scholarly journals Clinical presentation, differential diagnosis and management of bipolar disorder in children and adolescents: a review

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (11) ◽  
pp. 1769
Author(s):  
Jeplin Bez
Keyword(s):  
Bipolar Disorder ◽  
Mental Illness ◽  
Differential Diagnosis ◽  
Children And Adolescents ◽  
20Th Century ◽  
Clinical Presentation ◽  
Adult Population ◽  
Age Group ◽  
Children And Adolescent ◽  
Management Approaches

Bipolar disorder is a mental illness that causes serious disabilities in both social and work function. The occurrence of this disorder in children and adolescent age group has gained the attention of research workers since the 20th century. The varied clinical presentation of this disorder in comparison to the adult population, as well as the management approaches have been a matter of debate for ages. The aim of the study was to put forward the diagnostic and treatment approaches of bipolar disorder in children and adolescent.

Seizures and Epilepsy in Preterm and Term Neonates, Infants, Children, and Adolescents

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jules C. Beal ◽  
Monika Eisermann ◽  
Sunita Misra ◽  
Phillip L. Pearl ◽  
Perrine Plouin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Children And Adolescents ◽  
Adult Population ◽  
Juvenile Myoclonic Epilepsy ◽  
Myoclonic Epilepsy ◽  
Age Group ◽  
Eeg Monitoring ◽  
Term Neonates ◽  
Seizure Semiology ◽  
Genetic Abnormalities

Children are often affected by seizure types and epilepsy syndromes that are specific to their age group and distinct from those seen in adults. At the same time, certain epilepsy syndromes affecting the adult population, such as Lennox–Gastaut syndrome and juvenile myoclonic epilepsy, often begin during childhood, as do seizures related to genetic abnormalities. The use of electroencephalography (EEG) and prolonged EEG monitoring has allowed for further insight and greater specificity in identifying and understanding seizures and epilepsy syndromes in children. This chapter reviews the role of EEG in pediatric seizures and the pediatric epilepsies, including electrographic findings in the ictal state and in the interictal period, as well as the correlation with clinical seizure semiology as it contributes to the diagnosis of epileptic phenomena. The chapter discusses EEG patterns, seizure types, and epilepsy syndromes specific to neonates, infants, children, and adolescents.

Hebephrenia is dead, long live hebephrenia, or why Hecker and Chaslin were on to something

2019 ◽  
Vol 25 (6) ◽  
pp. 373-376 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alvaro Barrera ◽  
Owen Curwell-Parry ◽  
Marie-Claire Raphael
Keyword(s):  
Mental Illness ◽  
Differential Diagnosis ◽  
Personality Disorder ◽  
Emotional Expression ◽  
Early Onset ◽  
Clinical Presentation ◽  
Severe Form ◽  
Thought Disorder ◽  
Formal Thought Disorder ◽  
Dsm 5

SUMMARYSince its first description in 1863, ‘hebephrenia’ has highlighted a group of patients characterised by an early onset of illness, formal thought disorder, bizarre behaviour and incongruent emotional expression. A proportion of patients with the most severe form of mental illness have a clinical presentation that is best captured by this diagnosis. Here, we outline the construct of hebephrenia and two of its core overlapping constituent parts: bizarre behaviour and the disorganisation dimension. We argue that, despite the removal of hebephrenia (disorganised schizophrenia) from DSM-5, clinicians should consider it as a differential diagnosis, particularly in suspected personality disorder.

Distinctions between Panic Disorder and Generalised Anxiety Disorder: Clinical Presentation

1985 ◽  
Vol 19 (3) ◽  
pp. 227-232 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. M. Rapee
Keyword(s):  
Mental Illness ◽  
Anxiety Disorder ◽  
Panic Disorder ◽  
Clinical Presentation ◽  
Somatic Symptoms ◽  
Sudden Onset ◽  
Age Group ◽  
Generalised Anxiety Disorder ◽  
Gradual Onset ◽  
Manifest Anxiety

Thirty-eight panic disorder and 48 generalised anxiety disorder subjects were asked to complete a number of questionnaires aimed at developing a general clinical picture of the two disorders. The results indicated that panic disorder is characterised by a sudden onset around the mid- to late-20s age group and is distinguished by symptoms which are chiefly hyperventilatory in nature and are accompanied by thoughts of serious physical or mental illness. Generalised anxiety disorder is characterised by a gradual onset of symptoms. Somatic symptoms associated with this disorder are generally accompanied by a realisation that the symptoms are the result of anxiety and are harmless. The two groups did not appear to differ greatly on a number of other scales except that the generalised anxiety disorder subjects scored higher on measures of manifest anxiety and social phobia.

scholarly journals Participation and Performance Analysis in Children and Adolescents Competing in Time-Limited Ultra-Endurance Running Events

2020 ◽  
Vol 17 (5) ◽  
pp. 1628 ◽  
Author(s):  
Volker Scheer ◽  
Stefania Di Gangi ◽  
Elias Villiger ◽  
Thomas Rosemann ◽  
Pantelis T. Nikolaidis ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Performance Analysis ◽  
North America ◽  
Children And Adolescents ◽  
Adult Population ◽  
Age Group ◽  
Endurance Running ◽  
Performance Trends ◽  
Overall Performance ◽  
And Performance ◽  
Ultra Endurance

Ultra-endurance running is of increasing popularity in the adult population, mainly due to master runners older than 35 years of age. However, youth runners younger than 19 years of age are also competing in ultra-endurance events, and an increase has been observed in distance-limited events, but no data is available on time-limited ultra-endurance events in this age group. This study investigated participation and performance trends in time-limited ultra-endurance races, including multi-day events, in runners younger than 19 years of age. Between the period 1990 and 2018, the most popular events recorded a total of 214 finishes (from 166 unique finishers (UF)) for 6-h events, 247 (212 UF) for 12-h events, and 805 (582 UF) for 24-h events, respectively. The majority of athletes originated from Europe and North America. Only a minority participated in multi-day events. Overall, speed increased with age, but the overall performance speed decreased across calendar years for 6- and 24-h events as participation numbers grew. In summary, in youth ultra-endurance runners, differences were observed regarding participation and performance across the different time-limited events, the age of the athletes and their country of origin

scholarly journals Lithium Preparations in Psychiatry, Addiction Medicine and Neurology (To the 70th Anniversary of John Cade’s Discovery). Part I. History

2019 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 72-80
Author(s):  
Roman A. Bekker ◽  
Yuriy V. Bykov
Keyword(s):  
Bipolar Disorder ◽  
Mental Illness ◽  
20Th Century ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
Mineral Waters ◽  
Mood Stabilizers ◽  
Lithium Salts ◽  
Therapeutic Action ◽  
Addiction Medicine ◽  
Depressive States

The use of lithium salts in psychiatry has a long, more than two-thousand-year history. It goes back to the ideas of Hippocrates II, Galen and Soran of Ephesus regarding the feasibility of using mineral waters from certain sources, which, as we know today, were rich in lithium, magnesium and bromine salts, for the treatment of both manic and depressive states. Later, this effect of lithium salts was rediscovered – independently of each other – in the mid-19th century by the American psychiatrist William Alexander Hammond and the Danish psychiatrist Carl Lange. However, since this discovery was based on incorrect premises, namely, on the theory of «brain urine acid diathesis» as the cause of mental illness, it was not accepted, ignored and even ridiculed by colleagues. The rediscovery of the anti-manic effect of lithium salts by John Cade in 1948 is one of the greatest discoveries of psychiatry of the 20th century.The mechanisms of lithium therapeutic action are complex, diverse and not fully understood to this day. Initially, John Cade suggested that this effect of lithium is associated with its deficiency in patients with bipolar disorder and that exogenous lithium aids in compensation of such deficiency, or that patients with bipolar disorder suffer from some congenital disorder of lithium metabolism, thus requiring higher daily lithium doses than healthy people. However, it was soon shown that this was not the case.Despite the emergence of a significant number of alternative mood stabilizers, lithium remains relevant in psychiatry to this day.

Bipolar disorder in children and adolecents: a clinical reality?

2000 ◽  
Vol 12 (3) ◽  
pp. 132-135 ◽  
Author(s):  
C.G. Reichart ◽  
W.A. Nolen ◽  
M. Wals ◽  
M.H.J. Hillegers
Keyword(s):  
Bipolar Disorder ◽  
Differential Diagnosis ◽  
The Netherlands ◽  
Children And Adolescents ◽  
Clinical Reality ◽  
The Us ◽  
Us Children

AbstractThe appearance, the differential diagnosis and the prevalence of bipolar disorder in children and adolescents is discussed. Among adolescents bipolar disorder appears to have a similar prevalence in the US and The Netherlands. However, among children it is frequently diagnosed in the US and hardly in The Netherlands. It is concluded that bipolar disorder tends to start earlier in the US than in the Netherlands. It is hypothesized that this may be related to a higher use of stimulants and antidepressants by US children diagnosed as ADHD or depression, respectively.

The Neurophysiology of Childhood and Adolescent Bipolar Disorder

CNS Spectrums ◽  
2006 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
pp. 298-311 ◽  
Author(s):  
Melissa P. DelBello ◽  
Caleb M. Adler ◽  
Stephen M. Strakowski
Keyword(s):  
Bipolar Disorder ◽  
Children And Adolescents ◽  
Clinical Presentation ◽  
Developmental Differences ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Research Directions ◽  
Illness Onset ◽  
Disease Biomarkers ◽  
Hyperactivity Disorder ◽  
Future Research Directions

ABSTRACTIntroduction: Children and adolescents with bipolar disorder often present with higher rates of mixed episodes, rapid cycling, and co-occurring attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder than adults with bipolar disorder. It is unclear whether the differences in clinical presentation between youth and adults with bipolar disorder are due to differences in underlying etiologies or developmental differences in symptom manifestation. Neuroimaging studies of children and adolescents with bipolar disorder may clarify whether neurobiological abnormalities associated with early-and adult-onset bipolar disorder are distinct. Moreover, children and adolescents with bipolar disorder are typically closer to their illness onset than bipolar adults, providing a window of opportunity for identifying core neurobiological characteristics of the illness (ie, disease biomarkers) that are independent of repeated affective episodes and other confounding factors associated with illness course.Methods: Peer-reviewed publications of neuroimaging studies of bipolar children and adolescents were reviewed.Results: Structural, neurochemical, and neurofunctional abnormalities in prefrontal and medical temporal and subcortical limbic structures, including the striatum, amygdala, and possibly hippocampus, are present in children and adolescents with bipolar disorder.Conclusion: Differences between neurobiological abnormalities in bipolar youth and adults as well as recommendations for future research directions are discussed.

Diagnostic and Therapeutic Management of a First Unprovoked Seizure in Children and Adolescents With a Focus on the Revised Diagnostic Criteria for Epilepsy

2017 ◽  
Vol 32 (8) ◽  
pp. 774-788 ◽  
Author(s):  
Arnold J. Sansevere ◽  
Jennifer Avalone ◽  
Lauren Doyle Strauss ◽  
Archana A. Patel ◽  
Anna Pinto ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Differential Diagnosis ◽  
Physical Examination ◽  
Children And Adolescents ◽  
Diagnostic Criteria ◽  
Laboratory Tests ◽  
Pediatric Patients ◽  
Clinical Presentation ◽  
Therapeutic Management ◽  
Unprovoked Seizure ◽  
Definition Of

By definition, unprovoked seizures are not precipitated by an identifiable factor, such as fever or trauma. A thorough history and physical examination are essential to caring for pediatric patients with a potential first unprovoked seizure. Differential diagnosis, EEG, neuroimaging, laboratory tests, and initiation of treatment will be reviewed. Treatment is typically initiated after 2 unprovoked seizures, or after 1 seizure in select patients with distinct epilepsy syndromes. Recent expansion of the definition of epilepsy by the ILAE allows for the diagnosis of epilepsy to be made after the first seizure if the clinical presentation and supporting diagnostic studies suggest a greater than 60% chance of a second seizure. This review summarizes the current literature on the diagnostic and therapeutic management of first unprovoked seizure in children and adolescents while taking into consideration the revised diagnostic criteria of epilepsy.

scholarly journals COVID-19 em pediatria: sugestões para o manejo nutricional

2020 ◽  
Vol 2 (35) ◽  
pp. 107-113
Author(s):  
Bianca Stachissini Manzoli ◽  
Patricia Zamberlan ◽  
Analisa Gabriela Zuchi Leite ◽  
Ana Paula Alves Reis
Keyword(s):  
Immune System ◽  
Children And Adolescents ◽  
Pediatric Population ◽  
Adult Population ◽  
Physiological Characteristics ◽  
Practical Approach ◽  
Age Group ◽  
Younger Age ◽  
Few Data ◽  
The Impact

Few data show the impact of the disease caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus (called COVID-19) on the pediatric population. However, it is known that children, especially those of a younger age, are a group susceptible to infections, due to some particularities such as immaturity of the immune system, and therefore need special attention during the pandemic. Newborns, infants, children and adolescents hospitalized with suspected or confirmed COVID-19 should receive adequate nutritional assistance. Based on information from the small number of pediatric cases of COVID-19 (compared to the adult population), on the knowledge of the physiological characteristics of this age group and on the epidemiological understanding of SARS-CoV-2, suggestions for a practical approach to care for these patients in units hospitals were developed.

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