scholarly journals Lithium Preparations in Psychiatry, Addiction Medicine and Neurology (To the 70th Anniversary of John Cade’s Discovery). Part I. History

2019 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 72-80
Author(s):  
Roman A. Bekker ◽  
Yuriy V. Bykov
Keyword(s):  
Bipolar Disorder ◽  
Mental Illness ◽  
20Th Century ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
Mineral Waters ◽  
Mood Stabilizers ◽  
Lithium Salts ◽  
Therapeutic Action ◽  
Addiction Medicine ◽  
Depressive States

The use of lithium salts in psychiatry has a long, more than two-thousand-year history. It goes back to the ideas of Hippocrates II, Galen and Soran of Ephesus regarding the feasibility of using mineral waters from certain sources, which, as we know today, were rich in lithium, magnesium and bromine salts, for the treatment of both manic and depressive states. Later, this effect of lithium salts was rediscovered – independently of each other – in the mid-19th century by the American psychiatrist William Alexander Hammond and the Danish psychiatrist Carl Lange. However, since this discovery was based on incorrect premises, namely, on the theory of «brain urine acid diathesis» as the cause of mental illness, it was not accepted, ignored and even ridiculed by colleagues. The rediscovery of the anti-manic effect of lithium salts by John Cade in 1948 is one of the greatest discoveries of psychiatry of the 20th century.The mechanisms of lithium therapeutic action are complex, diverse and not fully understood to this day. Initially, John Cade suggested that this effect of lithium is associated with its deficiency in patients with bipolar disorder and that exogenous lithium aids in compensation of such deficiency, or that patients with bipolar disorder suffer from some congenital disorder of lithium metabolism, thus requiring higher daily lithium doses than healthy people. However, it was soon shown that this was not the case.Despite the emergence of a significant number of alternative mood stabilizers, lithium remains relevant in psychiatry to this day.

scholarly journals Lithium Preparations in Psychiatry, Addiction Medicine and Neurology. Part II. Biochemical Mechanisms of Its Action

2019 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 80-100
Author(s):  
R. A. Bekker ◽  
Yu. V. Bykov
Keyword(s):  
Alkali Metals ◽  
Chemical Elements ◽  
Mechanisms Of Action ◽  
The Body ◽  
Mood Stabilizers ◽  
Therapeutic Action ◽  
Chemical Similarity ◽  
Addiction Medicine ◽  
Biochemical Effect ◽  
Sodium And Potassium

Lithium is the first and the lightest in the series of alkali metals, to which, in addition to lithium, two very biologically important elements – sodium and potassium, as well as trace elements rubidium and cesium, belong. Despite its formal affiliation to the group of alkali metals, lithium, like many other chemical elements of the «atypical» second period of the periodic table (for example, boron), is more similar in its chemical properties not to its counterparts in the group, but to its «diagonal brother» – magnesium. As we will show in this article, the diagonal chemical similarity between lithium and magnesium is of great importance for understanding the mechanisms of its intracellular biochemical action. At the same time, the intragroup chemical similarity of lithium with sodium and potassium is more important for understanding the mechanisms of its absorption, its distribution in the body and its excretion. Despite the 70 years that have passed since John Cade’s discovery of the antimanic effect of lithium, the mechanisms of its therapeutic action are still not completely understood. In the end, it turns out that the mechanism of the therapeutic action of lithium is extremely complex, multicomponent, unique and not imitable. Certain aspects of the mechanism of its action may be compatible with the mechanisms of action of other mood stabilizers, or with the mechanisms of action of so-called «lithium-mimetics», such as ebselen. However, no other drug to date failed to fully reproduce the biochemical effect of lithium on the body.

Bipolar disorder

2020 ◽  
pp. 6498-6501
Author(s):  
Kate E.A. Saunders ◽  
John Geddes
Keyword(s):  
Mental Health ◽  
Bipolar Disorder ◽  
Mental Illness ◽  
Depressed Mood ◽  
Chronic Mental Illness ◽  
Health Law ◽  
Medical Settings ◽  
Mental Health Law ◽  
Mood Instability ◽  
Depressive States

Bipolar disorder is a highly heritable, lifelong, relapsing, and remitting chronic mental illness. While traditionally characterized as a disorder with distinct periods of elated and depressed mood, it is now clear that interepisode mood instability is common. Comorbid psychiatric and medical conditions are common. When occurring in medical settings mania can be both disruptive and hazardous, and may require active psychiatric management. Pharmacological approaches are the mainstay of treatment, although adjunctive psychotherapies are helpful in preventing relapse. Compulsory detention in hospital using mental health law may sometimes be required for both manic and depressive states.

scholarly journals The use of pharmacogenetic testing in patients with schizophrenia or bipolar disorder: A systematic review

2018 ◽  
Vol 8 (6) ◽  
pp. 294-302 ◽  
Author(s):  
Melanie Routhieaux ◽  
Jessica Keels ◽  
Erika E. Tillery
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Review ◽  
Bipolar Disorder ◽  
Mental Illness ◽  
Mood Stabilizer ◽  
Adult Patients ◽  
Mood Stabilizers ◽  
Response To Treatment ◽  
Pharmacogenetic Testing ◽  
Disease Predisposition ◽  
Therapeutic Recommendations

Abstract Introduction: Pharmacogenetic testing may assist in identifying an individual's risk of developing a mental illness as well as predict an individual's response to treatment. The objective of this study is to report published outcomes of pharmacogenetic testing in patients with schizophrenia or bipolar disorder. Methods: A systematic review using PubMed and EBSCOhost through April 2017 was performed to identify articles that reported pharmacogenetic testing in adult patients with either bipolar disorder or schizophrenia using the keywords pharmacy, pharmacogenomics, pharmacogenetics, psychiatry, bipolar disorder, schizophrenia, mood stabilizer, and antipsychotic. Results: A total of 18 articles were included in the final literature review. A wide variety of genes amongst adult patients with varying ethnicities were found to be correlated with the development of schizophrenia or bipolar disorder as well as response to antipsychotics and mood stabilizers. Discussion: While current studies show a correlation between genetic variations and medication response or disease predisposition for patients with schizophrenia and bipolar disorder, research is unclear on the type of therapeutic recommendations that should occur based on the results of the pharmacogenetic testing. Hopefully interpreting pharmacogenetic results will one day assist with optimizing medication recommendations for individuals with schizophrenia and bipolar disorder.

scholarly journals Clinical presentation, differential diagnosis and management of bipolar disorder in children and adolescents: a review

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (11) ◽  
pp. 1769
Author(s):  
Jeplin Bez
Keyword(s):  
Bipolar Disorder ◽  
Mental Illness ◽  
Differential Diagnosis ◽  
Children And Adolescents ◽  
20Th Century ◽  
Clinical Presentation ◽  
Adult Population ◽  
Age Group ◽  
Children And Adolescent ◽  
Management Approaches

Bipolar disorder is a mental illness that causes serious disabilities in both social and work function. The occurrence of this disorder in children and adolescent age group has gained the attention of research workers since the 20th century. The varied clinical presentation of this disorder in comparison to the adult population, as well as the management approaches have been a matter of debate for ages. The aim of the study was to put forward the diagnostic and treatment approaches of bipolar disorder in children and adolescent.

scholarly journals Lithium and Therapeutic Targeting of GSK-3

Cells ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 255
Author(s):  
Melinda E. Snitow ◽  
Rahul S. Bhansali ◽  
Peter S. Klein
Keyword(s):  
Bipolar Disorder ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
Glycogen Synthase ◽  
Molecular Targets ◽  
Glycogen Synthase Kinase 3 ◽  
Lithium Salts ◽  
Therapeutic Targeting ◽  
Therapeutic Uses ◽  
History Of ◽  
The 19Th Century

Lithium salts have been in the therapeutic toolbox for better or worse since the 19th century, with purported benefit in gout, hangover, insomnia, and early suggestions that lithium improved psychiatric disorders. However, the remarkable effects of lithium reported by John Cade and subsequently by Mogens Schou revolutionized the treatment of bipolar disorder. The known molecular targets of lithium are surprisingly few and include the signaling kinase glycogen synthase kinase-3 (GSK-3), a group of structurally related phosphomonoesterases that includes inositol monophosphatases, and phosphoglucomutase. Here we present a brief history of the therapeutic uses of lithium and then focus on GSK-3 as a therapeutic target in diverse diseases, including bipolar disorder, cancer, and coronavirus infections.

Immigrant Arab Women in Chile during the Renaissance (Nahda), 1910s-1920s

1970 ◽  
pp. 47-55
Author(s):  
Sarah Limorté
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
Thematic Analysis ◽  
New World ◽  
Arab Women ◽  
Arab Woman ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The 19Th Century

Levantine immigration to Chile started during the last quarter of the 19th century. This immigration, almost exclusively male at the outset, changed at the beginning of the 20th century when women started following their fathers, brothers, and husbands to the New World. Defining the role and status of the Arab woman within her community in Chile has never before been tackled in a detailed study. This article attempts to broach the subject by looking at Arabic newspapers published in Chile between 1912 and the end of the 1920s. A thematic analysis of articles dealing with the question of women or written by women, appearing in publications such as Al-Murshid, Asch-Schabibat, Al-Watan, and Oriente, will be discussed.

Exploration history and place names of northern East Greenland

1969 ◽  
Vol 21 ◽  
pp. 1-368 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anthony K. Higgins
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
Geological Mapping ◽  
Geological Survey ◽  
The Arctic ◽  
Place Names ◽  
East Greenland ◽  
New Name ◽  
Systematic Compilation

The first recorded landing by Europeans on the coast of northern East Greenland (north of 69°N) was that of William Scoresby Jr., a British whaler, in 1822. This volume includes a chronological summary of the pioneer 19th century exploration voyages made by British, Danish, Norwegian, Swedish, French and German expeditions – all of whom reported that the region had previously been occupied by the Inuit or Eskimo; also included are brief outlines of the increasing number of government and privately sponsored expeditions throughout the 20th century, whose objectives included cartography, geology, zoology, botany, trapping and the ascent of the highest mountain summits. In 1934 the Place Name Committee for Greenland was established, the tasks of which included a review of all place names hitherto recorded on published maps of Greenland, their formal adoption in danicised form, and the approval or rejection of new name proposals. In northern East Greenland, by far the largest numbers of new place names were those proposed by scientists associated with Lauge Koch's geological expeditions that lasted from 1926 until 1958. This volume records the location and origin of more than 3000 officially approved place names as well as about 2650 unapproved names. The author's interest in the exploration history and place names of northern East Greenland started in 1968, when the Geological Survey of Greenland initiated a major five-year geological mapping programme in the Scoresby Sund region. Systematic compilation of names began about 1970, initially with the names given by William Scoresby Jr., and subsequently broadened in scope to include the names proposed by all expeditions to northern East Greenland. The author has participated in 16 summer mapping expeditions with the Survey to northern East Greenland. Publication of this volume represents the culmination of a lifetime working in the Arctic.

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