scholarly journals Households Drinking Water Sources and Treatment Methods Options in a Regional Irrigation Scheme

2020 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 10-19
Author(s):  
Emmy C. Kerich
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Water Treatment ◽  
Drinking Water Treatment ◽  
Water Source ◽  
Treatment Method ◽  
Water Sources ◽  
Irrigation Canal ◽  
Drinking Water Source ◽  
Irrigation Scheme ◽  
Hand Weeding

Access to safe and clean drinking water is a major challenge to the people living around Ahero Irrigation Scheme (AIS). Water sources in the area are constantly and increasingly polluted by agrochemical like pesticides from rice farming. 2, 4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) is an herbicide extensively used in AIS. The neurotoxic, immunosuppressive, cytotoxic and hepatoxic effects of (2,4-D) have been well documented. Residues of (2,4-D) have been documented in ponds, rivers, lakes and irrigation canals. Therefore this study surveyed agrochemicals used in AIS, the drinking water source for the residents and finally water treatment option for the obtained water in the year 2013. The study established that (52.8%) of the farmers used hand-weeding and 20.8% of them use (2,4-D) for the weeds control. Results indicated that the most preferred water source was lined improved well (47.2%) followed by irrigation canal (22.2%), the least preferred was rain water with (2.8%). The most used method of water treatment was chlorination (45.8%). Spearman’s coefficient of correlation ( ) revealed that there was positive correlation between the two variables ( =0.145, 72, p=0.224>0.05). As  is positive, it implies that the type of treatment given to water depend on its source of the water. Despite the use of chlorinate with almost half of the residents, some of them (22.2%) do not treat their water at all, which may pose a risk of getting water related diseases. Furthermore, despite a proportional number of residents obtaining their water from irrigation canal, all of them do not have appropriate method/s for treating water contaminated with organic pollutants such as herbicides. There is a need to promote water appropriate drinking water treatment method/s in the study area to prevent water related diseases at the family level. Doi: 10.28991/HEF-2020-01-01-02 Full Text: PDF

Study on secondary reaction and fate of hazardous chemicals by oxidants

1997 ◽  
Vol 36 (12) ◽  
pp. 325-331 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. J. Kim ◽  
K. H. Oh ◽  
S. H. Lee ◽  
S. S. Choi ◽  
K. C. Lee
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Water Treatment ◽  
Water Source ◽  
Treatment Method ◽  
Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry ◽  
Drinking Water Source ◽  
Treatment Procedure ◽  
Emergency Control ◽  
Water Treatments ◽  
By Products

The water treatment procedure can lead to the formation of by-products, when the drinking water source is contaminated with trace amounts of organic matter. In this study, the disinfection by-products (DBPs) of trace organic compounds were identified to provide the knowledge on the possible DBPs of the contaminated water during the general or emergent water treatment procedure. Chlorination or ozonation was performed in the laboratory scale under the conditions for the drinking water treatments, and the DBPs of 16 VOCs and 4 phenols were screened using gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS). By the chlorination, dichlorobenzene was produced from benzene, ethylbenzene and styrene. 1,2-dichloroethane, 1,2-dichloropropane and phenol produced 1,1,1-trichloroethane, chloroform and chlorophenol, respectively. By the ozonation, bromoform changed to dibromomethane and styrene produced benzaldehyde. Finally, the water treatment method of each classified contaminant group was suggested for the emergency control of contamination.

scholarly journals Microbiological Assessment of the Quality of Drinking Water in Households of Abonnema Community

2020 ◽  
pp. 8-17
Author(s):  
George Boma Orlando ◽  
Lawson Stephenson Danagogo ◽  
Abiye Tamuno Opubo ◽  
Alabere Ibidabo
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Water Treatment ◽  
Small Proportion ◽  
Water Source ◽  
Water Sources ◽  
Common Source ◽  
Drinking Water Source ◽  
Round Trip ◽  
Cross Sectional

A descriptive cross-sectional study was carried out to identify the sources and assess the quality of drinking water in Abonnema Town of Rivers State, Nigeria. A semi-structured, interviewer-administered questionnaire and field observation were used to obtain information from 374 respondents on main sources of drinking water, time is taken to collect water from these sources per round trip, availability of main water source, water treatment methods and the sanitary conditions around water sources.  A sample of water was collected from each of the six main water sources and analysed for bacteriological parameters. The most common source of drinking water was well water (42.8%), followed by a borehole (33.7%). Packaged water (bottled and sachet) were the least utilized (8.6%). The majority (87.7%) of the respondents affirmed the constant availability of their main drinking water source and only a small proportion (8.6%) of the respondents spent more than 30 minutes in getting water per round trip. Only a small proportion (12.3%) of respondents practised water treatment. All the wells were in a poor sanitary state. All the samples had total coliform counts above the WHO standard of 0 MPN/100 ml, while 93% of the samples had E. coli counts above the WHO standard of 0 MPN/100 ml. The community had no problems with accessibility and availability of drinking water, but water quality was poor thereby considered unsafe for drinking. The community should be educated on cheap water purification methods.

scholarly journals Technical Note: Community of bacteria attached on the PVDF MF membrane surface fouled from drinking water treatment, in Seoul, Korea

2009 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 35-39 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. Chon ◽  
K. Chon ◽  
J.-S. Chang ◽  
H. Oh ◽  
E. Lee ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Water Treatment ◽  
Polyvinylidene Fluoride ◽  
Membrane Surface ◽  
Drinking Water Treatment ◽  
Water Source ◽  
Rrna Gene ◽  
Drinking Water Source ◽  
Gamma Proteobacteria ◽  
Alpha Beta

Abstract. Alpha, beta, and gamma proteobacteria comprise approximately 68, 16, and 7% of all identified bacteria. In this study, bacterial communities that had fouled polyvinylidene fluoride microfiltration membranes, which are used for drinking water treatment, over an 18 month period were analyzed using the 16s rRNA gene clone library method. The alpha, beta, and gamma proteobacteria were composed of mainly Bradyrhizobium and Rhodopseudomonas, Ralstonia, and Legionella, respectively. The presence of a relatively high amount of alpha proteobacteria was due to the oligotrophic condition of the drinking water source, the Han River, tested in this specific case study. The second most prominent bacteria community was the beta proteobacteria, which are typically found in a freshwater environment. This finding supports the notion that the drinking water source was relatively clean. Analyses of the organic foulants indicated that they were most likely from extra cellular polymers and/or cell fractured chemicals from bacteria or micro-organisms, as identified using organic characterizing tools, including 3-D fluorescence excitation-emission matrix and Fourier transform IR analyses.

scholarly journals Co-Occurrence of Microcystins and Taste-and-Odor Compounds in Drinking Water Source and Their Removal in a Full-Scale Drinking Water Treatment Plant

Toxins ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 26 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lixia Shang ◽  
Muhua Feng ◽  
Xiangen Xu ◽  
Feifei Liu ◽  
Fan Ke ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Water Treatment ◽  
Treatment Plant ◽  
Drinking Water Treatment ◽  
Water Treatment Plant ◽  
Water Source ◽  
Full Scale ◽  
Drinking Water Source ◽  
Taste And Odor ◽  
Odor Compounds

The co-occurrence of cyanotoxins and taste-and-odor compounds are a growing concern for drinking water treatment plants (DWTPs) suffering cyanobacteria in water resources. The dissolved and cell-bound forms of three microcystin (MC) congeners (MC-LR, MC-RR and MC-YR) and four taste-and-odor compounds (geosmin, 2-methyl isoborneol, β-cyclocitral and β-ionone) were investigated monthly from August 2011 to July 2012 in the eastern drinking water source of Lake Chaohu. The total concentrations of microcystins and taste-and-odor compounds reached 8.86 μg/L and 250.7 ng/L, respectively. The seasonal trends of microcystins were not consistent with those of the taste-and-odor compounds, which were accompanied by dominant species Microcystis and Dolichospermum. The fate of the cyanobacteria and metabolites were determined simultaneously after the processes of coagulation/flocculation, sedimentation, filtration and chlorination in the associated full-scale DWTP. The dissolved fractions with elevated concentrations were detected after some steps and the breakthrough of cyanobacteria and metabolites were even observed in finished water. Chlorophyll-a limits at intake were established for the drinking water source based on our investigation of multiple metabolites, seasonal variations and their elimination rates in the DWTP. Not only microcystins but also taste-and-odor compounds should be taken into account to guide the management in source water and in DWTPs.

scholarly journals Evaluation of reverse osmosis drinking water treatment of riverbank filtrate using bioanalytical tools and non-target screening

2020 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 103-116 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vittorio Albergamo ◽  
Beate I. Escher ◽  
Emma L. Schymanski ◽  
Rick Helmus ◽  
Milou M. L. Dingemans ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Water Treatment ◽  
Reverse Osmosis ◽  
Bioactive Compounds ◽  
Drinking Water Treatment ◽  
Water Source ◽  
Drinking Water Source ◽  
Organic Micropollutants ◽  
Target Screening

Organic micropollutants that occurred in a natural drinking water source induced effects that were not detectable after reverse osmosis. Bioactive compounds were characterised by non-target screening of LC-HRMS data using open cheminformatics approaches.

scholarly journals Microbial Dynamics of Biosand Filters and Contributions of the Microbial Food Web to Effective Treatment of Wastewater-Impacted Water Sources

2019 ◽  
Vol 85 (17) ◽  
Author(s):  
Tara M. Webster ◽  
Noah Fierer
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Water Treatment ◽  
Food Web ◽  
Microbial Communities ◽  
Drinking Water Treatment ◽  
Water Source ◽  
Water Sources ◽  
Microbial Food Web ◽  
Household Level ◽  
Biosand Filters

ABSTRACTBiosand filtration systems are widely used for drinking water treatment, from household-level, intermittently operated filters to large-scale continuous municipal systems. While it is well-established that microbial activity within the filter is essential for the removal of potential pathogens and other contaminants, the microbial ecology of these systems and how microbial succession relates to their performance remain poorly resolved. We determined how different source waters influence the composition, temporal dynamics, and performance of microbial communities in intermittently operated biosand filters. We operated lab-scale biosand filters, adding daily inputs from two contrasting water sources with differing nutrient concentrations and found that total coliform removal increased and became less variable after 4 weeks, regardless of water source. Total effluent biomass was also lower than total influent biomass for both water sources. Bacterial community composition, assessed via cultivation-independent DNA sequencing, varied by water source, sample type (influent, effluent, or sand), and time. Despite these differences, we identified specific taxa that were consistently removed, including common aquatic and wastewater bacteria. In contrast, taxa consistently more abundant in the sand and effluent included predatory, intracellular, and symbiotic bacteria.IMPORTANCEAlthough microbial activities are known to contribute to the effectiveness of biosand filtration for drinking water treatment, we have a limited understanding of what microbial groups are most effectively removed, colonize the sand, or make it through the filter. This study tracked the microbial communities in the influent, sand, and effluent of lab-scale, intermittently operated biosand filters over 8 weeks. These results represent the most detailed and time-resolved investigation of the microbial communities in biosand filters typical of those implemented at the household level in many developing countries. We show the importance of the microbial food web in biosand filtration, and we identified taxa that are preferentially removed from wastewater-impacted water sources. We found consistent patterns in filter effectiveness from source waters with differing nutrient loads and, likewise, identified specific bacterial taxa that were consistently more abundant in effluent waters, taxa that are important targets for further study and posttreatment.

scholarly journals Technical Note: Community of bacteria attached on the PVDF MF membrane surface fouled from drinking water treatment, in Seoul, Korea

2009 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 65-77 ◽  
Author(s):  
◽  
◽  
◽  
◽  
◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Water Treatment ◽  
Polyvinylidene Fluoride ◽  
Membrane Surface ◽  
Drinking Water Treatment ◽  
Water Source ◽  
Rrna Gene ◽  
Drinking Water Source ◽  
Gamma Proteobacteria ◽  
Alpha Beta

Abstract. Alpha, beta, and gamma proteobacteria comprise approximate 68, 16, and 7% of all identified bacteria. In this study, bacterial communities that had fouled polyvinylidene fluoride microfiltration membranes, which are used for drinking water treatment, over an 18 month period were analyzed using the 16s rRNA gene clone library method. The alpha, beta, and gamma proteobacteria were composed of mainly Bradyrhizobium and Rhodopseudomonas, Ralstonia, and Legionella, respectively. The presence of a relatively high amount of alpha proteobacteria was due to the oligotrophic condition of the drinking water source, the Han River, tested in this specific case study. The second most prominent bacteria community was the beta proteobacteria, which are typically found in a freshwater environment. This finding supports the notion that the drinking water source was relatively clean. Analyses of the organic foulants indicated that the they were most likely from extra cellular polymers and/or cell fractured chemicals from bacteria or micro-organisms, as identified using organic characterizing tools, including 3 dimensional fluorescence excitation-emission matrix and Fourier transform IR analyses.

Use of a stable carbon isotope to assess the efficiency of a drinking water treatment method with CO2

2012 ◽  
Vol 65 (6) ◽  
pp. 983-988 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Poberžnik ◽  
A. Leis ◽  
A. Lobnik
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Water Treatment ◽  
Dissolved Inorganic Carbon ◽  
Tap Water ◽  
Stable Carbon Isotope ◽  
Research Work ◽  
Drinking Water Treatment ◽  
Treatment Method ◽  
Water Supply Systems ◽  
Co2 Gas

CO2 gas with a special isotopic signature (δ13C = −35.2‰ vs. VPDB) was used as a marker to evaluate the efficiency of a drinking water treatment method and the effect of an ultrasonic (US) stirrer. This treatment was developed to prevent precipitation and corrosion effects in water–supply systems. The research work was performed using a laboratory-scale pilot plant that was filled with tap water. The stable isotope analyses of δ13C-DIC (Dissolved Inorganic Carbon) in the water samples indicated that the maximum content of added CO2 gas in DIC was in the range of 35 to 45%. The use of the US stirrer during the entire experiment decreased the method's overall efficiency by 10%, due to degassing at a late stage of the experiment but accelerated the dissolution process in the early experimental stage.

scholarly journals Self-Supply Service Level Assessment as Drinking Water Source in Bekasi City (Case Study: Jatiluhur, Sumur Batu, and Jatirangga Villages)

2021 ◽  
Vol 277 ◽  
pp. 04004
Author(s):  
Aprilia Harera ◽  
Gita Lestari Putri ◽  
Tim Foster
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Water Source ◽  
Service Level ◽  
Water Systems ◽  
Water Sources ◽  
Drinking Water Source ◽  
Monitoring Method ◽  
Dug Wells ◽  
Monthly Survey

Drinking water sources derived from groundwater using selfsupply approaches are widely used in Bekasi City because only 26.8% of households are connected to the piped distribution. These self-supplied water systems can be assessed to determine how people choose a better drinking source. Therefore, this study aims to assess the service level attributes of self-supply, including accessibility, availability, and quality. A longitudinal monitoring method by means of a monthly survey to respondents was used to mens perceptions of taste, smell, color, availability, and safety. The results on both household and citywide scale showed boreholes were perceived to deliver a high service level. On the household scale, 93% of boreholes user got ‘high’ score for water service assessment, while dug wells were only 76%. During the 8 months survey, it was shown that 45% of respondents change their main source of drinking water from self-supply to other source for several reasons. Therefore, this study is expected to provide an overview related to the resilience of selfsupply drinking water for a certain period.

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