scholarly journals Iodine status and thyroid parameters of pregnant women living in an iodine sufficient area

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 001-006
Author(s):  
Delshad Hossein ◽  
Mirmiran Parvin ◽  
Mehran Ladan ◽  
Tohidi Maryam ◽  
Azizi Fereidoun
Keyword(s):  
Pregnant Women ◽  
Iodine Deficiency ◽  
Urinary Iodine ◽  
Thyroid Volume ◽  
Urinary Iodine Excretion ◽  
Third Trimester ◽  
Group I ◽  
Iodine Excretion ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Group Ii

During the last few decades painstaking efforts have been made to eliminate iodine deficiency throughout the world. Todays in regions where dietary iodine intake is adequate or borderline, the main focus is increasing dietary iodine supply in the target population during pregnancy and the first years of life. Objective: The aim of this study was to obtain longitudinal data on urinary iodine excretion and the changes of maternal thyroid parameters in two groups of healthy women with mild-to-moderate iodine deficiency and iodine sufficiency residing in an iodine replete area of Tehran capital city of IR Iran, for more than one decade. Research designs and methods: The present study is part of a cohort study, investigating the relative influences of iodine intake on thyroid size and function of mothers and their infants during and after pregnancy. A total of 500 pregnant women enrolled from two mother-child health care centers and was divided into group I, with median urinary iodine excretion (MUIE) < 150 µg/L, and group II with MUIE ≥ 150 µg/L. Sonographic thyroid volume measurement, urinary iodine excretion and thyroid function tests were measured sequentially in all pregnant women during the three trimesters (T) of pregnancy. Results: The mean ± SD age of the participants was 25.1 ± 5.1 years. The MUIE in group I and II in the first, second and third trimester were 123 and 250 µg/L, 127 and 166 µg/L, 120 and 150 µg/L, respectively. The MUIE in the third trimester of pregnancy in group I did not differ significantly from the values in the first and second trimesters (p = 0.67), but it did decline significantly in group II (p < 0.001). The median thyroid volume of subjects, in the first, second and third trimesters were 7.8, 8.2 and 8.1 ml in group I and 7.5, 8.0 and 8.4 ml in group II, respectively. No difference in thyroid volume was found between two groups in each of the three trimesters of pregnancy (p > 0.05). The mean (± SD) TSH concentration of subjects in first, second and third trimester was 2.3(± 2.6), 2.1(± 1.8), 2.3(± 1.7) mIU/L in group I and 2.1(± 3.1), 2.1(± 1.8) and 2.0(± 1.3) mIU/L in group II, respectively. The trend of TSH rising in group I was 26.7% and in group II it was 13.3%. The mean TSH value in three trimesters did not differ significantly in either groups (p > 0.05). The mean (± SD) total T4 concentrations of subjects in first, second and third trimesters were 13.2(± 3.4), 13.8(± 3.3), 13.0(± 2.9) µg/dl in group I and 13.1(± 3.2), 13.7(± 2.9), 13.4(± 3.2) µg/dl in group II, respectively. The mean total T4 value in three trimesters did not differ significantly in either groups (p > 0.05). There was no correlation between the thyroid volume and three observed parameters (UIE, total T4 and TSH) during the pregnancy in either groups. Conclusion: Even in areas with well-established universal salt iodization program, pregnancy could be a risk of having iodine deficiency and systematic dietary fortification needs to be implemented in this vulnerable group.

scholarly journals Urinary iodine excretion in pregnant women residing in areas with adequate iodine intake

2003 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 95-98 ◽  
Author(s):  
F Azizi ◽  
A Aminorroya ◽  
M Hedayati ◽  
H Rezvanian ◽  
M Amini ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Pregnant Women ◽  
Urinary Iodine ◽  
Thyroid Volume ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Iodine Intake ◽  
Urinary Iodine Excretion ◽  
Third Trimester ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Iodine Excretion ◽  
Islamic Republic Of Iran

AbstractObjective:Pregnancy is accompanied by profound alterations in thyroid economy and relative iodine deficiency. The aim of this study was to evaluate urinary iodine excretion of pregnant women in cities with adequate and more than adequate iodine intake.Methods:A cross-sectional study was performed on schoolchildren and pregnant women in four cities in the Islamic Republic of Iran. Urinary iodine excretion was measured for 438 schoolchildren and 403 pregnant women. In addition, in Isfahan City, thyroid volume was measured by sonography for 30 pregnant women in each trimester of pregnancy and for 90 non-pregnant women who also had urinary iodine measurement.Results:Median urinary iodine of schoolchildren was 31.2, 25.0, 20.2 and 19.3 μg/dl in Rasht, Isfahan, Ilam and Tehran, respectively. Corresponding values for pregnant women were 33.8, 21.2, 19.0 and 18.6μg/dl. The percentage of pregnant women with urinary iodine below 20μg/dl was 16, 45, 55 and 54, and below 10μg/dl was 1, 7, 7 and 13, in Rasht, Isfahan, Ilam and Tehran, respectively. In Isfahan, urinary iodine was significantly decreased in the third trimester of pregnancy, compared with controls. Mean thyroid volume was 7.8±3.1 ml and 7.8±2.8 ml in pregnant and non-pregnant women, respectively.Conclusion:Recommended values for dietary iodine through universal salt iodisation may not be adequate for pregnant women, and the specific problem of iodine and pregnancy should be considered further in the light of the latest recommendations.

Iodized salt prophylaxis of endemic goiter: an experience in Toscana (Italy)

1993 ◽  
Vol 129 (6) ◽  
pp. 497-500 ◽  
Author(s):  
F Aghini-Lombardi ◽  
A Pinchera ◽  
L Antonangeli ◽  
T Rago ◽  
GF Fenzi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Iodine Deficiency ◽  
Endemic Goiter ◽  
Urinary Iodine ◽  
Thyroid Volume ◽  
Iodized Salt ◽  
Urinary Iodine Excretion ◽  
Goiter Prevalence ◽  
Iodine Excretion ◽  
Health Organization ◽  
Legislative Measures

It is well established that iodine supplementation is effective in correcting iodine deficiency and reducing goiter prevalence. In Italy, legislation has allowed the production of iodized salt since 1972, but its consumption is on a voluntary basis. In the present study, the efficacy of legislative measures that made compulsory the availability of iodized salt in foodstores has been evaluated. Urinary iodine excretion and thyroid size, scored according to Pan American Health Organization recommendations, were determined prior to (1981) and 10 years after (1991) the introduction of legislative measures in the whole schoolchildren population residing in a restricted area of the Tuscan Appennines. Moreover, in 1991, thyroid volume was determined by ultrasonography. In 1981, mean urinary iodine excretion was 47.1±22.4 mg/kg creatinine (0.412 μmol/l) and goiter prevalence was 60%, indicating a moderate iodine deficiency. Eighty of the families subsequently used iodized salt on a regular basis; as a result of this excellent compliance, in 1991 the mean urinary iodine excretion increased to 129.7±73 mg/kg creatinine (1.24 μmol/l) and goiter prevalence dropped to 8.1%. The results of this study underline the effectiveness of iodine prophylaxis in correcting iodine deficiency and abating endemic goiter in schoolchildren, and suggest that implementation of measures that make compulsory the availability of iodized salt in foodstores overcomes the fact that there is no law governing the exclusive production and trading of iodized salt.

Thyroid volume and morphology and urinary iodine excretion in a Danish municipality

1993 ◽  
Vol 129 (6) ◽  
pp. 505-510 ◽  
Author(s):  
Birte Nygaard ◽  
Peter Gideon ◽  
Harriet Dige-Petersen ◽  
Niels Jespersen ◽  
Karsten Sølling ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Urinary Iodine ◽  
Thyroid Volume ◽  
Entire Group ◽  
Urinary Iodine Excretion ◽  
Thyroid Disorder ◽  
Who Grade ◽  
Iodine Supplementation ◽  
Ultrasound Study ◽  
Group I ◽  
Iodine Excretion

In order to throw light upon the eventual need for iodine supplementation in Denmark, four age groups of women (15, 30, 45 and 60 years) from the Holbaek municipality were invited for a clinical and ultrasound study of thyroid volume, structure and function. Of the 570 women invited, 391 accepted and were divided into the following groups: group I: 15 years, N= 113; group II: 30 years, N= 100; group III: 45 years, N=98; group IV: 60 years, N=80. The results were as follows: the thyroid gland was palpable in 39% and visible in 16% of the entire group; 19% had a family history of thyroid disorders and 7.6% had a previous thyroid disorder. Thyroid volumes (median (range)) as measured by ultrasound were 12 ml (4–29 ml), 18 ml (5–47 ml), 18 ml (7–64 ml) and 18 ml (9-51 ml) in groups I– IV, respectively. The calculated 24-h iodine excretion was 65 μg (19–365 μg), 88 μg (15-274 μg), 97 μg (40–737 μg) and 83 μg (50–999 μg) in groups I–IV, respectively. An abnormal echo structure was present in 3, 10, 21 and 30%, respectively. Defining a goitre as a thyroid volume above 28 ml indicated a goitre prevalence of 17% in females aged 30–60 years in the Holbaek area of Denmark. Among the 60-year-old women, 3% had a clinically significant goitre (WHO grade III). Thyroid volume did not correlate with iodine excretion. The benefit of iodine supplementation is discussed.

scholarly journals Association of Iodine-Related Knowledge, Attitudes, and Behaviours with Urinary Iodine Excretion in Pregnant Women with Mild Iodine Deficiency

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zhengyuan Wang ◽  
Yiwen Wu ◽  
Zehuan Shi ◽  
Jun Song ◽  
Guoquan Wang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Pregnant Women ◽  
Iodine Deficiency ◽  
Urinary Iodine ◽  
Significant Risk ◽  
First Trimester ◽  
Iodized Salt ◽  
Urinary Iodine Excretion ◽  
Urinary Iodine Concentration ◽  
Third Trimester ◽  
The Third

Abstract Background: China’s universal salt-iodization program has all but eliminated iodine deficiency disorders. Concern has shifted to mild iodine deficiency. Our study examined factors with the potential to predict mild iodine deficiency in pregnant women. Methods: A total of 2 400 pregnant women were enrolled using a multistage, stratified, random-sampling method. Data were collected through face-to-face interviews, a standardized questionnaire, an iodine-related knowledge questionnaire, urine samples, and household cooking salt samples. Results: The median urinary iodine concentration (MUIC) was 148.0 μg/L for all participants, and 155.0 μg/L, 151.0 μg/L, and 139.6 μg/L in the first, second, and third trimesters, respectively. The third trimester’s MUIC was significantly lower than that of the first trimester, and the usage rates of iodized salt and qualified-iodized salt were 71.5% and 59.4%, respectively. Iodine-related knowledge was significantly different between the high and low UIC groups. Participants’ MUIC increased significantly with increases in iodine-related knowledge. The third trimester was a significant risk factor for high UIC, whereas abundant iodine-related knowledge, study the dietary knowledge urgently, and consumption of iodine-rich food within 48 hours of a urine iodine test were significant protective factors for high UIC (P<0.05). Conclusions: Iodine levels are adequate among pregnant women in Shanghai during the first and second trimesters, but insufficient in the third trimester. The use of iodized cooking salt does not determine the iodine status of pregnant women. Abundant iodine-related knowledge is important for pregnant women in the third trimester to maintain adequate urinary iodine.

scholarly journals Determination of Urinary Iodine Excretion to Assess Iodine Deficiency Disorder among Pregnant Women in District Hospital of Sindhupalchowk, Nepal

2020 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
pp. 119-123
Author(s):  
Vivek Kumar Singh ◽  
Anand Ballabh Joshi ◽  
Chitra Kumar Gurung ◽  
Megha Raj Banjara
Keyword(s):  
Pregnant Women ◽  
Iodine Deficiency ◽  
Clinical Status ◽  
Urinary Iodine ◽  
Iodine Intake ◽  
Iodine Deficiency Disorder ◽  
Urinary Iodine Excretion ◽  
The Status ◽  
Iodine Excretion

 Pregnant women and infants are risk populations of iodine deficiency disorders (IDD). Therefore, this study was designed to explore the status of IDD among pregnant women through the analysis of urinary iodine excretion (UIE). A total of 94 pregnant women from Chautara Hospital Sindhupalchowk were included to analyze UIE through Sandell-Kolthoff Reaction. Although the general clinical status of women was satisfactory, the urinary iodine excretion revealed that still, 18.0 percent of pregnant women in Sindhupalchowk had insufficient iodine intake. This indicates that pregnant women are still at risk of iodine deficiency disorder, and they should be in the priority population for the IDD prevention program.

scholarly journals Iodine nutrition in pregnancy and lactation in Iran

2007 ◽  
Vol 10 (12A) ◽  
pp. 1596-1599 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fereidoun Azizi
Keyword(s):  
Pregnant Women ◽  
Urinary Iodine ◽  
Thyroid Volume ◽  
Iodine Concentration ◽  
Iodine Intake ◽  
Urinary Iodine Excretion ◽  
Urinary Iodine Concentration ◽  
Lactating Women ◽  
Iodine Excretion ◽  
Pregnancy And Lactation

AbstractObjective: To describe studies evaluating urinary iodine excretion during pregnancy and lactation in women living in cities with adequate or more than adequate iodine intake.Design: Cross-sectional study conducted between 1996 and 1998 in pregnant women and a study of lactating women conducted in 2003.Settings and Subjects: Pregnant women attending prenatal clinics in four cities in the Islamic Republic of Iran. Urinary iodine excretion and thyroid volume was measured in 403 women. In a second study, 100 lactating women from Taleghani Hospital in Gorgan, Iran were evaluated for thyroid size, and both urinary and breast milk iodine concentrations were determined.Results: In Rasht city, 84% of pregnant women had a urinary iodine concentration of ≥ 200 μg l-1, while in the other cities this percentage ranged from 45 to 55%. When data were combined for the cities of Ilam, Isfahan and Tehran, where women have an adequate or more than adequate median urinary iodine concentration, 51% of pregnant women had a urinary iodine concentration less than that recommended during pregnancy. In Rasht, where the median urinary iodine concentration indicates an excessive iodine intake, 15.4% of pregnant women had a urinary iodine concentration < 200 μg l-1. The mean urinary iodine concentration in lactating women was 250 μg l-1, and 16% of women had a urinary iodine concentration < 100 μg l-1. Grade 1 goitre was present in 8% of lactating women, and another 8% had grade 2 goitre.Conclusions: Findings of this study call for further attention to iodine intake during pregnancy and lactation. The currently recommended intake of iodine through universal salt iodisation may not be adequate for pregnant and lactating women, and supplementation during pregnancy and lactation should be further considered in light of the latest recommendations.

scholarly journals A cross-sectional study on iodine status among pregnant and non-pregnant women of Tripura: a North-Eastern state of India

2019 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 486
Author(s):  
Nilratan Majumder ◽  
Balaram Sutradhar ◽  
Saradindu Riang ◽  
Shib Sekhar Datta
Keyword(s):  
Pregnant Women ◽  
Iodine Deficiency ◽  
Urinary Iodine ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Iodine Intake ◽  
Urinary Iodine Excretion ◽  
Metabolic Demand ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Iodine Status ◽  
Iodine Excretion

Background: Due to excess metabolic demand of iodine in pregnancy, pregnant women and lactating mother and their neonates are most vulnerable of iodine deficiency disorder. Urinary iodine excretion is a good marker of recent dietary iodine intake. Thus, present study was conducted to assess the iodine status and median urinary iodine excretion (UIE μg/lit) among pregnant and non-pregnant women of Tripura.Methods: Tribal and Bengali pregnant and non-pregnant women from Bokafa and Jolaibari Block of South Tripura district were included in the study. Urinary iodine excretion was done using simple micro plate method. Salt iodine was estimated using iodometric titration. All the tests were performed at CNRT Lab, ICMR, India.Results: Total number of subjects included in this study was 1071. Total number of urine samples collected from pregnant and non-pregnant women was 538 and 533 respectively. Median value of UIE in pregnant and non-pregnant women of Tripura was 155.0µg/L and 130.0µg/L. In pregnant women percentage prevalence of severe (<20µg/L), moderate (20-49µg/L) and mild iodine deficiency (50-149µg/L) was found in 4.1%, 15.1% and 29.6% subjects. In case of non-pregnant women severe (<20µg/L), moderate (20-49µg/L) and mild iodine deficiency (50-99µg/L) was found in 0.6%, 9.6%, 27.8% subjects respectively. The overall prevalence of iodine deficiency was found in 48.8% pregnant women, compared to 38.0% non-pregnant subjects.Conclusions: Efforts towards universal salt iodization need to be stepped-up in Sub-Himalayan region (NE part of India) and pregnant and lactating mothers may be targeted with alternate iodine supplements (Colloidal Iodine).

Assessment of iodine intake in mildly iodine-deficient pregnant women by a new automated kinetic urinary iodine determination method

2005 ◽  
Vol 43 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Mustafa Gültepe ◽  
Ömer Özcan ◽  
Osman Metin İpçioglu
Keyword(s):  
Pregnant Women ◽  
Iodine Deficiency ◽  
Urinary Iodine ◽  
Iodine Intake ◽  
Second Trimester ◽  
Third Trimester ◽  
Iodine Excretion ◽  
Iodine Deficiency In Pregnancy ◽  
Iodine Determination ◽  
In Pregnancy

AbstractMaternal iodine deficiency can compromise the thyroid status of the mother, fetus and newborn child. Therefore, it is important to assess the iodine excretion level of groups of pregnant women. In this study we aimed to determine iodine intake in pregnancy using a recently reported automated kinetic method for urinary iodine determination. Urinary iodine measurements of 123 pregnant women (18 first, 28 second and 77 third trimester) were carried out using a new automated kinetic assay based on the Sandell-Kolthoff reaction at 37°C and its kinetic measurement at 340nm in a random-access automated analyzer after ammonium persulfate digestion at 95°C in a water bath with ±0.1°C precision. Statistical analyses were carried out using SPSS software. Whole group, first trimester, second trimester and third trimester urinary iodine concentrations (mean±SD) in pregnant women were 1.13±0.81, 1.08±0.71, 0.86±0.58 and 1.27±0.87μmol/L, respectively. The urinary iodine concentration significantly increased with gestational age (p<0.05). We found that our study group was mildly iodine-deficient according to WHO criteria. Furthermore, the pregnant women were found to be mildly iodine-deficient in the first and third trimesters and moderately so in the second trimester. The only statistical difference was between second and third trimester values (p<0.05). Even though the increased iodine deficiency in the second trimester is not useful for early detection of iodine deficiency in pregnancy, the severity of this deficiency in the second trimester may lead to important effects on thyroid metabolism for both mother and fetus. Our study suggests that the iodine excretion of pregnant women living in iodine-deficient areas could be assessed using this fast and automated method.

ENDEMIC GOITRE IN ALTO ADIGE (ITALY)

1977 ◽  
Vol 85 (2) ◽  
pp. 325-334 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Platzer ◽  
H. Fill ◽  
G. Riccabona ◽  
J. Glatzl ◽  
J. Seidl ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Iodine Deficiency ◽  
School Children ◽  
Urinary Iodine ◽  
Iodine Content ◽  
Urinary Iodine Excretion ◽  
Endemic Goitre ◽  
Mean Values ◽  
Iodine Excretion ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Slight Alteration

ABSTRACT The whole population of Certosa (Karthaus) (altitude 1327 m), a little village in the Alto Adige province in Northern Italy, was studied regarding the incidence and pathophysiological data of endemic goitre. The study included 204 subjects: in 85 % of the whole population, and in 48 % of the school-children population from 6-14 years of age, thyroid enlargement and/or nodularity was found. The 24 h [131I]uptake was 48.6 ± 11.96; the grade "O" thyroids also showed an increased uptake. The region is poor in iodine; the mean iodine content of 55 samples of local drinking water was 0.81 ± 0.96 μg/I; the iodine content of several foodstuffs was definitely lower than those from Turin's markets. The mean iodine excretion in 60 samples of urine was 35.96 ± 22.4 μg/g creatinine. Urinary iodine excretion showed a linear negative correlation with [131I]uptake and did not correlate well with the presence or size of the goitre. The mean values of PBI (6.12 ± 1.57 μg/100 ml) of T4 (7 ± 2.3 μg/100 ml), of T3 (121 ± 55.4 ng/100 ml) and of a free thyroxine index (ETR = 0.95), as well as of TSH (2.63 ± 1.9 μU/ml) were in the normal range. Grade III goitres had slightly lower hormonal values, and a somewhat elevated T3/(T4x100) ratio (0.19). Serum TSH levels showed no correlation with the presence or size of the goitre, radioiodine uptake, the urinary iodine excretion, and not always showed an inverse correlation with the peripheral thyroid hormone values. Urinary thiocyanate excretion (mean value 9.28 ± 2.96 mg/24 h) did not show any relation to the presence of goitre. Raven's tests and physical data obtained from school-children in Alto Adige show some slight alteration in the distribution pattern when compared to normal populations. It is concluded that iodine deficiency exists in the studied area, but that it is not always associated with goitre, and that other pathological factors must be involved in goitrogenesis. Goitre is not coupled with enhanced TSH serum levels. The slight alteration in intellectual and somatic development in schoolchildren may possibly be related to iodine deficiency; other environmental or genetic factors, however, cannot be excluded.

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