Intestinal adaptation during lactation in the mouse. II. Altered intestinal processing of a dietary protein

1993 ◽  
Vol 264 (6) ◽  
pp. G1126-G1132
Author(s):  
P. R. Harmatz ◽  
P. W. Carrington ◽  
V. Giovino-Barry ◽  
R. A. Hatz ◽  
K. J. Bloch
Keyword(s):  
Small Intestine ◽  
Surface Area ◽  
Dietary Protein ◽  
Intestinal Adaptation ◽  
Intestinal Morphology ◽  
Prolonged Contact ◽  
Intestinal Segments ◽  
Wet Weight ◽  
Small Intestinal ◽  
And Control

We previously demonstrated in lactating mice a six- to eightfold increase in the intestinal uptake of the dietary protein, ovalbumin (OVA), administered by gavage. In this study, we tested the possibility that alterations in intestinal morphology, transit time, reduced luminal proteolysis, and enhanced association with the intestinal surface might account for the increased uptake of the protein observed in lactating mice. We found that these animals had a significant increase in length, wet weight, and surface area of the small intestine. No change in the number of Peyer's patches was noted. Intestinal transit was assessed by gavage administration of 125I-OVA and 10 mg OVA and localization of the peak of radioactivity 15, 30, and 60 min after feeding. Although motility (distance traveled per unit time) was not different in lactating and control mice at 15 and 30 min, the fraction of the small intestine traversed by the peak of radioactivity was less in lactating mice. Digestion of 125I-OVA administered by gavage with 10 mg unlabeled OVA was examined by trichloroacetic acid precipitation and gel permeation of the resulting fragments. Lactating and control mice did not show differences in digestion of 125I-OVA by either measurement. The association of 125I-OVA with small intestinal segments, however, was enhanced in lactating mice, especially in the second and third segments of the small intestine. Thus several factors including an increase in length and surface area of the small intestine, prolonged contact of protein with the small intestinal absorptive surface, and enhanced association of the protein with the intestinal surface contribute to increased uptake.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Effects of Enterococcus faecium and Bacillus cereus var. toyoi on the morphology of the intestinal mucous membrane in piglets

Biologia ◽  
2006 ◽  
Vol 61 (6) ◽  
Author(s):  
Katja Reiter ◽  
Susanne Eggebrecht ◽  
Barbara Drewes ◽  
Michael Riess ◽  
Karl Weyrauch
Keyword(s):  
Bacillus Cereus ◽  
Enterococcus Faecium ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Intestinal Morphology ◽  
Tissue Samples ◽  
Intestinal Segments ◽  
Intestinal Mucous Membrane ◽  
Small Intestinal ◽  
The Difference ◽  
And Control

AbstractEighty piglets aged 14, 28, 35 and 56 days — weaned at day 28 — were subjected to this investigation. Each age-group consisted of five animals which were fed an Enterococcus faecium NCIMB 10415 (Cylactin®) and Bacillus cereus var. toyoi (Toyocerin®) based diet. Five animals served as controls. Tissue samples were collected immediately after sacrifice at 8.30 h a.m. from duodenum, jejunum, ileum, cecum and colon to examine intestinal morphology and histochemistry. The results showed that with respect to villus height and crypt depth supplementation of probiotics in piglets feed seemed to influence the morphology and enlargement factor not at all or only to a certain extent. With respect to the number of goblet cells, the difference between probiotic fed animals and control animals was generally extremely low. The shape of the villi of the small intestinal segments greatly varied in all age groups of control and probiotic fed animals. However, this morphological variety does not depend on the mode of feeding.

HepPar-1 and Arginase-1 Immunohistochemistry in Adenocarcinoma of the Small Intestine and Ampullary Region

2015 ◽  
Vol 139 (6) ◽  
pp. 791-795 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stephen Lagana ◽  
Susan Hsiao ◽  
Fei Bao ◽  
Antonia Sepulveda ◽  
Roger Moreira ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Small Intestine ◽  
Intestinal Morphology ◽  
Small Intestinal Mucosa ◽  
Control Groups ◽  
Arginase 1 ◽  
Normal Human ◽  
Small Intestinal ◽  
Upper Gastrointestinal ◽  
Colorectal Adenocarcinomas ◽  
Diffuse Positivity

Context HepPar-1 and Arginase-1 are urea cycle enzymes used to distinguish hepatocellular carcinoma from other carcinomas. HepPar-1, but not Arginase-1, is known to be immunoreactive with normal human small intestine. Objectives To better define and compare the immunohistochemical staining patterns of HepPar-1 and Arginase-1 in adenocarcinomas arising in the small intestine, including the ampullary region. Design Staining for HepPar-1 and Arginase-1 was performed on 20 nonampullary small intestinal adenocarcinomas and 32 adenocarcinomas from the ampullary region. Ampullary adenocarcinomas were divided into intestinal morphology (15), pancreatobiliary morphology (14), and unclassifiable (3). Nonneoplastic small intestinal mucosa and colorectal adenocarcinomas were used as control groups. Results HepPar-1 stained 12 of 20 nonampullary small intestinal adenocarcinomas, with a median of 63% of cells staining in positive cases. It also stained 11 of 15 ampullary carcinomas with intestinal morphology, with a median of 75% of cells staining in positive cases. Two of 14 ampullary carcinomas with pancreatobiliary morphology were positive for HepPar-1. Arginase-1 showed positivity in 2 ampullary region carcinomas and diffuse positivity in 1 duodenal adenocarcinoma. Two of 22 colorectal carcinomas stained for HepPar-1 with none positive for Arginase-1. Conclusions HepPar-1, but not Arginase-1, usually shows positivity in small intestinal adenocarcinomas and ampullary adenocarcinomas with intestinal morphology, but only rarely shows positivity in ampullary adenocarcinomas with pancreatobiliary morphology. HepPar-1 positivity in metastatic adenocarcinoma with intestinal morphology is suggestive of an upper gastrointestinal primary site.

Pathology of Infectious Diarrhea of Infant Rats (IDIR) Induced by an Antigenically Distinct Rotavirus

1989 ◽  
Vol 26 (5) ◽  
pp. 376-385 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. C. Huber ◽  
R. H. Yolken ◽  
L. C. Mader ◽  
J. D. Strandberg ◽  
S. L. Vonderfecht
Keyword(s):  
Small Intestine ◽  
Post Inoculation ◽  
Diagnostic Features ◽  
Distal Small Intestine ◽  
Precursor Material ◽  
Viral Particles ◽  
Intestinal Segments ◽  
Villous Height ◽  
Small Intestinal ◽  
Group B

Suckling rats were inoculated with a group B rotavirus to determine the progression of the morphologic changes induced in the intestine by this virus. Several changes were observed by light microscopy 1 day after viral inoculation: shortening of small intestinal villi, villous epithelial necrosis, and villous epithelial syncytia. The lesions were most often present in the distal small intestine, although other small intestinal segments were affected to a lesser degree. By day 3 post-inoculation, epithelial necrosis, and syncytia were no longer present; however, the villous epithelium was disorganized and irregularly vacuolated, and intestinal crypt epithelium was hyperplastic. Alterations in villous height to crypt depth ratios were present in portions of the small intestine for the remainder of the 12-day study period. Epithelial syncytia appeared to form by the breakdown of the lateral interdigitating membranes of the absorptive villous epithelium. Viral particles, abundant in the syncytia, appeared to form from amorphous or reticular arrays of viral precursor material. Group B rotaviral antigens, as detected by indirect immunofluorescence, were present in large amounts in the small intestinal villous epithelium only on the first day after viral inoculation. These studies show that two important diagnostic features of group B rotaviral infections of rats, epithelial syncytia and viral antigen as determined by immunofluorescence, are present only on the first day of disease. These findings should be taken into consideration when attempting to diagnose disease induced by this agent.

scholarly journals Performance, intestinal histomorphology and bone composition of broiler chickens fed diets supplemented with genistein

2020 ◽  
Vol 50 (2) ◽  
pp. 241-252
Author(s):  
M. Glisic ◽  
M. Boskovic ◽  
M. Z. Baltic ◽  
D. Sefer ◽  
A. Radovanovic ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Broiler Chickens ◽  
Basal Diet ◽  
Intestinal Morphology ◽  
Feed Conversion ◽  
Broiler Performance ◽  
Supplementation Period ◽  
Wet Weight ◽  
Small Intestinal ◽  
Positive Effect ◽  
Lactobacillus Spp

The effect of dietary genistein on performance, intestinal morphology, caecal Lactobacillus spp. count, and tibia composition in broiler chickens after 21 and 37 days of feeding was investigated. A total of 360 Cobb 500 broiler chickens (21 days old) were randomly allocated to five treatments with six replicates of 12 birds each. They were fed a basal diet (C) or a basal diet supplemented with 200 (T1), 400 (T2), 600 (T3) and 800 (T4) mg genistein/kg of feed. Genistein supplementation did not affect feed intake, but improved bodyweight, weight gain and feed conversion ratio (FCR) after 21 days, while 600 mg/kg led to a significant increase in FCR after 37 days of feeding. Plasma triglyceride level decreased with dietary genistein after 21 days, while increases were found in T3 and T4 groups after prolonged supplementation. Significantly improved duodenal and jejunal villus length and width, crypt depth and villus/crypt ratio were observed after the first and the second finishing periods, respectively, while adverse effects were found in the ileum for both periods. At 42 days old, greater spleen and heart weights were measured in broilers fed diets with 800 mg/kg than in other broiler groups. The shorter genistein supplementation period (21 days) of 200 and 400 mg/kg had a positive effect on tibia wet weight, ash and calcium (Ca) content, while 37 days of the higher genistein doses administered to the T2, T3 and T4 birds significantly increased caecal lactic acid bacteria (LAB) counts. Thus, recommended doses should not exceed 400 mg/kg. Keywords: broiler performance, blood triglyceride, Lactobacillus, prolonged fattening, small intestinal morphology

Evidence that neuronally released vasoactive intestinal polypeptide inhibits the release of serotonin from enterochromaffin cells of the guinea pig small intestine

1991 ◽  
Vol 124 (2) ◽  
pp. 203-207 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kurt Racké ◽  
Harald Schwörer ◽  
Denis V. Agoston ◽  
Heinz Kilbinger
Keyword(s):  
Small Intestine ◽  
Guinea Pig ◽  
Vasoactive Intestinal Polypeptide ◽  
Inhibitory Effect ◽  
Good Evidence ◽  
Muscarine Receptors ◽  
Intestinal Segments ◽  
Hydroxyindoleacetic Acid ◽  
Small Intestinal ◽  
Intestinal Polypeptide

Abstract. Isolated small intestinal segments of the guinea pig were arterially perfused and the release of serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine) and 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid into the portal venous effluent was determined by HPLC with electrochemical detection. Test substances were intra-arterially applied. The muscarine receptor agonist oxotremorine (1 μmol/l inhibited the release of 5-hydroxytryptamine by about 50%. In the presence of the neurotoxin tetrodotoxin, oxotremorine enhanced the release of 5-hydroxytryptamine by 145%, indicating that the inhibitory effect of oxotremorine was mediated by the release of a neurotransmitter. Exogenous vasoactive intestinal polypeptide ( 1-100 pmol/l inhibited the release of 5-hydroxytryptamine by about 50%, an effect antagonized by a specific antibody to vasoactive intestinal polypeptide. This antibody to vasoactive intestinal polypeptide, on its own, had no effect on the release of 5-hydroxytryptamine. However, it prevented the inhibitory effect of oxotremorine. In the presence of the antibody to vasoactive intestinal polypeptide, unlike in the presence of tetrodotoxin, oxotremorine did not stimulate the release of 5-hydroxytryptamine. In conclusion, activation of neuronal muscarine receptors in the guinea pig small intestine enhances the release of several neurotransmitters which can inhibit the release of 5-hydroxytryptamine. The present experiments provide good evidence that vasoactive intestinal polypeptide is one of them.

Essential fatty acid deficiency in mice impairs lactose digestion

2008 ◽  
Vol 295 (3) ◽  
pp. G605-G613 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Lukovac ◽  
E. L. Los ◽  
F. Stellaard ◽  
E. H. H. M. Rings ◽  
H. J. Verkade
Keyword(s):  
Small Intestine ◽  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Mrna Expression ◽  
Essential Fatty Acid ◽  
Intestinal Mucosa ◽  
Intestinal Morphology ◽  
Lactase Activity ◽  
Intestinal Histology ◽  
Fat Malabsorption ◽  
Small Intestinal

Essential fatty acid (EFA) deficiency in mice induces fat malabsorption. We previously reported indications that the underlying mechanism is located at the level of the intestinal mucosa. We have investigated the effects of EFA deficiency on small intestinal morphology and function. Mice were fed an EFA-deficient or control diet for 8 wk. A 72-h fat balance, the EFA status, and small intestinal histology were determined. Carbohydrate absorptive and digestive capacities were assessed by stable isotope methodology after administration of [U-13C]glucose and [1-13C]lactose. The mRNA expression and enzyme activity of lactase, and concentrations of the EFA linoleic acid (LA) were measured in small intestinal mucosa. Mice fed the EFA-deficient diet were markedly EFA-deficient with a profound fat malabsorption. EFA deficiency did not affect the histology or proliferative capacity of the small intestine. Blood [13C6]glucose appearance and disappearance were similar in both groups, indicating unaffected monosaccharide absorption. In contrast, blood appearance of [13C]glucose, originating from [1-13C]lactose, was delayed in EFA-deficient mice. EFA deficiency profoundly reduced lactase activity (−58%, P < 0.01) and mRNA expression (−55%, P < 0.01) in mid-small intestine. Both lactase activity and its mRNA expression strongly correlated with mucosal LA concentrations ( r = 0.77 and 0.79, respectively, P < 0.01). EFA deficiency in mice inhibits the capacity to digest lactose but does not affect small intestinal histology. These data underscore the observation that EFA deficiency functionally impairs the small intestine, which in part may be mediated by low LA levels in the enterocytes.

scholarly journals A comparative anatomical, histological and histochemical study of small intestine in Kestrel (Falco tunniculus) and white eared bulbul (Picnonotic leucotis) according to their food type

2017 ◽  
Vol 40 (2) ◽  
pp. 36-41
Author(s):  
Ahmed S. AL-A´araji
Keyword(s):  
Small Intestine ◽  
Histological Study ◽  
Goblet Cells ◽  
Food Type ◽  
Intestinal Length ◽  
Intestinal Segments ◽  
Blue Stain ◽  
Neutral Mucin ◽  
Small Intestinal ◽  
Anatomical Part

     This study was conducted on 30 birds (15 birds for each type) divided as 10 birds for each part of study. Anatomical part revealed that the small intestine in both birds kestrel (Falco tinniculus) and white eared bulbul (Picnonotic leucotis) formed from 3 segments; duodenum, jejunum and ileum with no clear demarcation line between them. In kestrel the Meckel's diverticulum appeared as small projection to separate between jejunum and ileum. Both ratio of intestinal length to body length and of intestinal weight to body weight was higher in bulbul than those in kestrel.  Histological study showed that the wall of all three parts of small intestine was composed of the same histological layers; these are mucosa, submucosa, muscularis and serosa. There was almost similarity in structure of these tunics but significant differences in several Histomorphometric measurements of each tunica. Goblet cells were more abundant in all parts of small intestine of bulbul than those in kestrel and there was a gradual increasing in the number of these cells toward the end of intestine of both birds. Histochemical part of this study appeared that in villi and crypts of all small intestinal segments of both birds the goblet cells secrete neutral mucin in nature because it showed negative reaction to Alcian blue stain and positive to PAS stain.

scholarly journals Expression of proposed methionine transporters along the gastrointestinal tract of pigs and their regulation by dietary methionine sources

2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Stella Romanet ◽  
Jörg R. Aschenbach ◽  
Robert Pieper ◽  
Jürgen Zentek ◽  
John K. Htoo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Small Intestine ◽  
Gastrointestinal Tract ◽  
Protein Expression ◽  
Mrna Expression ◽  
Oral Mucosa ◽  
Protein Translation ◽  
Primary Role ◽  
Intestinal Segments ◽  
Small Intestinal

Abstract Background Given the key role of methionine (Met) in biological processes like protein translation, methylation, and antioxidant defense, inadequate Met supply can limit performance. This study investigated the effect of different dietary Met sources on the expression profile of various Met transporters along the gastrointestinal tract (GIT) of pigs. Methods A total of 27 pigs received a diet supplemented with 0.21% DL-Met, 0.21% L-Met, or 0.31% DL-2-hydroxy-4-(methylthio)butanoic acid (DL-HMTBA). Changes in mRNA expression of B0AT1, ATB0,+, rBAT, ASCT2, IMINO, LAT4, y+LAT1, LAT2, and SNAT2 were evaluated in the oral mucosa, cardia, fundus, pylorus, duodenum, proximal jejunum, middle jejunum, ileum, cecum, proximal colon, and distal colon, complemented by protein expression analysis of B0AT1, ASCT2, LAT2, and LAT4. Results Expression of all investigated transcripts differed significantly along the GIT. B0AT1, rBAT, y+LAT1, LAT2, and LAT4 showed strongest mRNA expression in small intestinal segments. ASCT2, IMINO, and SNAT2 were similarly expressed along the small and large intestines but expression differed in the oral mucosa and stomach. ATB0,+ showed highest mRNA expression in large intestinal tissues, cardia, and pylorus. In pigs fed DL-Met, mRNA expression of ASCT2 was higher than in pigs fed DL-HMTBA in small intestinal tissues and mRNA expression of IMINO was lower than in pigs fed L-Met in large intestinal tissues. Dietary DL-HMTBA induced a stronger mRNA expression of basolateral uptake systems either in the small (LAT2) or large (y+LAT1) intestine. Protein expression of B0AT1 was higher in the middle jejunum and ileum in pigs fed DL-Met when compared with the other Met supplements. LAT4 expression was higher in pigs fed DL-HMTBA when compared with DL-Met (small intestine) and L-Met (small intestine, oral mucosa, and stomach). Conclusion A high expression of several Met transporters in small intestinal segments underlines the primary role of these segments in amino acid absorption; however, some Met transporters show high transcript and protein levels also in large intestine, oral mucosa, and stomach. A diet containing DL-Met has potential to increase apical Met transport in the small intestine, whereas a diet containing DL-HMTBA has potential to increase basolateral Met transport in the small intestine and, partly, other gastrointestinal tissues.

Structural and functional characteristics of muscle from diabetic rodent small intestine

1990 ◽  
Vol 258 (5) ◽  
pp. G690-G698 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. V. Nowak ◽  
B. Harrington ◽  
J. P. Weisbruch ◽  
J. H. Kalbfleisch
Keyword(s):  
Smooth Muscle ◽  
Small Intestine ◽  
Surface Area ◽  
Muscle Mass ◽  
Insulin Treatment ◽  
Intestinal Smooth Muscle ◽  
Unit Surface Area ◽  
Unit Surface ◽  
Small Intestinal ◽  
Mucosal Mass

After 30 days of streptozotocin-induced diabetes, the small intestine from untreated diabetic, insulin-treated diabetic, and nondiabetic rodents was excised in toto and measured. Despite a net loss in body weight, the diabetic animals showed a near twofold increase in small intestinal weight. This was characterized by a 148% increase in mucosal mass as well as a 39% increase in intestinal smooth muscle mass (P less than 0.05, respectively). The diabetic intestine was significantly longer and had a greater diameter and surface area. Diabetes significantly increased mucosal mass per unit surface area but produced an insignificant decrease in smooth muscle mass per unit surface area. Insulin treatment of the diabetic animals prevented the increase in total mucosal mass and mucosal mass per unit surface area. Insulin treatment also prevented the increase in smooth muscle mass, but reduced smooth muscle mass per unit surface area to a level significantly less than that found in nondiabetic intestine. In vitro dose-response studies of circular and longitudinal small intestinal muscle from the diabetic animals showed normal tension development and sensitivity to both bethanechol chloride and physostigmine. These observations show that the diabetic state produces alterations in not only mucosal but also smooth muscle mass in the small intestine. However, despite these morphological changes, diabetic intestinal smooth muscle retains its sensitivity to cholinergic stimulation and its capacity for tension generation.

Changes in the small intestine ofSchistosoma mansoni-infected mice fed a high-fat diet

Parasitology ◽  
2012 ◽  
Vol 139 (6) ◽  
pp. 716-725 ◽  
Author(s):  
ALBA CRISTINA MIRANDA DE BARROS ALENCAR ◽  
RENATA HEISLER NEVES ◽  
ALBANITA VIANA DE OLIVEIRA ◽  
JOSÉ ROBERTO MACHADO-SILVA
Keyword(s):  
Small Intestine ◽  
High Fat Diet ◽  
Control Group ◽  
High Fat ◽  
Intestinal Tissue ◽  
Intestinal Segments ◽  
Villous Surface ◽  
Mucosal Thickness ◽  
Small Intestinal ◽  
Morphology And Morphometry

SUMMARYThe consumption of a high-fat diet modifies both the morphology of the small intestine and experimentally tested effects of schistosomiasis mansoni. However, whether a schistosomiasis infection associated with a high-fat diet causes injury to the small intestine has never been investigated. Mice were fed either a high-fat or a standard-fat diet for 6 months and were then infected withSchistosoma mansonicercariae. Physical characteristics of the intestinal tissue (mucosal thickness, small intestinal villi length and height, and abundance of goblet cells and enterocytes on the villous surface) and the distribution of granulomas along the intestinal segments and their developmental stage were measured at the time of sacrifice (9 or 17 weeks post-infection). The group fed a high-fat diet exhibited different granuloma stages, whereas the control group possessed only exudative granulomas. The chronically infected mice fed a high-fat diet exhibited higher granuloma and egg numbers than the acutely infected group. Exudative, exudative/exudative-productive and exudative-productive granulomas were present irrespective of diet. Computer-aided morphometric analysis confirmed that villus length, villus width, muscular height and submucosal height of the duodenal and jejunal segments were affected by diet and infection. In conclusion, a high-fat diet and infection had a significant impact on the small intestine morphology and morphometry among the animals tested.

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