Role of community-based resources in cervical cancer screening uptake in low- and middle-income countries: a scoping review protocol

IntroductionCommunity-based screening for cervical cancer and task sharing to community health workers (CHWs) have been suggested as a potential way to increase screening coverage in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs). The aims of the scoping review were to understand the following: (i) where and how CHWs are currently deployed in screening in LMIC settings; (ii) the methods used to train and support CHWs in screening, and (iii) The evidence on the cost-effectiveness of using CHWs to assist in screening.MethodsA scoping literature search of 11 major databases and the grey literature was performed between 1978 and 2018. We included comprehensive search terms for ‘CHWs’ and ‘Cervical Cancer’, and used the World Bank criteria to define LMICs.ResultsOf the 420 articles screened, 15 met the inclusion criteria for review. Studies were located in Africa (n=5), Asia (n=5), and South and Central America (n=5). CHWs played a role in community education and raising awareness (n=14), conducting or assisting in cervical screening (n=5), or follow-up (n=1). 11 studies described CHW training activities. Only one study provided a formal cost analysis.ConclusionThe roles of CHWs in cervical cancer screening in LMICs have largely to date focused on education, outreach, and awareness programmes. Community-based approaches to cervical cancer screening are feasible, although the sociocultural context plays an important role in the acceptability of these interventions. Further in-depth contextually grounded studies exploring the acceptability of such interventions are required, as well as studies exploring the cost-effectiveness of involving CHWs in cervical cancer screening activities.

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Patients’ self-reported factors influencing cervical cancer screening uptake among HIV-positive women in low- and middle-income countries: An integrative review

Gynecologic Oncology Reports ◽

10.1016/j.gore.2020.100596 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 33 ◽

pp. 100596

Author(s):

Maryam Kasraeian ◽

Kamran Hessami ◽

Homeira Vafaei ◽

Nasrin Asadi ◽

Leila Foroughinia ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Cervical Cancer ◽

Cancer Screening ◽

Cervical Cancer Screening ◽

Integrative Review ◽

Hiv Positive ◽

Middle Income ◽

Screening Uptake ◽

Middle Income Countries ◽

Factors Influencing ◽

Hiv Positive Women

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Using social networks to scale up and sustain community-based programmes to improve physical activity and diet in low-income and middle-income countries: a scoping review protocol

BMJ Open ◽

10.1136/bmjopen-2021-053586 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (9) ◽

pp. e053586

Author(s):

Nina Abrahams ◽

Estelle V Lambert ◽

Frederick Marais ◽

Zoi Toumpakari ◽

Charlie Foster

Keyword(s):

Physical Activity ◽

Social Networks ◽

Scoping Review ◽

Low Income ◽

Scale Up ◽

Community Based ◽

Middle Income ◽

Middle Income Countries ◽

Review Protocol

IntroductionThe World Health Organisation endorses community-based programmes as a cost-effective, feasible and a ‘best buy’ in the prevention and management of non-communicable diseases (NCDs). These programmes are particularly successful when the community actively participates in its design, implementation and evaluation. However, they may be only useful insofar as they can be scaled up and sustained in some meaningful way. Social network research may serve as an important tool for determining the underlying mechanisms that contribute to this process. The aim of this planned scoping review is to map and collate literature on the role of social networks in scaling-up and sustaining community-based physical activity and diet programmes in low-income and middle-income countries.Methods and analysisThis scoping review protocol has been planned around the Arksey and O'Malley framework and its enhancement. Inclusion criteria are peer-reviewed articles and grey literature exploring the role of social networks in the scale-up and/or sustainability of NCD prevention community-based programmes in adult populations. Studies must have been published since 2000, in English, and be based in a low-income or middle-income country. The following databases will be used for this review: PubMed, Cochrane, Scopus, Web of Science, CINAHL, SocIndex, the International Bibliography of the Social Sciences, Google and Google Scholar. Books, conference abstracts and research focused only on children will be excluded. Two reviewers will independently select and extract eligible studies. Included publications will be thematically analysed using the Framework Approach.Ethics and disseminationEthical approval will not be sought for this review as no individual-level data or human participants will be involved. This protocol is registered on the Open Science Framework (https://doi.org/10.17605/OSF.IO/KG7TX). The findings from the review will be published in an accredited journal. The Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-analyses extension for Scoping Reviews checklist will be used to support transparency and guide translation of the review.

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Mobile Technologies and Cervical Cancer Screening in Low- and Middle-Income Countries: A Systematic Review

JCO Global Oncology ◽

10.1200/jgo.19.00201 ◽

2020 ◽

pp. 617-627 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Dongyu Zhang ◽

Shailesh Advani ◽

Jo Waller ◽

Ana-Paula Cupertino ◽

Alejandra Hurtado-de-Mendoza ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Systematic Review ◽

Cervical Cancer ◽

Cancer Screening ◽

Cervical Cancer Screening ◽

Pap Test ◽

Mobile Telephone ◽

Mobile Technologies ◽

Middle Income ◽

Screening Uptake ◽

Middle Income Countries

PURPOSE Cervical cancer screening is not well implemented in many low- and middle-income countries (LMICs). Mobile health (mHealth) refers to utilization of mobile technologies in health promotion and disease management. We aimed to qualitatively synthesize published articles reporting the impact of mHealth on cervical cancer screening–related health behaviors. METHODS Three reviewers independently reviewed articles with the following criteria: the exposure or intervention of interest was mHealth, including messages or educational information sent via mobile telephone or e-mail; the comparison was people not using mHealth technology to receive screening-related information, and studies comparing multiple different mHealth interventional strategies were also eligible; the primary outcome was cervical cancer screening uptake, and secondary outcomes included awareness, intention, and knowledge of screening; appropriate research designs included randomized controlled trials and quasi-experimental or observational research; and the study was conducted in an LMIC. RESULTS Of the 8 selected studies, 5 treated mobile telephone or message reminders as the exposure or intervention, and 3 compared the effects of different messages on screening uptake. The outcomes were diverse, including screening uptake (n = 4); health beliefs regarding the Papanicolaou (Pap) test (n = 1); knowledge of, attitude toward, and adherence to colpocytologic examination (n = 1); interest in receiving messages about Pap test results or appointment (n = 1); and return for Pap test reports (n = 1). CONCLUSION Overall, our systematic review suggests that mobile technologies, particularly telephone reminders or messages, lead to increased Pap test uptake; additional work is needed to unequivocally verify whether mhealth interventions can improve knowledge regarding cervical cancer. Our study will inform mHealth-based interventions for cervical cancer screening promotion in LMICs.

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'Have a Pap smear!' – doctors, their clients, and opportunistic cervical cancer screening

International Journal of STD & AIDS ◽

10.1258/0956462053420266 ◽

2005 ◽

Vol 16 (3) ◽

pp. 233-236 ◽

Cited By ~ 7

Author(s):

L C Chingang ◽

U Bischof ◽

G Andall-Brereton ◽

O Razum

Keyword(s):

Cervical Cancer ◽

Cancer Screening ◽

Cervical Cancer Screening ◽

Pap Smear ◽

Cervical Screening ◽

Pap Test ◽

Community Members ◽

Middle Income ◽

Middle Income Countries ◽

High Incidence

In many middle-income countries with a high incidence of cervical cancer, organized screening programmes with the Pap test are being planned. We assessed the knowledge of, and attitudes towards, cervical screening among 63 doctors and 102 randomly selected community members in Trinidad where screening is still opportunistic. Doctors were well informed about cervical cancer, but not all knew the approximate specificity of the Pap test. Many did not routinely discuss the benefits and disadvantages of screening with their clients. Most women had heard of the Pap test, but only 56% knew its purpose; 25% would not participate in screening, stating reasons such as being in menopause or not having symptoms. More information about the aim of screening and the purpose of the Pap test must be communicated. Doctors need to keep their knowledge on screening up-to-date, and offer counselling that helps women to make an informed decision whether or not to participate in screening.

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Clinical trial to implementation: Cost and effectiveness considerations for scaling up cervical cancer screening in low- and middle-income countries

Journal of Cancer Policy ◽

10.1016/j.jcpo.2015.12.006 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 7 ◽

pp. 4-11 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Sujha Subramanian ◽

Rengaswamy Sankaranarayanan ◽

Pulikkottil Okkuru Esmy ◽

Jissa Vinoda Thulaseedharan ◽

Rajaraman Swaminathan ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Clinical Trial ◽

Cervical Cancer ◽

Cancer Screening ◽

Cervical Cancer Screening ◽

Scaling Up ◽

Implementation Cost ◽

Middle Income ◽

Middle Income Countries ◽

Low And Middle Income

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Cervical Cancer Screening Uptake and Determinant Factors Among Women in Ambo Town, Western Oromia, Ethiopia: Community based Cross Sectional Study

10.21203/rs.3.rs-257946/v1 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Shewaye Fituma Natae ◽

Digafe Tsegaye Nigatu ◽

Mulu Kitaba Negawo ◽

Wakeshe Willi Mengesha

Keyword(s):

Cervical Cancer ◽

Logistic Regression ◽

Cancer Screening ◽

Cervical Cancer Screening ◽

Cross Sectional Study ◽

Sectional Study ◽

Screening Service ◽

Community Based ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Screening Uptake

Abstract Background: Cervical cancer is one of the principal causes of cancer death among women worldwide. It is the second most common cancer and the leading cause of cancer-related death in Ethiopian women; about 77.6% of women died of 6,294 new cases reported in 2019. Early screening for cervical cancer has substantial advantage to reduce the incidence, morbidity, and mortality attributed to cervical cancer. So far, there are limited evidence on the level of cervical cancer screening uptake and its determinant in low- and middle-income countries including Ethiopia. Consequently, the current study aimed to assess the level of cervical cancer screening uptake and its determinant among women of Ambo town, western Oromia, Ethiopia.Methods: A community-based cross-sectional study was conducted among 422 women aged 20-65years. Systematic random sampling was employed to recruit the eligible women from randomly selected sub-districts found in Ambo town. Interviewer-administered questionnaire was used to collect the data. Epi info was used for data entry and management from which it was exported to SPSS version 25 for detailed analysis. Variables in binary logistic regression with a p-value <0.25 were candidate for multivariable logistic regression. Estimates were presented using odds ratios (ORs) with 95% CI. Statistical Significance was declared at p value<0.05.Results: In the present study 392 women were participated giving a response rate of 93%. Overall, 63% of the respondents were known the availability of cervical cancer screening service. Only 8.7% (34) of the study participants were received cervical cancer screening in their lifetime. Being in the age group of 30-39 years (AOR=3.2; 95% CI [1.22, 8.36]) and 40-49years (AOR=4.8; 95% CI [1.42, 16.41]), having cervical cancer related discussion with health care provider (AOR=3.5; 95% CI [1.17, 10.7]), and knowing availability cervical cancer screening service (AOR=2.8; 95% CI [1.03, 7.87]) were significantly associated with uptake of cervical cancer screening. Conclusion: In this study, cervical cancer screening uptake is very low. The study also highlighted important factors that affect uptake of cervical cancer screening service. Therefore, this study result call urgent interventions by all stockholders to increase cervical cancer service uptake through continues promotions and by securing its availability and accessibility for all eligible women at all levels.

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