scholarly journals Falacias necesarias: una apología de los malos argumentos para la clase de argumentación / Necessary Fallacies: an Apology for Bad Arguments in Argumentation Lessons

2015 ◽  
Vol 11 (21) ◽  
pp. 75-80
Author(s):  
Gonzalo Martín de Marcos

ResumenEste artículo defiende la necesidad de las falacias. Los llamados malos argumentos constituyen recursos del lenguaje que permiten a sus usuarios dar cumplimiento a las distintas funciones del lenguaje. Como cualquier otro recurso, es su uso (cuando no obedezca a ciertos criterios axiológicos), pero no su funcionalidad, lo que puede ser censurado. A partir de los estudios de Aristóteles, C. L. Hamblin y, en particular, Van Eemeren y Grootendorst, se evalúan mediante ejemplos la falacia de ambigüedad, que responde a una necesidad expresiva; la falacia del espantapájaros, que puede satisfacer una necesidad conativa; y la falacia cum hoc, ergo propter hoc, que cumple con la función cognitiva. El lenguaje es un fenómeno irreductible, y las falacias son indicio de ello. No pueden repudiarse porque se salgan de los límites descritos por enfoques lógicos. Una reflexión de este tenor debería anteceder a la enseñanza de la argumentación en el nivel superior. AbstractThis article supports the need of fallacies. The so-called bad arguments constitute language resources that allow to complying with the various functions of the language.  As with any other resource, its use (when it doesn’t meet certain axiological criteria), but not its functionality, could be censured.  Based upon studies by Aristotle, C.L. Hamblin, and particularly, Van Eemeren and Grootendorst, examples have been used to assess the ambiguity fallacy, which responds to an expressive need; the fallacy of the Scarecrow, which can satisfy a conative need; and the cum hoc, ergo propter hoc fallacy, which meets the cognitive function. Language is an irreducible phenomenon and fallacies are an indicator thereof. Such can’t be disowned because of being out of the limits described by logical approaches. A reflection on this regard should precede the teaching of argumentation in the higher level.         

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jaeho Kim ◽  
Sook-Young Woo ◽  
Seonwoo Kim ◽  
Hyemin Jang ◽  
Junpyo Kim ◽  
...  

Abstract Background Although few studies have shown that risk factors for Alzheimer’s disease (AD) are associated with cognitive decline in AD, not much is known whether the impact of risk factors differs between early-onset AD (EOAD, symptom onset < 65 years of age) versus late-onset AD (LOAD). Therefore, we evaluated whether the impact of Alzheimer’s disease (AD) risk factors on cognitive trajectories differ in EOAD and LOAD. Methods We followed-up 193 EOAD and 476 LOAD patients without known autosomal dominant AD mutation for 32.3 ± 23.2 months. Mixed-effects model analyses were performed to evaluate the effects of APOE ε4, low education, hypertension, diabetes, dyslipidemia, and obesity on cognitive trajectories. Results APOE ε4 carriers showed slower cognitive decline in general cognitive function, language, and memory domains than APOE ε4 carriers in EOAD but not in LOAD. Although patients with low education showed slower cognitive decline than patients with high education in both EOAD and LOAD, the effect was stronger in EOAD, specifically in frontal-executive function. Patients with hypertension showed faster cognitive decline than did patients without hypertension in frontal-executive and general cognitive function in LOAD but not in EOAD. Patients with obesity showed slower decline in general cognitive function than non-obese patients in EOAD but not in LOAD. Conclusions Known risk factors for AD were associated with slower cognitive decline in EOAD but rapid cognitive decline in LOAD.


2006 ◽  
Vol 36 (8) ◽  
pp. 1119-1129 ◽  
Author(s):  
MAJ VINBERG CHRISTENSEN ◽  
KIRSTEN OHM KYVIK ◽  
LARS VEDEL KESSING

Background. Patients may present with cognitive impairment in the euthymic phase of affective disorder, but it is unclear whether the impairment is prevalent before onset of the illness. The aim of the present study was to examine the hypothesis that genetic liability to affective disorder is associated with cognitive impairment.Method. In a cross-sectional high-risk case–control study, healthy monozygotic (MZ) and dizygotic (DZ) twins with (High-Risk twins) and without (the control group/Low-Risk twins) a co-twin history of affective disorder were identified through nationwide registers. Cognitive performance of 203 High-Risk and Low-Risk twins was compared.Results. Healthy twins discordant for unipolar disorder showed lower performance on almost all measures of cognitive function: selective and sustained attention, executive function, language processing and working and declarative memory, and also after adjustment for demographic variables, subclinical symptoms and minor psychopathology. Healthy twins discordant for bipolar disorder showed lower performance on tests measuring episodic and working memory, also after adjustment for the above-mentioned covariables. The discrete cognitive impairment found seemed to be related to genetic liability, as the MZ High-Risk twins showed significant impairment on selective and sustained attention, executive function, language processing and working and declarative memory, whereas the DZ High-Risk twins presented with significantly lower scores only on language processing and episodic memory.Conclusions. The hypothesis that discrete cognitive impairment is present before the onset of the affective disorder and is genetically transmitted was supported. Thus, cognitive function may be a candidate endophenotype for affective disorders.


GeroPsych ◽  
2011 ◽  
Vol 24 (2) ◽  
pp. 83-92 ◽  
Author(s):  
Valentina A. Tesky ◽  
Christian Thiel ◽  
Winfried Banzer ◽  
Johannes Pantel

To investigate the effects of leisure activities on cognitive performance of healthy older subjects, an innovative intervention program was developed. Frequent participation in cognitively stimulating activities (i.e., reading, playing chess, or playing music) is associated with reduced risk of dementia. AKTIVA (active cognitive stimulation – prevention in the elderly) is an intervention program designed to enhance cognitive stimulation in everyday life by increasing cognitive stimulating leisure activities. The present study determines the effects of AKTIVA on cognitive function, mood and attitude toward aging in a sample of older participants from the general population. Several measurement instruments were used including the Alzheimer’s Disease Assessment Scale (ADAS-Cog), the Trail-Making Test (TMT), and the Memory Complaint Questionnaire (MAC-Q). Initially, the sample consisted of 307 older persons (170 female, 72 ± 7 years). The intervention was evaluated with a randomized, controlled pre-post follow-up design. Participants were randomly assigned to one of three conditions: AKTIVA intervention (n = 126), AKTIVA intervention plus nutrition and exercise counseling (n = 84), no-intervention control group (n = 97). The AKTIVA intervention consisted of 8 weekly sessions and two booster sessions after a break of 4 months. Participation in the group program resulted in positive effects on cognitive function and attitude toward aging for subassembly groups. Older persons (≥ 75 years) showed enhanced speed of information processing (by TMT Version A) (F = 4.17*, p < .05); younger participants (< 75 years) showed an improvement in subjective memory decline (by MAC-Q) (F = 2.55*, p < .05). Additionally, AKTIVA enhanced the frequency of activities for leisure activities for subassembly groups. The results of this study suggest that the AKTIVA program can be used to increase cognitively stimulating leisure activities in the elderly. Further research is necessary to identify the long-term effects of this intervention particularly with respect to the prevention of dementia.


2008 ◽  
Author(s):  
John Gunstad ◽  
Mary B. Spitznagel ◽  
Kelly Stanek ◽  
Faith Luyster ◽  
James Rosneck ◽  
...  

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