HEPATITIS B VIRUS INFECTION AND ITS ASSOCIATED RISK FACTORS;

Objective: The present study was carried out to screen for prevalence of Hepatitis B Virus (HBV) infection and its associatedrisk factors in patients presenting for various complaints at a tertiary care hospital. Study design: Cross-sectional descriptive study. Place &Duration: Nawaz Sharif social security Hospital, Multan Road Lahore from January 2008 through December, 2009. Materials & Methods: Atotal of 15403 patients, aged 14 to 60 years, belonging to low socio-economic group were screened for Hepatitis B surface antigen (HbsAg)during the study period. Relevant information was obtained through a pre-designed questionnaire prepared in accordance with the objectivesof the study. Patient’s serum was tested qualitatively for HbsAg by rapid immunochromatographic technique (ICT devices, Accurate, USA)according to the manufacturer’s instructions.All sera showing reactivity were then confirmed with Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay(ELISA). Results: HbsAg positivity was found in 488 (3.16%) patients of the screened population. Associated risk factors were: therapeuticinjections (25.0%), shaving from community barbers (15.98%), blood or blood product transfusions (10.04%), HbsAg positive sexual partners(7.99%), dental treatment (6.96%), past surgical history (4.91%), occupational exposure (3.07%), pricking nose/ears (3.07%), H/ohemodialysis (2.04%) and medical endoscopy (1.02%). 5.94% cases revealed no risk factor whereas 13.93% cases had multiple risk factors.Conclusions: A high prevalence of known etiological risk factors for HBV infection in the HBV positive patients documented in our studyshould not go without serious concern. Public awareness programs should be launched through mass media to discourage the malpracticesrelated to risk factors.

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Nurses’ Knowledge on Post Exposure Prophylaxis for Hepatitis B Virus Infection in Tertiary Care Hospital

Journal of Chitwan Medical College ◽

10.3126/jcmc.v9i2.24559 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 9 (2) ◽

pp. 72-78

Author(s):

Kalpana Sharma ◽

Sabina Adhikari

Keyword(s):

Hepatitis B Virus ◽

Hepatitis B ◽

Tertiary Care Hospital ◽

Tertiary Care ◽

Hbv Infection ◽

Care Hospital ◽

Poor Knowledge ◽

Post Exposure ◽

B Virus ◽

Nurses Knowledge

Background: Nurses are most vulnerable group for having Hepatitis B Virus (HBV) infection from blood and body fluids. These infections are preventable if the nurses have proper knowledge regarding Post Exposure Prophylaxis (PEP) for hepatitis B virus infections and utilize the PEP services. This study aimed to find out the nurses’ knowledge on PEP for HBV infection. Methods: A descriptive survey design was carried out among 116 randomly selected nurses working in different wards of tertiary care hospital. Data was collected from July 8th 2018 to 21st July 2018 using pre-tested self-administered questionnaire. Descriptive statistics was used to describe the variables and chi-square test was applied to explore the association between variables. Results: Results of the study revealed that only 22.4% nurses had good, 21.6% had average, and 56.0% had poor knowledge on PEP for HBV. Majority (68.1%) of the nurses knew about the testing of HBsAg serum antigen after exposure. However, few nurses had knowledge on risk percentage of getting infection (29.3%), contact person for risk assessment (33.6%), constituents of PEP (29.9%), and PEP treatment for unvaccinated/incompletely vaccinated nurse in case of positive (38.8%) and negative (34.5%) sources. Moreover, working unit (p=0.037) and working experience (p=0.027) were the significant variables associated with the level of knowledge on PEP. Conclusions: More than half of nurses’ have poor knowledge on PEP for hepatitis B virus. Hence, there is need of regular in-service education and training for nurses on PEP for HBV to enhance their knowledge and to prevent potential infections.

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Exposure time to hepatitis B virus and associated risk factors among children in Edirne, Turkey

Epidemiology and Infection ◽

10.1017/s0950268805003675 ◽

2005 ◽

Vol 133 (3) ◽

pp. 509-516 ◽

Cited By ~ 6

Author(s):

M. OTKUN ◽

M. S. ERDOGAN ◽

M. TATMAN-OTKUN ◽

F. AKATA

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

Hepatitis B Virus ◽

Hepatitis B ◽

Exposure Time ◽

Age Groups ◽

Hbv Infection ◽

Independent Factor ◽

B Virus ◽

Hbsag Seropositivity ◽

Associated Risk Factors

Hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection is endemic in Turkey, but the main routes of transmission were not well established. This study aims to detect the exposure time to HBV and associated risk factors among children. In a sampling group of chıldren aged 0–19 years living in Edirne, antiHBc, antiHBs and HBsAg were screened by the microELISA method. A questionnaire was also completed for each child. In 717 children that were included in the study, the total antiHBc seropositivity was 5·4% and was 1·8, 0·8, 1·7, 6·8, 11·8% in 0–1, 2–5, 6–10, 11–14, 15–19 years age groups respectively. The overall HBsAg seropositivity was 1·7%. The risk of HBV infection increased after the age of 10 years (OR 7·79, 95% CI 3·01–20·16). Collective circumcision was the only independent factor according to regression analysis. Children living in Edirne should be vaccinated against HBV before reaching 11 years of age.

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A cross-sectional study to assess the awareness of hepatitis B virus infection in auxiliary staff of a tertiary care hospital

International Journal of Community Medicine and Public Health ◽

10.18203/2394-6040.ijcmph20203401 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 7 (8) ◽

pp. 3209

Author(s):

Pooja G. Dhutraj ◽

Sujata S. Pol ◽

Harshalkumar N. Mahajan ◽

Swati S. Chavhan

Keyword(s):

Hepatitis B Virus ◽

Hepatitis B ◽

Health Workers ◽

Tertiary Care Hospital ◽

Tertiary Care ◽

Hbv Infection ◽

Optimum Level ◽

Care Hospital ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

B Virus

Background: Hepatitis B virus (HBV) is 50-100 times more infectious than HIV and this communicable disease can be prevented by vaccination. Auxiliary staff (class IV workers) of a hospital is one of the most important health workers who work at ground level and are directly or indirectly exposed to blood and body fluids in the course of their work and therefore are at high risk of infection with blood-borne pathogens. They are expected to have an optimum level of awareness toward HBV infection. This study was conducted with the aim to study the awareness about HBV infection, and its transmission, vaccination and protective practices among auxiliary staff.Methods: A cross‑sectional descriptive study was carried out in 220 auxiliary staff of a tertiary care hospital in Maharashtra, using a pretested, pre-validated questionnaire.Results: Out of 220 respondents 146 had heard about HBV infection. Out of 146 respondents, 89 were aware about >1 routes of transmission, 135 heard about vaccination and 70 had taken 3 doses of vaccination. Almost all took protective measures at work-place.Conclusions: The results showed that respondents had inadequate awareness about of HBV infection, routes of transmission and vaccination.

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Hepatitis B virus infection among pregnant mothers and children after the introduction of the universal vaccination program in Central Vietnam

Scientific Reports ◽

10.1038/s41598-021-87860-1 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Masami Miyakawa ◽

Lay-Myint Yoshida ◽

Hien-Anh Thi Nguyen ◽

Kensuke Takahashi ◽

Tho Huu Le ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

Cohort Study ◽

Hepatitis B Virus ◽

Hepatitis B ◽

Pregnant Women ◽

Hbv Infection ◽

Birth Cohort Study ◽

Central Vietnam ◽

B Virus ◽

Associated Risk Factors

AbstractA birth cohort study was conducted in Khan Hoa Province, central Vietnam between 2009 and 2012 to determine the seroprevalence of hepatitis B virus (HBV) in pregnant women and their children, and associated risk factors. We enrolled 1987 pregnant women with their babies at the birth phase, and 12.6% (95% confidence interval [CI]: 11.1–14.0) of mothers were hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg)+. At 2-year follow-up phase, 1339 (67.4%) children were enrolled of whom 76.6% completed hepatitis B vaccines (HepB) and 1.9% (95% CI: 1.2–2.7) were HBsAg+. When mothers were hepatitis B e antigen (HBeAg)+, 28.3% of children have got infected even with complete HepB. HBV infection in mothers, hepatitis B surface antibody (anti-HBs antibody) below the seroprotective level in children, and mothers with pre-pregnancy low body mass index were associated with HBV infection in children. Meanwhile, HBV infection in children, older maternal age, no or incomplete doses of HepB, and boys were associated with anti-HBs antibody below the seroprotective level in children. Our birth cohort study determined a low rate of congenital HBV infection and associated risk factors in Vietnam, however further studies are needed to advance prevention including anti-viral therapy in pregnant women at high risk.

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Seroprevalence and associated risk factors for Hepatitis B virus infection among barbers and their clients in two cities in Cameroon

Southern African Journal of Infectious Diseases ◽

10.4102/sajid.v34i1.154 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 34 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Joël Brice Ngoupa ◽

Patrick Achiangia Njukeng ◽

Eric Ngoh Akwa ◽

Michel Kengne ◽

Ubald Tamoufe ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

Hepatitis B Virus ◽

Hepatitis B ◽

Public Health Problem ◽

Hbv Infection ◽

Research Centre ◽

Significant Difference ◽

B Virus ◽

Two Cities ◽

Associated Risk Factors

Background: Hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection is a serious public health problem in Africa and worldwide. Barbers are regularly in contact with the blood fluid of their clients, who could develop skin cuts and abrasions during shaving practices. There is scarcity of information about HBV among barbers in Cameroon. This study presents seroprevalence and associated risk factors for HBV infection among barbers and their clients in two cities (Yaounde and Douala) in Cameroon.Methods: Three millilitres of venous blood was collected into EDTA tubes from each of the 262 consenting participants. Plasma was obtained and transported to the Military Health Research Centre (CRESAR) for analysis. Sociodemographic data were collected using a structured questionnaire. The prevalence of Hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) was determined by a rapid diagnostic test (DiaSpot HBsAg) and confirmed with an ELISA sandwich test. Data were analysed using SPSS, version 21.Results: Thirty-three participants tested positive, giving an overall prevalence of 12.6%. A seroprevalence of 15.0% and 10.6% was obtained for barbers and their clients respectively. In Yaounde, the frequency of HBsAg among barbers and their clients was 14.9% and 10.4% respectively, while in Douala it was 15.4% and 11.1% respectively. However, no statistically significant difference was observed in these groups. There was also no statistically significant association between the knowledge of the modes of HBV transmissions and HBV status.Conclusion: The present study reveals that the rate of HBsAg among the study population is high in Cameroon and most people are not still properly sensitised regarding prevention measures.

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Epidemiology of Hepatitis B Virus (HBV) and Hepatitis C Virus (HCV) Related Hepatocellular Carcinoma

The Open Virology Journal ◽

10.2174/1874357901812010026 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 12 (1) ◽

pp. 26-32 ◽

Cited By ~ 66

Author(s):

Arnolfo Petruzziello

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

Hepatocellular Carcinoma ◽

Hepatitis C Virus ◽

Hepatitis C ◽

Hepatitis B Virus ◽

Hepatitis B ◽

Hbv Infection ◽

Sub Saharan Africa ◽

Liver Cancers ◽

B Virus

Introduction:Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is one of the most prevalent primary malignant tumors and accounts for about 90% of all primary liver cancers. Its distribution varies greatly according to geographic location and it is more common in middle and low- income countries than in developed ones especially in Eastern Asia and Sub Saharan Africa (70% of all new HCCs worldwide), with incidence rates of over 20 per 100,000 individuals.Explanation:The most important risk factors for HCC are Hepatitis B Virus (HBV) infection, Hepatitis C Virus (HCV) infection, excessive consumption of alcohol and exposition to aflatoxin B1. Its geographic variability and heterogeneity have been widely associated with the different distribution of HBV and HCV infections worldwide.Chronic HBV infection is one of the leading risk factors for HCC globally accounting for at least 50% cases of primary liver tumors worldwide. Generally, while HBV is the main causative agent in the high incidence HCC areas, HCV is the major etiological factor in low incidence HCC areas, like Western Europe and North America.Conclusion:HBV-induced HCC is a complex, stepwise process that includes integration of HBV DNA into host DNA at multiple or single sites. On the contrary, the cancerogenesis mechanism of HCV is not completely known and it still remains controversial as to whether HCV itself plays a direct role in the development of tumorigenic progression.

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Development and evaluation of an in-house ELISA to detect hepatitis B virus surface antigen in resource-limited settings

Bangladesh Medical Research Council Bulletin ◽

10.3329/bmrcb.v39i2.19644 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 39 (2) ◽

pp. 65-68 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

K Fatema ◽

S Tabassum ◽

A Nessa ◽

M Jahan

Keyword(s):

Hepatitis B Virus ◽

Hepatitis B ◽

Surface Antigen ◽

Hbv Infection ◽

Health Concern ◽

Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay ◽

Virus Surface ◽

B Virus ◽

Commercial Kits ◽

Checkerboard Titration

Hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection is of global public health concern. Among various serological tests used for the diagnosis and screening of HBV infection, the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) to detect hepatitis B surface antigen (HbsAg) is most widely used. The present study was designed to develop and standardize a cost effective in-house ELISA for the detection of HbsAg and compare its performance with two established commercial kits. The concentrations of coating antibody, conjugates and sera were fixed by checkerboard titration. Using known HBsAg positive and negative sera, four different concentrations (1, 0.5, 0.25 and 0.125 ?g/well) of coating anti-HBs were applied. Similarly, serial dilutions of patients sera (1 in 2, 1 in 3, 1 in 5 and 1 in 9) and conjugates (1 in 2, 1 in 3, 1 in 5, 1 in 9 and 1 in 17) were evaluated by checkerboard titration. The optimal concentration of coating antibody was determined at 0.25 ?g/well and 1 in 9 dilution for both conjugates and sera. The performance comparison of our in-house ELISA showed excellent correlation with two commercial kits (Pearson 0.957, P=0.001 for monoclonal antibody coated kit and Pearson 0.929, P=0.000 for polyclonal antibody coated kit) when OD values were compared. All commercial kit proven positive samples was positive while all negative samples were negative with the in-house ELISA resulting in 100% sensitivity and specificity. The results of our study demonstrated that our inhouse ELISA for detection of HBsAg was equally as sensitive and specific as two well-known commercial kits. Thus, this system may be a useful tool for diagnostic and screening purposes, as well as outbreak investigations. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bmrcb.v39i2.19644 Bangladesh Med Res Counc Bull 2013; 39: 65-68

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Hepatitis B: diagnosis, prevention, and treatment

Clinical Chemistry ◽

10.1093/clinchem/43.8.1500 ◽

1997 ◽

Vol 43 (8) ◽

pp. 1500-1506 ◽

Cited By ~ 93

Author(s):

Norman Gitlin

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

Hepatitis B Virus ◽

Hepatitis B ◽

Chronic Infection ◽

Laboratory Tests ◽

Chronic Viral Hepatitis ◽

Hbv Infection ◽

B Virus ◽

The Us ◽

Prevention And Treatment

Abstract Hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection occurs worldwide and is an important cause of acute and chronic viral hepatitis in the US. In this review, I describe the virus, risk factors for infection, clinical features of infection, results of laboratory tests during infection, and standard and emerging treatment for chronic infection. Although 95% of adult patients recover completely from HBV infection, 90% of children ≤4 years of age develop chronic infection. Active vaccination is highly efficacious.

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