Autoconfiguration with Global Addresses Using IEEE 802.15.4 Standard in Multi-hop Networks

Wireless sensor networks continue to attract a lot of attention from academia and industry promoting large-scale deployments in applications related to the Internet of Things (IoT). Unfortunately, a network containing a large number of sensor nodes also leads to difficulty in the configuring process and assignment of identifiers to nodes. Various approaches have been proposed to solve problems of auto-configuration in Wireless sensor networks, however, still, there are some issues remaining related to automatic assign identifiers A cluster-based hierarchical global address allocation scheme is proposed for a wireless sensor network. The proposal uses the IEEE 802.15.4 protocol and aims to reduce the latency of the identifier assignments and reduce the network level processes to be performed at the node. The address allocation process assigns each node a unique global address, which allows the node to have end-to-end connectivity without network-level involvement. The scenario of adding new nodes to the network or nodes that leave it is contemplated. Finally, the proposed scheme is evaluated experimentally, verifying the correct operation of the algorithm proposed in the implemented prototype.

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An Efficient Superframe Structure with Optimal Bandwidth Utilization and Reduced Delay for Internet of Things Based Wireless Sensor Networks

Sensors ◽

10.3390/s20071971 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 20 (7) ◽

pp. 1971 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Sangrez Khan ◽

Ahmad Naseem Alvi ◽

Muhammad Awais Javed ◽

Byeong-hee Roh ◽

Jehad Ali

Keyword(s):

Wireless Sensor Networks ◽

Sensor Networks ◽

Internet Of Things ◽

Large Scale ◽

Ieee 802.15.4 ◽

Fine Tuning ◽

Wireless Sensor ◽

Bandwidth Utilization ◽

Iot Applications ◽

Ieee 802.15.4 Standard

Internet of Things (IoT) is a promising technology that uses wireless sensor networks to enable data collection, monitoring, and transmission from the physical devices to the Internet. Due to its potential large scale usage, efficient routing and Medium Access Control (MAC) techniques are vital to meet various application requirements. Most of the IoT applications need low data rate and low powered wireless transmissions and IEEE 802.15.4 standard is mostly used in this regard which offers superframe structure at the MAC layer. However, for IoT applications where nodes have adaptive data traffic, the standard has some limitations such as bandwidth wastage and latency. In this paper, a new superframe structure is proposed that is backward compatible with the existing parameters of the standard. The proposed superframe overcomes limitations of the standard by fine-tuning its superframe structure and squeezing the size of its contention-free slots. Thus, the proposed superframe adjusts its duty cycle according to the traffic requirements and accommodates more nodes in a superframe structure. The analytical results show that our proposed superframe structure has almost 50% less delay, accommodate more nodes and has better link utilization in a superframe as compared to the IEEE 802.15.4 standard.

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Dynamic Reconfiguration of Cluster-Tree Wireless Sensor Networks to Handle Communication Overloads in Disaster-Related Situations

Sensors ◽

10.3390/s20174707 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 20 (17) ◽

pp. 4707 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Miguel Lino ◽

Erico Leão ◽

André Soares ◽

Carlos Montez ◽

Francisco Vasques ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Wireless Sensor Networks ◽

Sensor Networks ◽

Large Scale ◽

Ieee 802.15.4 ◽

Dynamic Reconfiguration ◽

Service Level ◽

Sensor Nodes ◽

Wireless Sensor ◽

Cluster Tree ◽

And Control

The development of flexible and efficient communication mechanisms is of paramount importance within the context of the Internet of Things (IoT) paradigm. IoT has been used for industrial, commercial, and residential applications, and the IEEE 802.15.4/ZigBee standard is one of the most suitable protocols for this purpose. This protocol is now frequently used to implement large-scale Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs). In industrial settings, it is becoming increasingly common to deploy cluster-tree WSNs, a complex IEEE 802.15.4/ZigBee-based peer-to-peer network topology, to monitor and control critical processes such as those related to oil or gas, mining, or certain specific chemicals. The remote monitoring of critical events for hazards or disaster detection in large areas is a challenging issue, since the occurrence of events in the monitored environment may severely stress the regular operation of the network. This paper proposes the Dynamic REconfiguration mechanism of cluster-Tree WSNs (DyRET), which is able to dynamically reconfigure large-scale IEEE 802.15.4 cluster-tree WSNs, and to assign communication resources to the overloaded branches of the tree based on the accumulated network load generated by each of the sensor nodes. A complete simulation assessment demonstrates the proposed mechanism’s efficiency, and the results show that it can guarantee the required quality of service level for the dynamic reconfiguration of cluster-tree networks.

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Characterization of Link Quality Fluctuation in Mobile Wireless Sensor Networks

ACM Transactions on Cyber-Physical Systems ◽

10.1145/3448737 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 5 (3) ◽

pp. 1-24

Author(s):

Jianjun Wen ◽

Waltenegus Dargie

Keyword(s):

Wireless Sensor Networks ◽

Sensor Networks ◽

Mobile Robots ◽

Large Scale ◽

Ieee 802.15.4 ◽

The Body ◽

Link Quality ◽

Sensor Nodes ◽

Wireless Sensor ◽

Formidable Challenge

Wireless sensor networks accommodating the mobility of nodes will play important roles in the future. In residential, rehabilitation, and clinical settings, sensor nodes can be attached to the body of a patient for long-term and uninterrupted monitoring of vital biomedical signals. Likewise, in industrial settings, workers as well as mobile robots can carry sensor nodes to augment their perception and to seamlessly interact with their environments. Nevertheless, such applications require reliable communications as well as high throughput. Considering the primary design goals of the sensing platforms (low-power, affordable cost, large-scale deployment, longevity, operating in the ISM band), maintaining reliable links is a formidable challenge. This challenge can partially be alleviated if the nature of link quality fluctuation can be known or estimated on time. Indeed, higher-level protocols such as handover and routing protocols rely on knowledge of link quality fluctuation to seamlessly transfer communication to alternative routes when the quality of existing routes deteriorates. In this article, we present the result of extensive experimental study to characterise link quality fluctuation in mobile environments. The study focuses on slow movements (<5 km h -1 ) signifying the movement of people and robots and transceivers complying to the IEEE 802.15.4 specification. Hence, we deployed mobile robots that interact with strategically placed stationary relay nodes. Our study considered different types of link quality characterisation metrics that provide complementary and useful insights. To demonstrate the usefulness of our experiments and observations, we implemented a link quality estimation technique using a Kalman Filter. To set up the model, we employed two link quality metrics along with the statistics we established during our experiments. The article will compare the performance of four proposed approaches with ours.

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Wireless Sensor Networks for Smart Cities: Network Design, Implementation and Performance Evaluation

Electronics ◽

10.3390/electronics10020218 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 10 (2) ◽

pp. 218

Author(s):

Ala’ Khalifeh ◽

Khalid A. Darabkh ◽

Ahmad M. Khasawneh ◽

Issa Alqaisieh ◽

Mohammad Salameh ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Wireless Sensor Networks ◽

Sensor Networks ◽

Experimental Evaluation ◽

Large Scale ◽

Performance Metrics ◽

Smart Cities ◽

Field Tests ◽

Sensor Nodes ◽

Wireless Sensor ◽

Real Field

The advent of various wireless technologies has paved the way for the realization of new infrastructures and applications for smart cities. Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) are one of the most important among these technologies. WSNs are widely used in various applications in our daily lives. Due to their cost effectiveness and rapid deployment, WSNs can be used for securing smart cities by providing remote monitoring and sensing for many critical scenarios including hostile environments, battlefields, or areas subject to natural disasters such as earthquakes, volcano eruptions, and floods or to large-scale accidents such as nuclear plants explosions or chemical plumes. The purpose of this paper is to propose a new framework where WSNs are adopted for remote sensing and monitoring in smart city applications. We propose using Unmanned Aerial Vehicles to act as a data mule to offload the sensor nodes and transfer the monitoring data securely to the remote control center for further analysis and decision making. Furthermore, the paper provides insight about implementation challenges in the realization of the proposed framework. In addition, the paper provides an experimental evaluation of the proposed design in outdoor environments, in the presence of different types of obstacles, common to typical outdoor fields. The experimental evaluation revealed several inconsistencies between the performance metrics advertised in the hardware-specific data-sheets. In particular, we found mismatches between the advertised coverage distance and signal strength with our experimental measurements. Therefore, it is crucial that network designers and developers conduct field tests and device performance assessment before designing and implementing the WSN for application in a real field setting.

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Evaluating the Performance of the IEEE 802.15.4 Standard in Supporting Time-Critical Wireless Sensor Networks

Advancements in Distributed Computing and Internet Technologies ◽

10.4018/978-1-61350-110-8.ch007 ◽

2011 ◽

pp. 142-158

Author(s):

Carlos Lino ◽

Carlos Tavares Calafate ◽

Pietro Manzoni ◽

Juan-Carlos Cano ◽

Arnoldo Díaz

Keyword(s):

Wireless Sensor Networks ◽

Sensor Networks ◽

Ieee 802.15.4 ◽

Wireless Sensor ◽

Critical Events ◽

Routing Overhead ◽

Monitoring Time ◽

Important Research Topic ◽

Ieee 802.15.4 Standard ◽

Time Critical

The performance of wireless sensor networks (WSNs) at monitoring time-critical events is an important research topic, mainly due to the need to ensure that the actions to be taken upon these events are timely. To determine the effectiveness of the IEEE 802.15.4 standard at monitoring time-critical events in WSNs, we introduce a routing scheme based on drain announcements that seeks minimum routing overhead. We carried out a novel performance evaluation of the IEEE 802.15.4 technology under different conditions, to determine whether or not near-real-time event monitoring is feasible. By analyzing different simulation metrics such as packet loss rate, average end-to-end delay, and routing overhead, we determine the degree of effectiveness of the IEEE 802.15.4 standard at supporting time-critical tasks in multi-hop WSNs, evidencing its limitations upon the size and the amount of traffic flowing through the network.

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Applications of Wireless Sensor Networks

Handbook of Research on P2P and Grid Systems for Service-Oriented Computing ◽

10.4018/978-1-61520-686-5.ch046 ◽

2010 ◽

pp. 1076-1090 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Corinna Schmitt ◽

Georg Carle

Keyword(s):

Wireless Sensor Networks ◽

Sensor Networks ◽

Large Scale ◽

Sensor Nodes ◽

Sensor Data ◽

Wireless Sensor ◽

Radio Communication ◽

Power Resources ◽

Limited Power

Today the researchers want to collect as much data as possible from different locations for monitoring reasons. In this context large-scale wireless sensor networks are becoming an active topic of research (Kahn1999). Because of the different locations and environments in which these sensor networks can be used, specific requirements for the hardware apply. The hardware of the sensor nodes must be robust, provide sufficient storage and communication capabilities, and get along with limited power resources. Sensor nodes such as the Berkeley-Mote Family (Polastre2006, Schmitt2006) are capable of meeting these requirements. These sensor nodes are small and light devices with radio communication and the capability for collecting sensor data. In this chapter the authors review the key elements for sensor networks and give an overview on possible applications in the field of monitoring.

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Optimized Clustering Algorithms for Large Wireless Sensor Networks: A Review

Sensors ◽

10.3390/s19020322 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 19 (2) ◽

pp. 322 ◽

Cited By ~ 21

Author(s):

Damien Wohwe Sambo ◽

Blaise Yenke ◽

Anna Förster ◽

Paul Dayang

Keyword(s):

Wireless Sensor Networks ◽

Sensor Networks ◽

Large Scale ◽

Smart Cities ◽

Clustering Algorithms ◽

Sensor Nodes ◽

Wireless Sensor ◽

Environmental Behaviors ◽

High Data ◽

High Scalability

During the past few years, Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) have become widely used due to their large amount of applications. The use of WSNs is an imperative necessity for future revolutionary areas like ecological fields or smart cities in which more than hundreds or thousands of sensor nodes are deployed. In those large scale WSNs, hierarchical approaches improve the performance of the network and increase its lifetime. Hierarchy inside a WSN consists in cutting the whole network into sub-networks called clusters which are led by Cluster Heads. In spite of the advantages of the clustering on large WSNs, it remains a non-deterministic polynomial hard problem which is not solved efficiently by traditional clustering. The recent researches conducted on Machine Learning, Computational Intelligence, and WSNs bring out the optimized clustering algorithms for WSNs. These kinds of clustering are based on environmental behaviors and outperform the traditional clustering algorithms. However, due to the diversity of WSN applications, the choice of an appropriate paradigm for a clustering solution remains a problem. In this paper, we conduct a wide review of proposed optimized clustering solutions nowadays. In order to evaluate them, we consider 10 parameters. Based on these parameters, we propose a comparison of these optimized clustering approaches. From the analysis, we observe that centralized clustering solutions based on the Swarm Intelligence paradigm are more adapted for applications with low energy consumption, high data delivery rate, or high scalability than algorithms based on the other presented paradigms. Moreover, when an application does not need a large amount of nodes within a field, the Fuzzy Logic based solution are suitable.

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