scholarly journals Optimized Clustering Algorithms for Large Wireless Sensor Networks: A Review

Sensors ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 19 (2) ◽  
pp. 322 ◽  
Author(s):  
Damien Wohwe Sambo ◽  
Blaise Yenke ◽  
Anna Förster ◽  
Paul Dayang
Keyword(s):  
Wireless Sensor Networks ◽  
Sensor Networks ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Smart Cities ◽  
Clustering Algorithms ◽  
Sensor Nodes ◽  
Wireless Sensor ◽  
Environmental Behaviors ◽  
High Data ◽  
High Scalability

During the past few years, Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) have become widely used due to their large amount of applications. The use of WSNs is an imperative necessity for future revolutionary areas like ecological fields or smart cities in which more than hundreds or thousands of sensor nodes are deployed. In those large scale WSNs, hierarchical approaches improve the performance of the network and increase its lifetime. Hierarchy inside a WSN consists in cutting the whole network into sub-networks called clusters which are led by Cluster Heads. In spite of the advantages of the clustering on large WSNs, it remains a non-deterministic polynomial hard problem which is not solved efficiently by traditional clustering. The recent researches conducted on Machine Learning, Computational Intelligence, and WSNs bring out the optimized clustering algorithms for WSNs. These kinds of clustering are based on environmental behaviors and outperform the traditional clustering algorithms. However, due to the diversity of WSN applications, the choice of an appropriate paradigm for a clustering solution remains a problem. In this paper, we conduct a wide review of proposed optimized clustering solutions nowadays. In order to evaluate them, we consider 10 parameters. Based on these parameters, we propose a comparison of these optimized clustering approaches. From the analysis, we observe that centralized clustering solutions based on the Swarm Intelligence paradigm are more adapted for applications with low energy consumption, high data delivery rate, or high scalability than algorithms based on the other presented paradigms. Moreover, when an application does not need a large amount of nodes within a field, the Fuzzy Logic based solution are suitable.

scholarly journals Wireless Sensor Networks for Smart Cities: Network Design, Implementation and Performance Evaluation

Electronics ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 218
Author(s):  
Ala’ Khalifeh ◽  
Khalid A. Darabkh ◽  
Ahmad M. Khasawneh ◽  
Issa Alqaisieh ◽  
Mohammad Salameh ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Wireless Sensor Networks ◽  
Sensor Networks ◽  
Experimental Evaluation ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Performance Metrics ◽  
Smart Cities ◽  
Field Tests ◽  
Sensor Nodes ◽  
Wireless Sensor ◽  
Real Field

The advent of various wireless technologies has paved the way for the realization of new infrastructures and applications for smart cities. Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) are one of the most important among these technologies. WSNs are widely used in various applications in our daily lives. Due to their cost effectiveness and rapid deployment, WSNs can be used for securing smart cities by providing remote monitoring and sensing for many critical scenarios including hostile environments, battlefields, or areas subject to natural disasters such as earthquakes, volcano eruptions, and floods or to large-scale accidents such as nuclear plants explosions or chemical plumes. The purpose of this paper is to propose a new framework where WSNs are adopted for remote sensing and monitoring in smart city applications. We propose using Unmanned Aerial Vehicles to act as a data mule to offload the sensor nodes and transfer the monitoring data securely to the remote control center for further analysis and decision making. Furthermore, the paper provides insight about implementation challenges in the realization of the proposed framework. In addition, the paper provides an experimental evaluation of the proposed design in outdoor environments, in the presence of different types of obstacles, common to typical outdoor fields. The experimental evaluation revealed several inconsistencies between the performance metrics advertised in the hardware-specific data-sheets. In particular, we found mismatches between the advertised coverage distance and signal strength with our experimental measurements. Therefore, it is crucial that network designers and developers conduct field tests and device performance assessment before designing and implementing the WSN for application in a real field setting.

scholarly journals Efficient Node Deployment of Large-Scale Heterogeneous Wireless Sensor Networks

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (22) ◽  
pp. 10924
Author(s):  
Fatma H. Elfouly ◽  
Rabie A. Ramadan ◽  
Ahmed Y. Khedr ◽  
Ahmad Taher Azar ◽  
Kusum Yadav ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Wireless Sensor Networks ◽  
Sensor Networks ◽  
Network Lifetime ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Smart Cities ◽  
Minimum Energy ◽  
Sensor Nodes ◽  
Wireless Sensor ◽  
High Coverage ◽  
Heterogeneous Wireless Sensor Networks

 Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) became essential in developing many applications, including smart cities and Internet of Things (IoT) applications. WSN has been used in many critical applications such as healthcare, military, and transportation. Such applications depend mainly on the performance of the deployed sensor nodes. Therefore, the deployment process has to be perfectly arranged. However, the deployment process for a WSN is challenging due to many of the constraints to be taken into consideration. For instance, mobile nodes are already utilized in many applications, and their localization needs to be considered during the deployment process. Besides, heterogeneous nodes are employed in many recent applications due to their efficiency and cost-effectiveness. Moreover, the development areas might have different properties due to their importance. Those parameters increase the deployment complexity and make it hard to reach the best deployment scheme. This work, therefore, seeks to discover the best deployment plan for a WSN, considering these limitations throughout the deployment process. First, the deployment problem is defined as an optimization problem and mathematically formulated using Integer Linear Programming (ILP) to understand the problem better. The main objective function is to maximize the coverage of a given field with a network lifetime constraint. Nodes’ mobility and heterogeneity are added to the deployment constraints. The importance of the monitored field subareas is also introduced in this paper, where some subareas could have more importance than others. The paper utilizes Swarm Intelligence as a heuristic algorithm for the large-scale deployment problem. Simulation experiments show that the proposed algorithm produces efficient deployment schemes with a high coverage rate and minimum energy consumption compared to some recent algorithms. The proposed algorithm shows more than a 30% improvement in coverage and network lifetime. 

A Review of Multi-Channel Medium Access Control Protocols for Wireless Sensor Networks

2021 ◽  
Vol 6 (6) ◽  
pp. 39-53
Author(s):  
Hanan Alahmadi ◽  
Fatma Boabdullah
Keyword(s):  
Wireless Sensor Networks ◽  
Sensor Networks ◽  
Mac Protocols ◽  
Sensor Nodes ◽  
Wireless Sensor ◽  
Medium Access Control Protocols ◽  
Medium Access ◽  
Momentum Spread ◽  
High Data ◽  
Multichannel Mac

Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) are witnessing a momentum spread especially with the growth of the Internet of Things (IoT) paradigm. Indeed, WSNs are considered as the main enabling infrastructure for IoT networks. Nowadays, the emerging WSNs applications require not only long network lifespan but also considerably high data rate. Consequently, conceiving Multichannel MAC protocols that save the scarceenergy budget of sensor nodes while providing high network throughput is crucial for the emerging WSNs applications. In this paper, a thorough review of recent multichannel MAC protocols is provided along with a classification framework to deeply understand the design aspects for each protocol.

Applications of Wireless Sensor Networks

2010 ◽  
pp. 1076-1090 ◽  
Author(s):  
Corinna Schmitt ◽  
Georg Carle
Keyword(s):  
Wireless Sensor Networks ◽  
Sensor Networks ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Sensor Nodes ◽  
Sensor Data ◽  
Wireless Sensor ◽  
Radio Communication ◽  
Power Resources ◽  
Limited Power

Today the researchers want to collect as much data as possible from different locations for monitoring reasons. In this context large-scale wireless sensor networks are becoming an active topic of research (Kahn1999). Because of the different locations and environments in which these sensor networks can be used, specific requirements for the hardware apply. The hardware of the sensor nodes must be robust, provide sufficient storage and communication capabilities, and get along with limited power resources. Sensor nodes such as the Berkeley-Mote Family (Polastre2006, Schmitt2006) are capable of meeting these requirements. These sensor nodes are small and light devices with radio communication and the capability for collecting sensor data. In this chapter the authors review the key elements for sensor networks and give an overview on possible applications in the field of monitoring.

scholarly journals Energy-Efficient Unequal Chain Length Clustering for Wireless Sensor Networks in Smart Cities

2017 ◽  
Vol 2017 ◽  
pp. 1-12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mohammad Baniata ◽  
Jiman Hong
Keyword(s):  
Wireless Sensor Networks ◽  
Sensor Networks ◽  
Chain Length ◽  
Network Lifetime ◽  
Routing Protocol ◽  
Energy Efficient ◽  
Smart Cities ◽  
Cluster Head ◽  
Sensor Nodes ◽  
Wireless Sensor

The recent advances in sensing and communication technologies such as wireless sensor networks (WSN) have enabled low-priced distributed monitoring systems that are the foundation of smart cities. These advances are also helping to monitor smart cities and making our living environments workable. However, sensor nodes are constrained in energy supply if they have no constant power supply. Moreover, communication links can be easily failed because of unequal node energy depletion. The energy constraints and link failures affect the performance and quality of the sensor network. Therefore, designing a routing protocol that minimizes energy consumption and maximizes the network lifetime should be considered in the design of the routing protocol for WSN. In this paper, we propose an Energy-Efficient Unequal Chain Length Clustering (EEUCLC) protocol which has a suboptimal multihop routing algorithm to reduce the burden on the cluster head and a probability-based cluster head selection algorithm to prolong the network lifetime. Simulation results show that the EEUCLC mechanism enhanced the energy balance and prolonged the network lifetime compared to other related protocols.

scholarly journals Energy-Efficient QoS-Aware Intelligent Hybrid Clustered Routing Protocol for Wireless Sensor Networks

2019 ◽  
Vol 2019 ◽  
pp. 1-12
Author(s):  
Parvinder Singh ◽  
Rajeshwar Singh
Keyword(s):  
Wireless Sensor Networks ◽  
Sensor Networks ◽  
Network Lifetime ◽  
Routing Protocol ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Fitness Function ◽  
Geographical Area ◽  
Cluster Head ◽  
Sensor Nodes ◽  
Wireless Sensor

A wireless sensor network consists of numerous low-power microsensor devices that can be deployed in a geographical area for remote sensing, surveillance, control, and monitoring applications. The advancements of wireless devices in terms of user-friendly interface, size, and deployment cost have given rise to many smart applications of wireless sensor networks (WSNs). However, certain issues like energy efficiency, long lifetime, and communication reliability restrict their large scale utilization. In WSNs, the cluster-based routing protocols assist nodes to collect, aggregate, and forward sensed data from event regions towards the sink node through minimum cost links. A clustering method helps to improve data transmission efficiency by dividing the sensor nodes into small groups. However, improper cluster head (CH) selection may affect the network lifetime, average network energy, and other quality of service (QoS) parameters. In this paper, a multiobjective clustering strategy is proposed to optimize the energy consumption, network lifetime, network throughput, and network delay. A fitness function has been formulated for heterogenous and homogenous wireless sensor networks. This fitness function is utilized to select an optimum CH for energy minimization and load balancing of cluster heads. A new hybrid clustered routing protocol is proposed based on fitness function. The simulation results conclude that the proposed protocol achieves better efficiency in increasing the network lifetime by 63%, 26%, and 10% compared with three well-known heterogeneous protocols: DEEC, EDDEEC, and ATEER, respectively. The proposed strategy also attains better network stability than a homogenous LEACH protocol.

An Energy-Efficient Layered Clustering Algorithm for Routing in Wireless Sensor Networks

2017 ◽  
Vol 8 (3) ◽  
pp. 43-66 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alphonse PJA ◽  
Sivaraj C ◽  
Janakiraman T N.
Keyword(s):  
Wireless Sensor Networks ◽  
Sensor Networks ◽  
Energy Conservation ◽  
Energy Efficient ◽  
Clustering Algorithm ◽  
Transmission Rate ◽  
Clustering Algorithms ◽  
Sensor Nodes ◽  
Wireless Sensor ◽  
Simulation Experiments

Efficient energy management is a key issue in battery equipped wireless sensor networks (WSNs). The cluster based routing in WSNs is a prominent approach for energy conservation of the network which provides a hierarchical data collection mechanism. In order to maximize the energy conservation of sensor nodes, this paper proposes an Energy-efficient Layered Clustering Algorithm (ELCA) for routing in wireless sensor networks. ELCA constructs two layers of clusters to reduce the transmission rate and to balance the energy consumption of sensors. As early energy depletion of clusterheads (CHs) is a major limitation in clustering, this algorithm provides local remedy for energy suffering CHs through efficient CH substitution scheme. The performance of the proposed algorithm is analysed through extensive simulation experiments and verified by compared results with existing clustering algorithms.

scholarly journals Game Theoretic Solution for Power Management in IoT-Based Wireless Sensor Networks

Sensors ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 19 (18) ◽  
pp. 3835 ◽  
Author(s):  
Muhammad Sohail ◽  
Shafiullah Khan ◽  
Rashid Ahmad ◽  
Dhananjay Singh ◽  
Jaime Lloret
Keyword(s):  
Wireless Sensor Networks ◽  
Energy Consumption ◽  
Sensor Networks ◽  
Smart Cities ◽  
Level Density ◽  
Evolutionary Game ◽  
Cluster Head ◽  
Sensor Nodes ◽  
Wireless Sensor ◽  
Ch Selection

Internet of things (IoT) is a very important research area, having many applications such as smart cities, intelligent transportation system, tracing, and smart homes. The underlying technology for IoT are wireless sensor networks (WSN). The selection of cluster head (CH) is significant as a part of the WSN’s optimization in the context of energy consumption. In WSNs, the nodes operate on a very limited energy source, therefore, the routing protocols designed must meet the optimal utilization of energy consumption in such networks. Evolutionary games can be designed to meet this aspect by providing an adequately efficient CH selection mechanism. In such types of mechanisms, the network nodes are considered intelligent and independent to select their own strategies. However, the existing mechanisms do not consider a combination of many possible parameters associated with the smart nodes in WSNs, such as remaining energy, selfishness, hop-level, density, and degree of connectivity. In our work, we designed an evolutionary game-based approach for CH selection, combined with some vital parameters associated with sensor nodes and the entire networks. The nodes are assumed to be smart, therefore, the aspect of being selfish is also addressed in this work. The simulation results indicate that our work performs much better than typical evolutionary game-based approaches.

Performance of Wireless Sensor Networks for Different Mobile Event Path Scenarios

2012 ◽  
pp. 55-68
Author(s):  
Tao Yang ◽  
Gjergji Mino ◽  
Leonard Barolli ◽  
Makoto Ikeda ◽  
Fatos Xhafa ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Wireless Sensor Networks ◽  
Sensor Networks ◽  
Sensor Network ◽  
Energy Characteristic ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Sensor Nodes ◽  
Wireless Sensor ◽  
Movement Path ◽  
Random Movement ◽  
Simulation Results

In this paper, the authors investigate how the sensor network performs when the event moves with special movement path. Simulation results are compared with four scenarios: when the event is stationary, moving randomly, moving with simple 4 path, and boids path. The simulation results show that for the case when the event is moving randomly, the performance is the worst in the four scenarios. The characteristic of goodput decreases with the increase of number of sensor nodes. In the case of the boids model, the goodput is unstable when the is lower than 10 pps. The consumed energy characteristic increases with the increase of Simulation results show that the consumed energy of random movement is the worst among the four scenarios. The consumed energy of boids model is the lowest in four cases. This shows that the event movement with boids model can decrease the consumed energy in large scale WSNs.

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