scholarly journals Lithium Preparations in Psychiatry, Addiction Medicine and Neurology. Part II. Biochemical Mechanisms of Its Action

2019 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 80-100
Author(s):  
R. A. Bekker ◽  
Yu. V. Bykov
Keyword(s):  
Alkali Metals ◽  
Chemical Elements ◽  
Mechanisms Of Action ◽  
The Body ◽  
Mood Stabilizers ◽  
Therapeutic Action ◽  
Chemical Similarity ◽  
Addiction Medicine ◽  
Biochemical Effect ◽  
Sodium And Potassium

Lithium is the first and the lightest in the series of alkali metals, to which, in addition to lithium, two very biologically important elements – sodium and potassium, as well as trace elements rubidium and cesium, belong. Despite its formal affiliation to the group of alkali metals, lithium, like many other chemical elements of the «atypical» second period of the periodic table (for example, boron), is more similar in its chemical properties not to its counterparts in the group, but to its «diagonal brother» – magnesium. As we will show in this article, the diagonal chemical similarity between lithium and magnesium is of great importance for understanding the mechanisms of its intracellular biochemical action. At the same time, the intragroup chemical similarity of lithium with sodium and potassium is more important for understanding the mechanisms of its absorption, its distribution in the body and its excretion. Despite the 70 years that have passed since John Cade’s discovery of the antimanic effect of lithium, the mechanisms of its therapeutic action are still not completely understood. In the end, it turns out that the mechanism of the therapeutic action of lithium is extremely complex, multicomponent, unique and not imitable. Certain aspects of the mechanism of its action may be compatible with the mechanisms of action of other mood stabilizers, or with the mechanisms of action of so-called «lithium-mimetics», such as ebselen. However, no other drug to date failed to fully reproduce the biochemical effect of lithium on the body.

scholarly journals Lithium Preparations in Psychiatry, Addiction Medicine and Neurology (To the 70th Anniversary of John Cade’s Discovery). Part I. History

2019 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 72-80
Author(s):  
Roman A. Bekker ◽  
Yuriy V. Bykov
Keyword(s):  
Bipolar Disorder ◽  
Mental Illness ◽  
20Th Century ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
Mineral Waters ◽  
Mood Stabilizers ◽  
Lithium Salts ◽  
Therapeutic Action ◽  
Addiction Medicine ◽  
Depressive States

The use of lithium salts in psychiatry has a long, more than two-thousand-year history. It goes back to the ideas of Hippocrates II, Galen and Soran of Ephesus regarding the feasibility of using mineral waters from certain sources, which, as we know today, were rich in lithium, magnesium and bromine salts, for the treatment of both manic and depressive states. Later, this effect of lithium salts was rediscovered – independently of each other – in the mid-19th century by the American psychiatrist William Alexander Hammond and the Danish psychiatrist Carl Lange. However, since this discovery was based on incorrect premises, namely, on the theory of «brain urine acid diathesis» as the cause of mental illness, it was not accepted, ignored and even ridiculed by colleagues. The rediscovery of the anti-manic effect of lithium salts by John Cade in 1948 is one of the greatest discoveries of psychiatry of the 20th century.The mechanisms of lithium therapeutic action are complex, diverse and not fully understood to this day. Initially, John Cade suggested that this effect of lithium is associated with its deficiency in patients with bipolar disorder and that exogenous lithium aids in compensation of such deficiency, or that patients with bipolar disorder suffer from some congenital disorder of lithium metabolism, thus requiring higher daily lithium doses than healthy people. However, it was soon shown that this was not the case.Despite the emergence of a significant number of alternative mood stabilizers, lithium remains relevant in psychiatry to this day.

Antipyretic Activity of the Root Extracts of Xylocarpus

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (3) ◽  
pp. 35-38
Author(s):  
Ganesh Kumar Y ◽  
Pranitha D ◽  
Phaneendra D ◽  
Madhava Reddy Ch
Keyword(s):  
Mechanisms Of Action ◽  
Prostaglandin Synthesis ◽  
The Body ◽  
Human Race ◽  
Pharmacological Activities ◽  
Standard Drug ◽  
Root Extracts ◽  
Antipyretic Activity ◽  
Inhibition Of Prostaglandin Synthesis ◽  
Elevated Body Temperature

Various types of conditions exist in the body that causes fever and pain. Drugs that are used to treat fever are called antipyretics, and those are usually prescribed to treat elevated body temperature. But those drugs result in many other side effects like ulcers, perforations, bleedings and obstructions, which make their use questionable and limiting. Medicinal plants are used in the treatment of diseases from the starting of the human race and the process; they had been subjected to rigorous investigations and tests to establish a scientific proof and validation of the various pharmacological activities and their respective mechanisms of action in treating the herbs. Considering the anti-inflammatory properties of the plant, Xylocarpus mekongesis was investigated for its antipyretic activity in yeast method and 3doses out of which 00mg/kg body weight showed a better activity compared to the standard drug and other extracts too. The mechanism of action was similar to the paracetamol action that is inhibition of prostaglandin synthesis.

Molecular Targets of Phytochemicals for Skin Inflammation

2018 ◽  
Vol 24 (14) ◽  
pp. 1533-1550 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jong-Eun Kim ◽  
Ki Won Lee
Keyword(s):  
Skin Diseases ◽  
Molecular Targets ◽  
Skin Inflammation ◽  
Mechanisms Of Action ◽  
The Body ◽  
Cellular Damage ◽  
Aesthetic Appearance ◽  
Immune Mediated ◽  
Skin Conditions ◽  
Effects Of Aging

Skin is a protective organ and the largest of the human body. Due to its pivotal role in aesthetic appearance, skin health has a significant impact on quality of life. Chronic inflammation of the skin often marks the beginning of various skin diseases. Immune-mediated responses serve to protect the body from external insults and require succinct control, and can lead to ongoing cellular damage and various skin conditions if left unchecked. Studies have shown that phytochemicals can alter processes involved in skin inflammation and alleviate the effects of aging, cancer, atopic dermatitis, psoriasis, and vitiligo. Direct molecular targets of some phytochemicals have been identified and their precise mechanisms of action investigated. In this review, we summarize recent findings on the effects of phytochemicals on skin inflammation and the mechanisms of action involved.

PREVALENCE OF ESSENTIAL ARTERIAL HYPERTENSION IN CHILDREN AND ADOLESCENTS OF DAGESTAN AND THE CONTENT OF Mg, K, Ca, Zn, Pb IN SOILS AND NATURAL WATERS OF THE TERRITORY

2021 ◽  
Vol 100 (5) ◽  
pp. 203-208
Author(s):  
Sh.K. Salikhov ◽  
◽  
D.Z. Alieva ◽  
U.A. Magomedova ◽  
S.О. Abdulkadyrova ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Arterial Hypertension ◽  
Natural Waters ◽  
Chemical Elements ◽  
The Body ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Number Of Patients ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Geochemical Factors ◽  
Essential Arterial Hypertension ◽  
The Republic

The aim of the study is to determine the role of geochemical factors (the content of Mg, K, Ca, Zn, Pb in soils and natural waters of the plain zone of Dagestan) in the prevalence of essential arterial hypertension (EAH) among the population of children. Materials and methods of research: an observational cross-sectional (one-step) study of the prevalence of EAH in the child population was carried out. The prevalence rates of EAH among children in the plain zone of the Republic of Dagestan are calculated for 100,000 children 0–17 years old, without taking into account gender differences. The content of elements (Mg, K, Ca, Zn, Pb) in the environment (soil, natural waters) was determined by atomic absorption spectroscopy. Results: one-way analysis of variance (One-Way ANOVA) of indicators of the content of metals (Mg, K, Ca, Zn, Pb) in the regions and objects (soils, natural waters) of the study revealed a statistically significant difference in the data (for soils: F=81,06772, p<0,0002; for natural waters: F=58,86451, p<0,00001). The dependence of children's EAH on the content of chemical elements in the objects of the biosphere of Dagestan was determined, which was expressed in an increase in the number of patients with EAH when Pb content exceeded (r=+ 0,576, r=+ 0,759) and with the decrease of Mg (r=–0,668, r=–0,173), K (r=–0,440, r=–0,636), Ca (r=–0,693, r=–0,533), Zn (r=–0,051, r=–0,827) in soils and natural waters. Conclusion: when assessing the pathogenesis of EAH in the population of children, the content of Mg, K, Ca, Zn, Pb in soil and water should be taken into account, since these microelements, entering the body with water and food, affect the elemental status of child's body.

Studies on the Physiology of Ascaris Lumbricoides

1952 ◽  
Vol 29 (1) ◽  
pp. 22-29
Author(s):  
A. D. HOBSON ◽  
W. STEPHENSON ◽  
A. EDEN
Keyword(s):  
Ascaris Lumbricoides ◽  
Body Fluid ◽  
External Medium ◽  
Chloride Concentration ◽  
The Body ◽  
Considerable Proportion ◽  
Limiting Factor ◽  
Inorganic Cations ◽  
Sodium And Potassium ◽  
Total Concentrations

The results obtained in this investigation are admittedly not as extensive as is desirable but they allow certain conclusions to be drawn. 1. The sodium and potassium contents of the body fluid of Ascaris lumbricoides are somewhat variable, but these variations do not seem to be dependent upon those of the external medium. 2. The calcium and magnesium contents of the body fluid are relatively constant and are not affected by those of the external medium. 3. The chloride concentration of the body fluid is closely related to and always remains lower than that of the external medium. 4. As shown in Table 2, there is a large gap between the total concentrations of inorganic cations and anions in the intestinal fluid of the pig. Presumably a considerable proportion of the inorganic cations are combined with organic anions, at present undetermined. Exposing the worms to saline media composed of chloride caused a large rise in the internal chloride concentration. This may well be a limiting factor in the life of the animals in such media, and the next step forward would seem to be the fuller analysis of the environment to which they are normally exposed.

THE INFLUENCE OF SORPTION-DETOXIFYING MEANS ON CUMULATION OF 90SR IN BONE TISSUE OF WHITE RATES WITH COMBINED INTAKE OF 137CS, CD AND PB

2018 ◽  
Vol 1 (3) ◽  
pp. 129-133
Author(s):  
L. L. Zakharova ◽  
◽  
G. A. Zhorov ◽  
V. N. Obryvin ◽  
◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Bone Tissue ◽  
Chemical Nature ◽  
Mechanisms Of Action ◽  
The Body ◽  
Biologically Active ◽  
Laboratory Studies ◽  
Animal Body ◽  
White Rats ◽  
Combined Use ◽  
Active Substances

The article presents the results of laboratory studies of the effect of sorption-detoxifying means on the accumulation of 90Sr in the body of white rats. The efficiency of a number of selective and polyfunctional sorbents, detoxicants and other biologically active substances and the developed on their basis sorption-detoxifying complexes as means of efferent therapy and detoxification of the animal body at the combined intake of xenobiotics of radiation and chemical nature was evaluated. It was found that 90Sr cumulation in bones (at the level of 53,3–60,8%) was reduced to the greatest extent with the combined use of substances of different mechanisms of action and origin. The effectiveness of separate use of detoxifying drugs did not exceed 29,1%.

scholarly journals Fenkarol - the first nonsedative antihistamine for parenteral administration

2015 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 54-59
Author(s):  
L V Luss
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Practice ◽  
Allergic Diseases ◽  
Mechanisms Of Action ◽  
The Body ◽  
Parenteral Administration ◽  
Vital Functions ◽  
New Form

In the pathogenesis of various diseases histamine performs an important role relating to one of the most important mediators involved in the regulation of vital functions in the body. Histamine plays a key role in the development of allergic diseases and pseudoallergic reactions. Therefore, in clinical practice, of particular interest are drugs that block the effects of histamine - antihistamines. The lecture highlights mechanisms of action of histamine and indications for antihistamines. Particular attention is given to parenteral forms of antihistamines and benefits of a new form of antihistamines for parenteral use without sedation - fenkarol one of quinuclidine derivatives. Features and advantages of antihistamines - quinuclidine derivatives, first developed in Laboratory of academician M.D. Mashkovsky are presented.

scholarly journals Study the Effects of Olive Leaves Extracts in the activity of the enzyme GOT and their Biological Activities

2017 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 48-59
Author(s):  
Baghdad Science Journal
Keyword(s):  
Aqueous Extract ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Chemical Elements ◽  
Biological Activities ◽  
Olive Tree ◽  
Food Preservation ◽  
The Body ◽  
Aqueous Extracts ◽  
Olive Leaf ◽  
Olive Leaves

The olive tree, has been used it is important plant for the time being some of their parts on a large scale in the treatment of gastrointestinal disorders and stimulate circulation . Moreover, it is used as antibacterial material and also to address some of the respiratory system, diabetes, food preservation osteoporosis. This study involved the collection of olive leaves from different areas in Baghdad / Iraq. These leaves have been harvested, wash it, then dried and crushed, where the study aimed to identify the active ingredients and chemical elements in the olive leaf as well as its effect on the action of GOT enzyme .The study showed that the aqueous extracts (cold and hot) of the olive leaves powder are acidic in nature pH values are of (5.74 and 5.40) for the aqueous extracts hot and cold respectively. Study revealed the extract contain the a collection of Glycosides, tannins, phenolic compounds, resins, flavonoids, alkaloids, terpenes and compound Alaolurobin. The study also showed ability to activate the enzyme GOT in cold aqueous extract (8.36%). and the percentage (27.35%) of hot aqueous extract. That can be analyzed to the presence of higher concentrations of the active compounds in hot aqueous extract compared with cold aqueous extract especially tannins working to activate enzymes carrier in the cell membrane in the body. The study showed that the analysis of thin layer chromatography, liquid high-performance, ( TLC, HPLC) in extract compounds of phenols olive leaf using a mixture (chloroform, acetic acid) and a 2:5 was more impact in the Gram-positive Staphylococcus aureus, while less impact in a negative Gram Salmonella typhimurium. As proved accurate analysis of the chemical elements in powder of plant leaf olive tree and at different concentrations contain of chemical elements Major estimated by (g /kg) and trace estimated by (mg/kg). Since the existence of these elements led to increasing of enzymatic effectiveness through an increase process of activity the enzyme (GOT), which plays role of important in our bodies being gives indication of the nature of the work and effectiveness of the activity of some members of the body (liver, kidney, pancreas, etc.).

scholarly journals Resveratrol as a Novel Anti-Herpes Simplex Virus Nutraceutical Agent: An Overview

Viruses ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (9) ◽  
pp. 473 ◽  
Author(s):  
Giuseppe Annunziata ◽  
Maria Maisto ◽  
Connie Schisano ◽  
Roberto Ciampaglia ◽  
Viviana Narciso ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Herpes Simplex Virus ◽  
Herpes Simplex ◽  
Bioactive Compounds ◽  
Antiviral Agents ◽  
Mechanisms Of Action ◽  
The Body ◽  
Human Virus ◽  
Simplex Virus ◽  
Different Parts ◽  
Hsv Infections

The herpes simplex virus (HSV) is a common human virus affecting many people worldwide. HSV infections manifest with lesions that occur in different parts of the body, including oral, ocular, nasal, and genital skin and mucosa. In rare cases, HSV infections can be serious and lethal. Several anti-HSV drugs have been developed, but the existence of mutant viruses resistant to these drugs led to the individuation of novel antiviral agents. Plant-derived bioactive compounds, and more specifically polyphenols, have been demonstrated to exert marked anti-HSV activity and, among these, resveratrol (RSV) would be considered a good candidate. The purpose of this manuscript is to review the available literature elucidating the efficacy of RSV against HSV and the main demonstrated mechanisms of action.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document