Care Research ◽  
Basic Assumptions ◽  
Children's Development ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Children’S Development

This paper analyses the cultural context of inquiry and research into the effects of out-of-home child care on children’s development. In particular, it attempts to show how the study of such child care has been shaped by a Western world view in which white, middle class values and social ideology are particularly salient. The effects of this cultural context can be seen in the basic assumptions of studies on out-of-home child care, in the questions these studies pose for investigation, and in the motivation of the investigators engaged in this line of research. These in turn determine the research designs, the units of analysis for the examination of children’s functioning and of the child care environment, the operational definitions of variables, and the statistical procedures employed in many of these studies. The analysis begins by examining cultural variations in societal attitudes to out-of-home child care as a function of cultural context and basic assumptions concerning childhood, development, and the role ascribed to the family and the community at large in children’s development. The paper then proceeds to examine the relationship between cultural context and its valued developmental goals and the developmental outcomes studied in child care research. The relationships between goals set for child care, cultural beliefs concerning child-rearing practices, the definition of “quality of care” and the study of the relationship of home and child care, in child care research, are also examined. It then explores the major research questions and methodology concerning the effect of child care on development in the Anglo-American child care research tradition. The paper concludes with a discussion of implications for culturally sensitive routes to studying child care.

scholarly journals Quem é Digno de Abrir os Selos? O Comentário Bíblico como gênero de escrita na Alta Idade Média * Who is Worthy to Open the Seals? The Bible Commentary as written genres in The High Middle Ages

2014 ◽  
Vol 2 (3) ◽  
pp. 332
Author(s):  
RAQUEL DE FÁTIMA PARMEGIANI
Keyword(s):  
Middle Ages ◽  
Biblical Text ◽  
Reading Practices ◽  
The Bible ◽  
Seven Principles ◽  
High Middle Ages ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Medieval Christianity ◽  
Social Uses ◽  
The Middle Ages

<p><strong>Resumo:</strong> Neste trabalho, temos como proposta refletir sobre o processo de construção da relação entre texto bíblico e seus comentadores na Alta Idade Média. Nosso objetivo é pensar esta <em>escritura</em> na sua historicidade, ou seja, seus usos sociais e suas possibilidades de leitura. Para tanto, partiremos da análise do Comentário ao Apocalipse do Africano Ticônio (cerca de 328), um dos primeiros autores a analisar este livro, e do seu trabalho <em>Liber Regylarum</em>, no qual propõe sete preceitos a partir dos quais os textos bíblicos deveriam ser interpretados. Embora este autor tenha sido considerado herético pela Igreja Romana, o uso das suas regras ganhou um reconhecido lugar entre os comentaristas bíblicos na Idade Média, o que pode ser percebido na obra de autores cristãos como Santo Agostinho, São Jeronimo, Cesário de Arlés, Beda e Beato de Liébana.</p><p><strong>Palavras-chave</strong>: Comentário Bíblico – Práticas de leitura – Cristianismo Medieval.</p><p> </p><p><strong>Abstract</strong>: In this paper, we will try to reflect how the relationship between the biblical text and its commentators is building in the High Middle Ages. Our aim is to think this scripture in its historicity, that is, its social uses and possibilities of reading. For this, we begin with the analysis of the Tyconius’ Commentary on the Apocalypse (about 328), one of the first authors to analyze this book and your work entitled <em>Liber Regylarum</em>, in which he proposes seven principles according to which the biblical texts should be interpreted. Although this author has been considered heretical by the Roman Church, the use of these rules has gained a recognized place among the bible commentators in the Middle Ages, as we can see in the works of Christian writers such as St. Augustine, St. Jerome, Caesarius of Arles, Beda and Beatus of Liebana.</p><p><strong>Keywords:</strong> Bible Commentary – Reading practices – Medieval Christianity.</p>

Swords and Chivalric Culture in the High Middle Ages

2020 ◽  
pp. 58-90
Author(s):  
Kristen B. Neuschel
Keyword(s):  
Middle Ages ◽  
Symbolic Meaning ◽  
The Political ◽  
Material Objects ◽  
High Middle Ages ◽  
New Material ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Coats Of Arms

This chapter examines the relationship between swords and chivalric culture in the high Middle Ages. It brings together the implications of literacy with the symbolic meaning of material objects to build an understanding of the cultural shaping of warrior identity. At the same time, as the economy expanded, new material means were available to represent a man and advertise his status in public ways. In other words, more swords came into a world where signs of identity were needed that could represent a man in his absence, and where documents but also other objects — seals, coats of arms — proliferated. The question is: what role did swords have; how were swords unique among such signs? Now required for knighthood, swords were both more and less than a weapon, but in ways rather different from swords in earlier centuries. It is the political valence of swords that dominated their use in ceremony and image in the eleventh through thirteenth centuries. Thus, knights' swords existed on a continuum with swords imagined as symbols of rule.

Abjuring the Realm

2015 ◽  
Author(s):  
William Chester Jordan
Keyword(s):  
Middle Ages ◽  
The Other ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Large Numbers ◽  
High Middle Ages ◽  
English Law ◽  
Special Circumstances ◽  
The Relationship

This chapter considers the factors that justified kings' and administrators' resort to the exile of large numbers of the criminal population. The relationship between the medieval English law of exile and the laws addressing felons and felonies is a complicated and, by modern reckoning, an unusual one. This is especially the case because two groups of people suspected of, or implicated in, felonies in the High Middle Ages regularly avoided the punishments which would have been meted out to them if they had been convicted in a court of law. One group was composed of men and women who, though not convicted of the crimes of which they were suspected, were in such bad repute that they were obliged to abjure (foreswear) the realm. The other comprised felons who confessed their crimes in sanctuary (on which, more shortly) or in other special circumstances, who also were obliged to abjure.

Medieval Music

Music ◽  
2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mary Wolinski ◽  
James Borders
Keyword(s):  
Middle Ages ◽  
Instrumental Music ◽  
13Th Century ◽  
Christian Church ◽  
Italian Peninsula ◽  
Medieval Music ◽  
12Th Century ◽  
Old Occitan ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship

Medieval music generally refers to western European music between the late 8th and early 15th centuries, although topics concerning Christian liturgy and plainchant reach further back into history. The Latin-Christian realms considered here include Britain ranging from England to St. Andrews, Scotland, the Frankish Empire from France to central Europe, the Spanish territories of Galicia, León, Castile, and Catalonia, the Mediterranean region, Sicily, and the Italian peninsula. Questions of how the music of these peoples was composed, conceived, performed, and preserved during this lengthy period are as many and diverse as the backgrounds and interests of those seeking answers. During the early Middle Ages, music was transmitted orally and the churches of different regions had distinctive liturgies and chants. With the unification of the Christian Church under the Carolingians around the turn of the 9th century, chant came to be written down, early musical notation serving as a memory aid. The relationship of Frankish and other regional chant repertories to that of the papal city of Rome, various attempts to regularize Western plainchant, and the music theory that developed to comprehend it are among the most extensively studied topics of chant scholarship. Religious songs other than chant were also sung, often outside of Church services, in Latin or such vernacular languages as Galician, German, Czech, English, Italian, and Hebrew. Numerous love songs were written in Old Occitan, French, and German. Starting in the 9th century, polyphonic arrangements of chants called organum emerged. In the 12th century, one encounters polyphonic settings of strophic Latin poems called versus and conductus. Sacred polyphony was by then performed at a number of centers, although the organum and conductus composed for Notre Dame Cathedral in Paris in the late 12th and early 13th centuries were the most widely disseminated and stylistically influential genres of their time. Toward the end of the Middle Ages, new genres of polyphonic composition emerged, notably the motet, various French and Italian secular songs, and Mass Ordinary movements. Instrumental music had existed since earliest times but it came to be notated only in the late 13th century in the form of monophonic dance tunes. Most composers of medieval sacred monophony are unknown except for certain authors of hymns, sequences, and chants. The courtly troubadours, trouvères, and Minnesänger are however often identified in manuscript song collections. By the 12th century, composers of polyphony like Leonin and Perotin were known and praised.

"Rechtsräume"

2020 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Middle Ages ◽  
Ancient Dna ◽  
Comparative Studies ◽  
Cultural Transmission ◽  
Dynamic Changes ◽  
High Middle Ages ◽  
Natural Scientists ◽  
The Relationship

The development of normative orders in both the secular and the ecclesiastical spheres can be analysed as a configuration of new regulatory patterns or as a modification of existing ones. This richly illustrated anthology focuses primarily on the observation of dynamic changes through the regional, linguistic and cultural transmission of norms and practices. Archaeologists, natural scientists and historians ask about such processes, the investigation of which requires interdisciplinary and transnational approaches as well as diachronic comparative studies. The spectrum ranges from research on 'ancient DNA' in an archaeological context to the historiographical (re-)construction of identities and the investigation of the relationship between topography and domination in the European Early and High Middle Ages.

Maimonides and Zhu Xi on the Role of Classical Norms in the Pursuit of Human Perfection

2018 ◽  
Vol 45 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 190-206
Author(s):  
Dong Xiuyuan
Keyword(s):  
Human Nature ◽  
Middle Ages ◽  
Zhu Xi ◽  
Individual Life ◽  
Political Crises ◽  
12Th Century ◽  
High Middle Ages ◽  
Convergence And Divergence ◽  
The Law

Confronted with the cultural and political crises of the 12th century, Maimonides and Zhu Xi both focused on classical norms, restoring the systems, respectively, of the Law and the Propriety to reconstruct an ideal order of social and individual life. Both thinkers treat classical norms as an irreplaceable path to the fulfillment of human nature, and their codifications of the systems mentioned share a set of intellectualistic motifs and features. Comparing the approaches of Maimonides and Zhu Xi to classical norms, we reach an understanding of the convergence and divergence of these two great philosophers of the High Middle Ages within their own historical contexts.

scholarly journals Javanese and the Samin Community: A Reflection of Ideology and Identity of Its Speakers

2020 ◽  
Vol 32 (3) ◽  
pp. 283
Author(s):  
Suhandano Suhandano
Keyword(s):  
Social Context ◽  
Cultural Context ◽  
World View ◽  
Language And Identity ◽  
Anthropological Linguistics ◽  
Level Ii ◽  
Language Constructs ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship

Javanese has several variants, one of which is the Javanese spoken by the Samin community, a group of Javanese people who uphold Saminist teachings. This paper discusses the Javanese of the Samin people within the framework of anthropological linguistics, a study of languages in a cultural and social context. The paper addresses two questions: what are the characteristics of the Javanese spoken by the Samin people and why does their Javanese language have such these characteristics. Based on data gathered during extensive fieldwork, it was found that there are at least three characteristics of the Samin community’s Javanese: (i) Samin people tend to speak Javanese at the ngoko level; (ii) they use several specific words/lexicons; and (iii) different attitudes are shown in spoken communication. It seems that these three characteristics are related to their world view, ideology and identity. The Samin people, for example, consider that all people have the same status so there is no need to make these differentiations when speaking. That’s why they tend to speak Javanese at the ngoko level and address others by the same word sedulur, meaning relatives. Likewise, their attitude in speaking, such as leaving a conversation before it becomes a quarrel, reflects their view that a quarrel tends to hurt others so must be avoided. These findings reinforce the view that language is closely related to the speaker’s world view that is, their ideology and identity. The relationship of ideology, language and identity, in the case of the Samin people, seems to be a linear progression. Their ideology influences their language, and then, their language constructs their identity. The study of language in the socio-cultural context of the speakers not only provides a better understanding of the language but also a better understanding of the characteristics of the speakers.

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