scholarly journals The Porosity of Stabilized Earth Blocks with the Addition Plant Fibers of the Date Palm

2020 ◽  
Vol 6 (3) ◽  
pp. 478-494 ◽  
Author(s):  
Abdelghani Idder ◽  
Abdelmadjid Hamouine ◽  
Boudjemaa Labbaci ◽  
Rabia Abdeldjebar
Keyword(s):  
Building Materials ◽  
Date Palm ◽  
Total Porosity ◽  
Mechanical Resistance ◽  
Capillary Absorption ◽  
Plant Fibers ◽  
Volume Porosity ◽  
Physical Tests ◽  
Earth Blocks ◽  
Earth Block

This work is an experimental study to analyze the physical behavior of Stabilized Earth Block (SEB) and reinforced with Plant Fibers of the Date Palm (PFDP). This is part of the valorization of local building materials (earth, fiber) and contributes to reduce the price of housing. Initially, physical tests (Density, Total Water Absorption, and Capillary Absorption) were carried out in preparation for the porosity study. However, the main objective of this study is the investigation of porosity phenomenon using several methods as well as the total porosity estimation, the total volume porosity in water and Open porosity methods, where the mechanical resistance is also considered.  In order to improve the stabilized earth block porosity analyses, various dosages are proposed for cement, lime and fiber. Thus (0%, 5%, 10%) of cement, (0%, 5%, 10%) of lime and the combination (5% cement + 5% lime) with (0%, 0.25%, and 0.5%) of fibers for each composition. The experimental results showed that the addition of fibers increases the porosity of the stabilized earth block proportionally and an increasing quantity of the stabilizer reduces the porosity of the SEB, cement is also more effective at closing pores than lime. Moreover, the compositions 10% cement and the mixture of 5% cement + 5% lime with 0% fiber showed a good results of porosity, for this reason they can be used as a durable building material and good resistance to natural and chemical aggression.

scholarly journals Aportes para el análisis comparativo del comportamiento higrotérmico y mecánico de los materiales de construcción con tierra

2019 ◽  
Vol 22 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
María Guadalupe Cuitiño-Rosales ◽  
Rodolfo Rotondaro ◽  
Alfredo Esteves
Keyword(s):  
Building Materials ◽  
Thermal Characteristics ◽  
Mechanical Resistance ◽  
Secondary Sources ◽  
Earth Construction ◽  
Palabras Clave ◽  
Concrete Blocks ◽  
Vernacular Building ◽  
Natural Building ◽  
Earth Block

Resumen Se analizan las características térmicas y de resistencias mecánicas de materiales y elementos constructivos elaborados con suelos naturales estabilizados. La metodología parte de la recopilación bibliográfica de fuentes primarias, secundarias e información de ensayos propios, sobre la densidad, la conductividad térmica y las resistencias a la compresión, a la flexión y al corte correspondientes al adobe, los bloques de tierra comprimida (BTC), la tapia y la quincha, según diferentes autores. Además, se consideraron los valores establecidos por normas argentinas IRAM referidas al acondicionamiento térmico de edificios. Se elaboraron comparaciones entre sí y con algunos materiales industrializados, tales como los bloques de hormigón, los ladrillos cerámicos huecos y los ladrillos cocidos macizos. A partir de este análisis, se concluyó que la revisión bibliográfica no es suficiente para obtener una estandarización de los valores de conductividad y transmitancia térmica de los materiales y los elementos constructivos naturales. Así mismo, a partir de las comparaciones de valores se pudo observar cómo se relacionan la densidad de los materiales y la de los morteros, según las distintas técnicas, con el comportamiento térmico y las resistencias mecánicas. Palabras clave: Adobe; arquitectura sostenible; bahareque; bloque de tierra comprimida-BTC; materiales vernáculos de construcción; propiedades térmicas; quincha; resistencia mecánica; tapial   Comparative analysis of the thermal aspects and mechanical resistances for materials and elements of earth construction Abstract The thermal characteristics and mechanical resistance of some materials and constructive elements elaborated with stabilized natural soils are analyzed. The methodology took into account the bibliographic compilation of primary and secondary sources and information from own tests, on density, thermal conductivity and resistance to compression, flexion and cutting, corresponding to adobe, BTC, tapia and wattle and daub, according to different authors. In addition, it was considered the values established by Argentine standards IRAM referring to the thermal conditioning of buildings. Comparisons were made with each other and with some industrialized materials such as concrete blocks, hollow ceramic bricks, and solid fired bricks. From this analysis, it was concluded that the literature review is not enough to obtain a standardization conductivity and thermal transmittance values of natural building materials and elements. Furthermore, from the comparisons of values it was possible to observe how the density of materials and mortars, according to the different techniques, are related to thermal behavior and mechanical resistance. Keywords: Adobe; sustainable architecture; bahareque; compressed earth block (BTC); vernacular building materials; thermal properties; quincha; mechanical strength; tapial; wattle; daub   Recibido: octubre 22 / 2018  Evaluado: septiembre 10 / 2019  Aceptado: octubre 15 / 2019 Publicado en línea: noviembre de 2019                               Actualizado: noviembre de 2019

Waste Clay as a Green Building Material

2011 ◽  
Vol 261-263 ◽  
pp. 501-505
Author(s):  
Stanley R. Russell ◽  
Jana Buchter
Keyword(s):  
Building Material ◽  
Construction Projects ◽  
Building Materials ◽  
Green Building ◽  
Similar Process ◽  
Rammed Earth ◽  
Compressed Earth Blocks ◽  
Compressed Earth Block ◽  
Earth Blocks ◽  
Earth Block

Two of the primary waste components of the Phosphates benefaction process, sand and clay have been used as building materials for thousands of years. A process known as rammed earth has been used extensively around the world in buildings that have lasted for centuries. Because earth is the main ingredient in rammed earth it has recently enjoyed new popularity as a so called “green” building material. In a similar process earth is compressed into blocks which are then used in the same way as conventional masonry units to build walls. In the compressed earth block [CEB] method, individual units can be manufactured and stockpiled for later use rather than being fabricated on site as in the rammed earth process. This research project will investigate the potential use of waste clay and tailing sand from the phosphate benefaction process as the primary ingredients in compressed earth blocks for commercial and residential construction projects.

scholarly journals Analysis of the current scenario of Compressed Earth Block (CEB) production

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (73) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jeferson Fernando Corrêa Antonelli ◽  
Maximiliano dos Anjos Azambuja
Keyword(s):  
Portland Cement ◽  
Plasticity Index ◽  
Sustainable Construction ◽  
Mechanical Resistance ◽  
Technical Standards ◽  
Construction Techniques ◽  
Current Scenario ◽  
Compaction Energy ◽  
Earth Blocks ◽  
Earth Block

The main objective of this study is to identify the parameters that influence the quality of the production of compressed earth blocks (CEB). Thus, an analysis of the performance of the materials that make up the final product was carried out, such as the binders that act as chemical stabilizers and the different types of soils, also the mechanical resistance and durability tests and finally the technical standards for its manufacturing. For this aim, a literature review was carried out in three electronic databases, Scopus, Web of Science and Scielo. The results showed environmental concerns with the use of Portland cement for stabilization, therefore, 18% of the studies used agricultural residues and 25% used mineral by-products, for partial or total replacement of Portland cement. Soils with plasticity indexes between 15% and 30% have a stabilization success rate of 69%, while soils with plasticity index less than 15% have a stabilization greater than 93%, which can be increased to 100% if the soil have a percentage of clay and silt between 21 and 35%. On the other hand, a plasticity index above 30% negatively affects stabilization. The compaction energy applied in the manufacture of CEB is an important parameter, as it influences the density, thermal conductivity and mechanical strength. Among the sustainable construction techniques, CEB is a great option, as it can be done locally and with ease of construction.

scholarly journals Formulation of Compressed Earth Blocks Stabilized by Glass Waste Activated with NaOH Solution

2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 102
Author(s):  
Sihem Larbi ◽  
Abdelkrim Khaldi ◽  
Walid Maherzi ◽  
Nor-Edine Abriak
Keyword(s):  
Building Materials ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Water Immersion ◽  
Glass Waste ◽  
Compressed Earth Blocks ◽  
Compressed Earth Block ◽  
Naoh Solution ◽  
Earth Blocks ◽  
Earth Block ◽  
Furnace Slag

Due to the increase in demand for building materials and their high prices in most developing countries, many researchers are trying to recycle waste for use as secondary raw materials. The aim of this study is the optimization of a mixture of compressed earth blocks based on two sediments. These sediments were tested through the Vicat test to determine the proportion of each one and the optimal water content. The mixtures were treated by adding 10% of blast furnace slag and different proportions of dissolved glass in a NaOH solution. The results indicated that the mixture of 70% Oran sediments with 30% Sidi Lakhdar sediments treated with 4% glass waste produced a CEB (compressed earth block) with high compressive strength with low porosity. In addition, formulated CEBs have a very good resistance to water immersion.

scholarly journals Study of the Incorporation of Biomass Bottom Ashes in Ceramic Materials for the Manufacture of Bricks and Evaluation of Their Leachates

Materials ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (9) ◽  
pp. 2099 ◽  
Author(s):  
Juan María Terrones-Saeta ◽  
Jorge Suárez-Macías ◽  
Francisco Javier Iglesias-Godino ◽  
Francisco Antonio Corpas-Iglesias
Keyword(s):  
Greenhouse Gas ◽  
Waste Disposal ◽  
Building Materials ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Ceramic Materials ◽  
Mechanical Tests ◽  
Mechanical Resistance ◽  
Sustainable Building ◽  
Physical Tests ◽  
Sustainable Building Materials

Scarcity of raw materials, reduction of greenhouse gas emissions and reduction of waste disposal in landfills are leading to the development of more sustainable building materials. Based on these lines, this work studies the incorporation of biomass bottom ashes into ceramic materials for brick manufacture, in order to reuse this currently unused waste and reduce clay extraction operations. To this end, different groups of samples were made with different combinations of clay and biomass bottom ashes, from 100% clay to 100% biomass bottom ashes. These samples were shaped, sintered and subjected to the usual physical tests in ceramics. In turn, the mechanical resistance, color and leaching of the contaminating elements present were studied. The physical and mechanical tests showed that the results of all the families were adequate, achieving compressive strengths of over 20 MPa and leaching of the contaminating elements acceptable by the regulations. Therefore, a sustainable range of ceramics was developed, with specific properties (porosity, density, resistance and color), with a waste that is currently unused and sustainable with the environment.

Influence of the Organic and Mineral Additions in the Porosity of Lime Mortars

2014 ◽  
Vol 887-888 ◽  
pp. 830-837 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wilfrido Martínez-Molina ◽  
Elia Mercedes Alonso-Guzmán ◽  
Hugo Luis Chávez-García ◽  
Juan Carlos Arteaga-Arcos ◽  
Andrés Antonio Torres-Acosta ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Volcanic Ash ◽  
Total Porosity ◽  
Stone Masonry ◽  
Mechanical Resistance ◽  
Capillary Absorption ◽  
Fine Aggregate ◽  
Calcium Oxalates ◽  
The Matrix ◽  
Mineral Additions ◽  
Cactus Mucilage

The main objective was to determine the effect of additions of cactus mucilage (colloquially called cactus slime which on drying produces weddellite and whewellite crystals, calcium oxalates) and/or volcanic ash in masonry mortars made with lime, on the properties as mechanical resistance to compression, tension and bending, and the physical properties such as porosity which,leachates and capillary absorption. The Fagerlünd method was used, on lime mortar specimens according to ASTM standards. Four mortar mixtures were debeloped: with additions and without them, like sample witness. The lime is slaked handcrafted and comes from Piedras de Lumbre Quarry Stone, Zitacuaro, Michoacan, Mexico; the volcanic ash is a mud from Acambaro, Guanajuato, Mexico and the fine aggregate, sand, proceeds from Joyitas Quarry stone in Morelia, Michoacan, Mexico. A correlation of the mechanical properties of the four mortar mixes versus its degree of porosity was made. Porosity and absorption were affected by the mucilage and/or ashes addition increasing the mechanical strength; however this was not the aim of the research, since it is not intended that the mortars were rigid, it was intended that they were capable of absorbing deformations of the natural stone masonry. The addition of mucilage and/or ash, did reduce the percentage of total porosity, the cactus mucilage when dried formed crystals of whewellite and wheddellite which filled in the pores of the mortar matrix, and the ash, mud, as it is an igneous extrusive stone, in crypto crystallite form, it presented puzolan activity forming new minerals filling the matrix pores.

scholarly journals Influence of cement content on the thermal properties of compressed earth blocks (CEB) in the dry state

2018 ◽  
Vol 149 ◽  
pp. 01059
Author(s):  
N. Zakham ◽  
Y. El Rhaffari ◽  
A. Ammari ◽  
M. Cherraj ◽  
H. Bouabid ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Numerical Model ◽  
Thermal Behavior ◽  
Building Materials ◽  
Cement Content ◽  
Heat Diffusion ◽  
Mechanical Resistance ◽  
Average Height ◽  
Plastic Bags ◽  
Increase With Increase ◽  
Earth Block

The Compressed Earth Block (CEBs) is one of the kinds of building materials which stabilized by cement. Soil is a basic component, a renewable, non-toxic and natural resource. Samples must be stabilized with a limited percentage of cement so that samples do not lose their natural properties including thermal comfort and on other hand offer high mechanical resistance. The objective of this work is to study the effect of cement content on thermal behavior of the building material of CEBs in the dry state, by studying variation of temperature with time, and measuring thermal conductivity and the specific heat, with respect to the various cement ratios added to the samples. This study is mainly an experimental and numerical, to determine how the thermal behavior evolves with the cement content in the samples CEBs. The soil was extracted from the famous city Fez in Morocco, Fez is known for its several historical monuments and buildings. After determining its granulometry and other specific characteristics, the CEBs are made by mixing soil with cement. The samples are put in plastic bags for two weeks, then removed the plastic bags from the samples and let them to dry again for an additional two weeks away from direct sun. The samples CEBs are taken cylindrical form (8 cm diameter with an average height of 12 cm). The experimental method consists of a hot ring for which a numerical modelization was developed to fit the mathematical equations of heat diffusion and the boundary conditions. For the numerical model Bouabid and Cherraj have developed numerical model which allow, with a good accuracy, to quantify the evolution of the thermal behavior of the earth material in function of cement content. Indeed, the study provides information on the influence of the cement percentage on the thermal behavior of the samples CEBs, the thermal behavior of samples increase with increase cement content.

scholarly journals Ultrasonic, Molecular and Mechanical Testing Diagnostics in Natural Fibre Reinforced, Polymer-Stabilized Earth Blocks

2013 ◽  
Vol 2013 ◽  
pp. 1-10 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. Galán-Marín ◽  
C. Rivera-Gómez ◽  
F. Bradley
Keyword(s):  
Soil Stabilization ◽  
Ultrasonic Pulse Velocity ◽  
Mechanical Tests ◽  
Pulse Velocity ◽  
Mechanical Resistance ◽  
Chemical Compositions ◽  
Natural Polymer ◽  
Natural Polymers ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Earth Blocks

The aim of this research study was to evaluate the influence of utilising natural polymers as a form of soil stabilization, in order to assess their potential for use in building applications. Mixtures were stabilized with a natural polymer (alginate) and reinforced with wool fibres in order to improve the overall compressive and flexural strength of a series of composite materials. Ultrasonic pulse velocity (UPV) and mechanical strength testing techniques were then used to measure the porous properties of the manufactured natural polymer-soil composites, which were formed into earth blocks. Mechanical tests were carried out for three different clays which showed that the polymer increased the mechanical resistance of the samples to varying degrees, depending on the plasticity index of each soil. Variation in soil grain size distributions and Atterberg limits were assessed and chemical compositions were studied and compared. X-ray diffraction (XRD), X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy (XRF), and energy dispersive X-ray fluorescence (EDXRF) techniques were all used in conjunction with qualitative identification of the aggregates. Ultrasonic wave propagation was found to be a useful technique for assisting in the determination of soil shrinkage characteristics and fibre-soil adherence capacity and UPV results correlated well with the measured mechanical properties.

scholarly journals MODELING OF SOIL LOAD-BEARING CAPACITY AS A FUNCTION OF SOIL MECHANICAL RESISTANCE TO PENETRATION

2015 ◽  
Vol 39 (4) ◽  
pp. 1036-1047 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cícero Ortigara ◽  
Moacir Tuzzin de Moraes ◽  
Henrique Debiasi ◽  
Vanderlei Rodrigues da Silva ◽  
Julio Cezar Franchini ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Bearing Capacity ◽  
Agricultural Soils ◽  
Total Porosity ◽  
Soil Bulk Density ◽  
Mechanical Resistance ◽  
Load Bearing Capacity ◽  
Load Bearing ◽  
Preconsolidation Pressure ◽  
Soil Load ◽  
Resistance To Penetration

Estimation of soil load-bearing capacity from mathematical models that relate preconsolidation pressure (σp) to mechanical resistance to penetration (PR) and gravimetric soil water content (U) is important for defining strategies to prevent compaction of agricultural soils. Our objective was therefore to model the σp and compression index (CI) according to the PR (with an impact penetrometer in the field and a static penetrometer inserted at a constant rate in the laboratory) and U in a Rhodic Eutrudox. The experiment consisted of six treatments: no-tillage system (NT); NT with chiseling; and NT with additional compaction by combine traffic (passing 4, 8, 10, and 20 times). Soil bulk density, total porosity, PR (in field and laboratory measurements), U, σp, and CI values were determined in the 5.5-10.5 cm and 13.5-18.5 cm layers. Preconsolidation pressure (σp) and CI were modeled according to PR in different U. The σp increased and the CI decreased linearly with increases in the PR values. The correlations between σp and PR and PR and CI are influenced by U. From these correlations, the soil load-bearing capacity and compaction susceptibility can be estimated by PR readings evaluated in different U.

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