scholarly journals Perspectives of the Asian Standardised Patient

2021 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 25-30
Author(s):  
Nicola Ngiam ◽  
Chuen-Yee Hor
Keyword(s):  
Medical Education ◽  
Terminal Illness ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
High Stakes ◽  
Sexually Transmitted ◽  
Assessment Activity ◽  
Acquired Immunodeficiency ◽  
Case Writing ◽  
Immunodeficiency Syndrome ◽  
Standardised Patients

Introduction: Standardised patients (SPs) have been involved in medical education for the past 50 years. Their role has evolved from assisting in history-taking and communication skills to portraying abnormal physical signs and hybrid simulations. This increases exposure of their physical and psychological domains to the learner. Asian SPs who come from more conservative cultures may be inhibited in some respect. This study aims to explore the attitudes and perspectives of Asian SPs with respect to their role and case portrayal. Methods: This was a cohort questionnaire study of SPs involved in a high-stakes assessment activity at a university medical school in Singapore. Results: 66 out of 71 SPs responded. Racial distribution was similar to population norms in Singapore (67% Chinese, 21% Malay, 8% Indian). SPs were very keen to provide feedback to students. A significant number were uncomfortable with portraying mental disorders (26%) or terminal illness (16%) and discussing Human Immunodeficiency Virus/Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (HIV/AIDS, 14%) or Sexually Transmitted Diseases (STDs, 14%). SPs were uncomfortable with intimate examinations involving the front of the chest (46%, excluding breast), and even abdominal examination (35%). SPs perceive that they improve quality of teaching and are cost effective. Conclusion: The Asian SPs in our institution see themselves as a valuable tool in medical education. Sensitivity to the cultural background of SPs in case writing and the training process is necessary to ensure that SPs are comfortable with their role. Additional training and graded exposure may be necessary for challenging scenarios and physical examination.

Changes in Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome-Related Risk Behavior After Adolescence: Relationships to Knowledge and Experience Concerning Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infection

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1992 ◽  
Vol 89 (5) ◽  
pp. 950-956
Author(s):  
Arlene Rubin Stiffman ◽  
Felton Earls ◽  
Peter Dore' ◽  
Renee Cunningham
Keyword(s):  
Risk Behaviors ◽  
Young Adulthood ◽  
Risk Level ◽  
Moderate Risk ◽  
Sexually Transmitted ◽  
Risk Levels ◽  
Related Risk ◽  
Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
Acquired Immunodeficiency ◽  
Immunodeficiency Syndrome

This paper explores the extent of change in acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) risk level and in the numbers of AIDS-related risk behaviors in 602 inner-city adolescents as they enter young adulthood. Youths' risk level for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection during adolescence was categorized as high (engaging in prostitution, male homosexual or bisexual activity, or injectable drug use or having ulcerative sexually transmitted diseases), moderate (having six or more sex partners in a 1-year period or nonulcerative sexually transmitted diseases), or low (none of the above). Although a proportion at high or moderate risk during adolescence did move to lower risk levels by young adulthood, the overall risk level stayed fairly stable: 45% were at high or moderate risk levels during adolescence, and 35% were at those levels by young adulthood. Then change in the total number of risk behaviors engaged in by the youths was examined. Knowledge about AIDS or HIV infection and its prevention was not associated with any change in risk behavior, nor were the number of sources of information about the epidemic, acquaintance with those who are infected, estimates of personal risk, or exposure to HIV-test counseling. In fact, youths whose risk behaviors increased the most were more likely to know someone who had died of AIDS and to estimate their own risk as high. Most youths reported that they did not use condoms regularly, disliked them, and had little confidence in their protective ability. Changes in preventive strategies and further research on the causes of behavior change are needed.

scholarly journals Settings for identifying recent HIV infections: the Portuguese experience

2008 ◽  
Vol 13 (36) ◽  
Author(s):  
H Cortes Martins ◽  
M T Paixão
Keyword(s):  
Hiv Infections ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Western European Country ◽  
Reference Laboratory ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Sexually Transmitted ◽  
Aids Epidemic ◽  
Acquired Immunodeficiency ◽  
Immunodeficiency Syndrome ◽  
Hiv 1

Portugal has been the western European country with the highest rate of notified acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) cases since 1999 and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection cases since 2000. Nonetheless, exact information on the magnitude and trends of recently acquired infections is missing. In a cross-sectional study we aimed to determine HIV prevalence, the proportion of recently acquired infections and the incidence among patients attending a Sexually Transmitted Infections (STI) clinic and among HIV positive cases tested at the AIDS Reference Laboratory (ARL), by using the Avidity Index (AI) of antibodies to identify recent HIV-1 seroconversions. Demographic and behavioural data were collected. At the STI clinic 253 patients were enrolled, 16 were found to be HIV infected (14 HIV-1, 2 HIV-2) and a prevalence of 6.3% was obtained. Four recent HIV-1 infections were identified and the HIV-1 incidence was 3.3% per year. At the ARL, 332 newly diagnosed cases of HIV-1 infection were studied, 59 (17.8%) were recent infections and an annual incidence of 4.1% was estimated. These findings support STI clinics as key sentinel sites for recently acquired HIV infections and illustrate the viability of testing for recent HIV infections in these settings and reinforce the value of this method in the surveillance for better monitoring current trends of the HIV/AIDS epidemic in Portugal.

Impact of Music Lyrics and Music Videos on Children and Youth (RE9144)

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1996 ◽  
Vol 98 (6) ◽  
pp. 1219-1221 ◽  
Author(s):  
Keyword(s):  
Rock Music ◽  
Rap Music ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Sexually Transmitted ◽  
Gangsta Rap ◽  
Vital Interest ◽  
Sexually Explicit ◽  
Acquired Immunodeficiency ◽  
Music Lyrics ◽  
Immunodeficiency Syndrome

Music lyrics have undergone dramatic changes since the introduction of rock music more than 40 years ago. This is an issue of vital interest and concern for parents and pediatricians. During the past four decades, rock music lyrics have become increasingly explicit—particularly with reference to sex, drugs, and violence. Recently, heavy metal and "gangsta rap" music lyrics have elicited the greatest concern. In some cases lyrics communicate potentially harmful health messages. Such lyrics are of special concern in today's environment, which poses unprecedented threats to the health and well-being of adolescents. Pregnancy, drug use, acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (and other sexually transmitted diseases), injuries, homicide, and suicide have all become part of the landscape of everyday life for many American teens. At the same time, music is important to teenagers' identity and helps them define important social and subcultural boundaries. The results of one survey of 2760 14-to 16-year-olds in 10 different southeastern cities showed that that they listened to music an average of 40 hours per week. One Swedish study found that adolescents who developed an early interest in rock music were more likely to be influenced by their peers and less influenced by their parents than older adolescents. To date, no studies have documented a cause-and-effect relationship between sexually explicit or violent lyrics and adverse behavioral effects. A possible explanation for this lack of finding is that teenagers often do not know the lyrics or fully comprehend their meaning. For example, in one study only 30% of teenagers knew the lyrics to their favorite songs, and their comprehension varied greatly.

Premature Sexual Activity, Pregnancy, and Sexually Transmitted Diseases: The Pediatrician's Role as a Counselor

1988 ◽  
Vol 10 (3) ◽  
pp. 69-76
Author(s):  
Janet B. Hardy
Keyword(s):  
Sexual Activity ◽  
Sexual Experience ◽  
Sex Partners ◽  
Sexually Transmitted ◽  
Multiple Sex Partners ◽  
Pregnancy And Childbirth ◽  
Primary Health ◽  
Acquired Immunodeficiency ◽  
Immunodeficiency Syndrome ◽  
Number Of Births

Physicians providing preventive and primary health care for schoolaged patients are frequently confronted with difficult problems that stem from premature sexual activity among these young people. In this paper a brief description of the scope and potential costs, both human and societal, of these problems is given as background for discussion of the pediatrician's role as counselor and educator in their prevention and management. The high frequency of sexual experience among school-aged girls and boys and the potential devastation that may result from the emerging epidemic of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS), in combination with the pattern of multiple sex partners among adolescents, lend added urgency to the consideration of preventing these problems. PROBLEMS ASSOCIATED WITH ADOLESCENT PREGNANCY, ABORTION, AND CHILDBEARING The problems associated with pregnancy and childbirth among adolescents have attracted public concern and controversy since the middle 1970s when the number of births to American teenagers reached its peak. However, even though the number of births in this age group has declined as a result of the legalization of abortion and a decline in the number of teenagers in the population, the likelihood of pregnancy has declined much less, particularly among adolescents, younger than 18 years, and among the youngest teenagers. Among girls 15 years of age and younger, the pregnancy rate has been fairly stable and, among those who are white, it has continued to increase.

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