Socio-economic factors determining low-income households’ food expenditure patterns in City of Kigali, Rwanda

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (06) ◽  
pp. 286-299
Author(s):  
Emmanuel Nzeyimana ◽  
Maurice M. Sakwa ◽  
Gregory Namusonge
Keyword(s):  
Low Income ◽  
Economic Factors ◽  
Expenditure Patterns ◽  
Food Expenditure ◽  
Socio Economic Factors ◽  
Low Income Households

scholarly journals The relationship between low income and household food expenditure patterns in Canada

2003 ◽  
Vol 6 (6) ◽  
pp. 589-597 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sharon Kirkpatrick ◽  
Valerie Tarasuk
Keyword(s):  
Low Income ◽  
Fruits And Vegetables ◽  
Secondary Data ◽  
Milk Product ◽  
Milk Products ◽  
Expenditure Patterns ◽  
Food Expenditure ◽  
Statistics Canada ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Low Income Households

AbstractObjectives:To compare food expenditure patterns between low-income households and higher- income households in the Canadian population, and to examine the relationship between food expenditure patterns and the presence or absence of housing payments among low-income households.Design:Secondary data analysis of the 1996 Family Food Expenditure Survey conducted by Statistics Canada.Setting:Sociodemographic data and 1-week food expenditure data for 9793 households were analysed.Subjects:Data were collected from a nationally representative sample drawn through stratified multistage sampling. Low-income households were identified using Statistics Canada's Low Income Measures.Results:Total food expenditures, expenditures at stores and expenditures in restaurants were lower among low-income households compared with other households. Despite allocating a slightly greater proportion of their food dollars to milk products, low-income households purchased significantly fewer servings of these foods. They also purchased fewer servings of fruits and vegetables than did higher-income households. The effect of low income on milk product purchases persisted when the sample was stratified by education and expenditure patterns were examined in relation to income within strata. Among low-income households, the purchase of milk products and meat and alternatives was significantly lower for households that had to pay rents or mortgages than for those without housing payments.Conclusions:Our findings indicate that, among Canadian households, access to milk products and fruits and vegetables may be constrained in the context of low incomes. This study highlights the need for greater attention to the affordability of nutritious foods for low-income groups.

scholarly journals Investigating Sustainable Commuting Patterns by Socio-Economic Factors

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (4) ◽  
pp. 2180 ◽  
Author(s):  
Woo Jang ◽  
Fei Yuan ◽  
Jose Javier Lopez
Keyword(s):  
Low Income ◽  
Older Workers ◽  
Central City ◽  
Minority Group ◽  
Primary Data ◽  
Economic Factors ◽  
Group Status ◽  
Multiple Variables ◽  
Commuting Patterns ◽  
Socio Economic Factors

This research aims to analyze how modes of transportation differ according to socio-economic factors in an urban space. The study area is Ramsey County, the most densely populated county in Minnesota. The primary data used were from the recent 2012–2016 Census Transportation Planning Products (CTPP). We performed regression models to identify the relationship between mode of transport and socio-economic variables, and further analyzed disaggregate trip data to provide a more realistic evaluation of commuting patterns by use of multiple variables in combination. The research found that sustainable commuting patterns correlated significantly with both poverty and minority group status, but bore no significant relationship to older workers. Additionally, there was a significant correlation between commuting alone by car with both minority group status and older workers, but not with poverty. This research also confirmed that the sustainable commuting patterns of the working poor were mostly located in the downtown area, while causes of low-income workers driving alone typically involved much longer commutes to and from points throughout the study area, suggesting that more efficient commutes are a significant quality of life factor for the urban poor when evaluating residential and employment opportunities in the central city.

Socio-Economic Factors and Utilization of Formal Financial Services among smallholder Farmers in Kenya.

2021 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 177-188
Author(s):  
Joseph Masinde Wabwire
Keyword(s):  
Low Income ◽  
Financial Services ◽  
Smallholder Farmers ◽  
Economic Factors ◽  
Regression Equations ◽  
Cross Sectional Survey ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Small Holder Farmers ◽  
Small Holder ◽  
Socio Economic Factors

The main aim of this research was to establish the effect of socio-economic factors on utilization of formal financial services among smallholder farmers in Kenya. Farmers in low-income counties encounter a number of challenges among them limited access to finance. Financing agriculture, therefore, becomes a critical service to enable the full realization of the sector’s potential. In Kenya, the advent of  innovative banking models through commercial banks such as Equity bank have seen a higher proportion of the rural population who were previously unreached being reached by financial services. That said, the subscription to formal financial services by small holder farmers is still low and many of them either shy away from formal financial institutions or are simply ineligible for the services due to lack of a banking profile with the institutions. Cross-sectional survey research design was adopted. The target population for this study were smallholder farmers from Nakuru, Busia and Kirinyaga Counties in Kenya. The study sample was determined using simple random sampling. The sample size was 560 smallholder farmers. The questionnaire and secondary information were the key instruments for data collection. Quantitative data was analysed using multiple linear regression equations with the aid of SPSS software. The study established that the socio-economic factors significantly affected utilization of formal financial services by the smallholder farmers in the country. Policy Makers should therefore, encourage small holder farmers by way of incentives to disclose their annual income so as to improve their chances of accessing formal financial services that can expand their enterprises.

Food expenditure responses to income/expenditure shocks in rural China

2017 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 2-13 ◽  
Author(s):  
Qi Cui ◽  
Jikun Huang
Keyword(s):  
Low Income ◽  
Rural China ◽  
Policy Implications ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Household Food ◽  
Food Expenditures ◽  
Chinese Study ◽  
Food Expenditure ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Low Income Households

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to examine the impacts of large income and expenditure shocks on household food expenditures and determines whether the impacts of large shocks differ among households, especially low-income households. Design/methodology/approach The study’s data are drawn from a household survey conducted in rural China. Multivariate analysis examines the impacts of large income and expenditure shocks on food expenditures. Findings The impacts of large positive income shocks on food expenditure are moderate. However, households reduce their per capita food expenditures within a range of about 25-30 percent after suffering large negative shocks. The greatest impact is found for shocks where expenditures more than double, followed by the impact of shocks where income declines by more than half. Moreover, food expenditures among low-income households are much more sensitive to large negative income and expenditure shocks. The paper concludes with policy implications. Originality/value This is the first Chinese study to empirically examine the impacts of different income and expenditure shocks on household food expenditures. The results have important implications for smoothing households’ food consumption after they suffer from shocks.

scholarly journals How Are Community Socio-Economic Factors Associated with the Sales of Unhealthy Products: Alcohol, Tobacco and Unhealthy Snack Food in Low Income Communities

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (Supplement_2) ◽  
pp. 294-294
Author(s):  
Lauren Wallace ◽  
Elizabeth Racine ◽  
Rajib Paul ◽  
Shafie Gholizadeh ◽  
Caitlan Webster
Keyword(s):  
Low Income ◽  
Economic Status ◽  
Snack Food ◽  
Economic Factors ◽  
Socio Economic Status ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Unhealthy Snacks ◽  
Unhealthy Snack ◽  
Socio Economic Factors ◽  
Alcohol Sales

Abstract Objectives People under stress tend to use unhealthy coping mechanisms including using products like alcohol, tobacco and unhealthy snacks. The purpose of this study is to assess how measures of community socio-economic status, which may be proxies for community stress, are associated with the sales of unhealthy products (alcohol, tobacco, and unhealthy snacks) at a discount variety store chain. Specifically, we consider the following measures of community socio-economic status: population racial/ethnic composition, % of households on SNAP, % of households without a vehicle, walkability score and median community income. Methods Mixed effects linear regressions with random effects were used to examine the relationship between the weekly unit sales (per 1000 population) of three outcome variables (tobacco, alcohol, unhealthy snacks) and community socio-economic factors: % of households on SNAP, % of households without a vehicle, and median community income. Results The sales of alcohol, tobacco, and unhealthy snacks increased as the % of the population participating in SNAP increased. Other measures of community socio-economic status were not significantly (at 5% significance level) associated with tobacco or unhealthy snack sales. However, for alcohol sales, increases in: the median household income, walkability score and % of African American residents, were associated with a decrease in alcohol sales. Conclusions Low income neighborhoods frequently experience greater health burden compared to higher income neighborhoods. Understanding and quantifying the relationship between financial stress and unhealthy product consumption can help public health professionals intervene before chronic diseases manifest. Funding Sources Robert Woods Johnson Foundation.

scholarly journals Evaluation of a caries prevention programme for preschool children in Switzerland: is the target group being reached?

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Anina Mühlemann ◽  
Stefanie von Felten
Keyword(s):  
Low Income ◽  
Linear Models ◽  
Dental Health ◽  
Prevention Programme ◽  
Caries Experience ◽  
Economic Factors ◽  
Lower Odds ◽  
Factors Associated ◽  
High Caries Risk ◽  
Socio Economic Factors

Abstract Background With the goal of reducing the prevalence of early childhood caries, the city of Zurich, Switzerland, started a specific prevention programme in 2010. All 2-year-olds are invited to a free dental check-up at a local public dental health service before the first legally mandated yearly dental check-up for school children between 4 and 5 years of age (at kindergarten). However, for the success of this prevention programme, it is of particular importance that children at high risk of caries are reached. The objective of our study was to assess the effectiveness of the prevention programme in (1) reaching the children who needed it the most and (2) improving subsequent oral health. Methods This retrospective cohort study included all children born between July 1, 2013 and July 15, 2014 who had lived in Zurich between the ages of 23 and 36 months. Socio-economic data were extracted from official school records, and dental health data from public dental clinic records. Binomial and quasi-binomial generalised linear models were used to identify the socio-economic factors associated with toddler check-up attendance and to assess the associations between attendance and caries experience (dmft $$\ge$$ ≥  1) as well as degree of treatment (proportion m+f out of dmft) at the kindergarten check-up, adjusting for socio-economic factors. Results From a total of 4376 children, 2360 (54%) attended the toddler check-up (mean age 2.4 years) and 3452 (79%) had a dental examination at kindergarten (mean age 5.3 years). Non-Swiss origin of the primary caretaker, presence of older siblings, low amount of savings and allocation to certain public dental clinics were associated with a lower odds of attendance. Factors associated with a higher odds of caries experience were similar to those associated with a lower odds of attendance at the toddler check-up, but additionally included low income. Attendance at the toddler check-up was non-significantly associated with a lower odds of caries experience at kindergarten (adjusted OR 0.84, 95% CI from 0.70 to 1.01), but was significantly associated with a higher degree of treatment at this stage (adjusted OR 2.41, 95% CI from 1.79 to 3.24). Conclusions Our study suggests that children with a high caries risk are less likely to attend the toddler check-up. Greater effort should be put into reaching these children.

scholarly journals Knowledge Attitude and Practice towards COVID-19 among the People of South Omo Zone Ethiopia

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ebrahim Jemal ◽  
Tekle Olbamo ◽  
Getinet Cherinet ◽  
Moi Topo
Keyword(s):  
Low Income ◽  
Economic Factors ◽  
Access To Information ◽  
Safe Practice ◽  
Attitude And Practice ◽  
The People ◽  
South Omo ◽  
Prevention Methods ◽  
Knowledge Attitude And Practice ◽  
Socio Economic Factors

Abstract Introduction: Coronavirus disease 2019 (abbreviated “COVID- 19”) is an emerging respiratory disease that is caused by a novel coronavirus and was first detected in December 2019 in Wuhan, China. The main clinical symptoms of the virus include fever, dry cough, fatigue, myalgia, and dyspnea. Ethiopia is one of African countries that confirmed the virus and working on the condition. This study was aimed to investigate Knowledge, Attitude and Practice towards COVID-19 among the people of South Omo Zone and specifically, the study was aimed to find out the Knowledge, Attitude and Practice score reported by respondents related to COVID-19. Methodology: this study used cross sectional survey method to identify factors that determine Knowledge, Attitude and Practice towards COVID-19 and to compare Knowledge scores of different social and demographic groups. A total of 400 respondents were taken from two woreds of the Zone namely Hammer and Nyangatom woreda by using multi-stage sampling technique. Descriptive statistics and econometric model were used to analyze data. Descriptive statistics include average, t-test and chi-square test were used end binary logit model was used to identify the factors that determine the knowledge, attitude and practice of respondents towards COVID-19. Result: It was found that majority of the respondent have no knowledge, have no optimistic attitude and have no safe practice towards COVID-19. From the total sampled respondents, 53.5% have good knowledge, 55.75% have optimistic attitude and 44.25% respondents have safe practice towards COVID-19. Demographic characteristics, socio-economic factors and infrastructure barriers were found determining knowledge, attitude and practice of the respondents.Conclusion: most of the respondents in the study area have no knowledge towards COVID-19, have no optimistic attitude towards the final success in controlling the virus and they have no safe practice concerning the prevention methods of COVID-19. Demographic characteristics of the respondents and socio-economic factors are the most common factors which determined the knowledge, attitude and practice of the respondents towards COVID-19. From the economic status and having access to information perspective, those respondents that have high income and access to information have knowledge, optimistic attitude and good practice towards COVID-19 than those respondents that have low income and have no access to information. Health education programs, by targeting the lower knowledge individuals regarding COVID19, are essential for creating awareness, building positive attitude and maintain safe practices, supporting the low income groups could help the respondents to practice the prevention methods.

scholarly journals Determinants of Nutrition Status of Rural Preschool Children in Andhra Pradesh, India

1994 ◽  
Vol 15 (4) ◽  
pp. 1-8 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. Yasoda Devi ◽  
P. Geervani
Keyword(s):  
Low Income ◽  
Andhra Pradesh ◽  
Strong Influence ◽  
Economic Status ◽  
Nutrition Status ◽  
Economic Factors ◽  
Structured Interviews ◽  
Related Factors ◽  
Socio Economic Status ◽  
Socio Economic Factors

A longitudinal study was conducted in four villages in the Medak district of Andhra Pradesh. One-hundred and ninety-seven children up to four years old were selected from low-income households in the study area. Pre-tested, structured interviews were conducted to collect information on child-related, maternal, paternal, and socio-economic factors from the households. Two child-related factors, number of diarrhoeal episodes and calorie adequacy of diet, showed a highly significant effect on a child's current as well as past nutrition status. The results of this study indicate a strong influence of socio-economic status and parental care on the control of infectious diseases and food intake, which are the two major causes for malnutrition among children in developing countries

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