scholarly journals Residential Demand for Electricity and Natural Gas in Pakistan

1983 ◽  
Vol 22 (1) ◽  
pp. 23-36 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mahmood Iqbal
Keyword(s):  
Economic Theory ◽  
Natural Gas ◽  
Price Elasticity ◽  
Income Elasticity ◽  
A Priori ◽  
Policy Implications ◽  
A Priori Knowledge ◽  
Price Elasticities ◽  
Residential Demand ◽  
Income And Price Elasticities

A model for residential demand for fuel in Pakistan was developed on the basis of stock of fuel-consuming appliances and their rate of utilization. Income and price elasticities of natural gas and electricity are estimated by the OLS and GLS methods. The income elasticity of natural gas and electricity and price elasticity of natural gas are found statistically significant and consistent with a priori knowledge of economic theory. Several policy implications are pointed out and suggestions are made for improvement in future estimations.

scholarly journals Gasoline Demand Elasticities at the Backdrop of Lower Oil Prices: Fuel-Subsidizing Country Case

Energies ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (24) ◽  
pp. 6752
Author(s):  
Jeyhun I. Mikayilov ◽  
Shahriyar Mukhtarov ◽  
Jeyhun Mammadov
Keyword(s):  
Price Elasticity ◽  
Income Elasticity ◽  
Policy Implications ◽  
Policy Makers ◽  
Gasoline Demand ◽  
Increase Energy Efficiency ◽  
Short Run ◽  
Income And Price Elasticities ◽  
Income Elasticity Of Demand ◽  
Over Time

This study investigates the income and price elasticities of gasoline demand for a fuel subsidizing country case, applying three different time-varying coefficient approaches to the data spanning the period from January 2002 to June 2018. The empirical estimations concluded a cointegration relationship between gasoline demand, income, and gasoline price. The income elasticity found ranges from 0.10 to 0.29, while the price elasticity remains constant over time, being −0.15. Income elasticity increases over time, slightly decreasing close to the end of the period, which is specific for a developing country. In the short run, gasoline demand does not respond to the changes in income and price. The policy implications are discussed based on the findings of the study. Research results show that since the income elasticity of demand is not constant, the use of constant elasticities obtained in previous studies might be misleading for policymaking purposes. An increase in income elasticity might be the cause of the inefficiency of the existing vehicles. The small price elasticity allows to say that if policy makers plan to reduce gasoline consumption then increasing its price would not substantially reduce the consumption. The current situation can be utilized to increase energy efficiency and implement eco-friendly technologies. For this purpose, the quality of existing transport modes can be improved. Meanwhile, to meet households’ needs, policies such as providing soft auto loans need to be formed to balance the recent drop in car sales.

Income and Price Elasticities by Nationality for Tourists in Denmark

1998 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 101-130 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas C. Jensen
Keyword(s):  
Price Elasticity ◽  
Income Elasticity ◽  
Explanatory Variables ◽  
Price Elasticities ◽  
Currency Exchange ◽  
Long Run ◽  
Income And Price Elasticities ◽  
Tourism Revenue

This paper presents estimates of income and price elasticities for the six most important nationalities visiting Denmark as tourists. The estimates are based on two different measures of the Danish tourism revenue: the number of nights spent and the currency exchange statistics. The explanatory variables are prices and income abroad. The estimates vary considerably across nationalities. For German tourists, who account for the largest share in Danish tourism, the estimates for price elasticities are quite high: the long-run price elasticity with respect to the prices in Denmark is close to −1.5 and the long-run income elasticity is found to be near 2.

scholarly journals Econometric Analysis of Residential Sector Gas Demand Elasticities in Gas Exporting Countries

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 1
Author(s):  
Eshagh Mansourkiaee ◽  
Hussein Moghaddam
Keyword(s):  
Price Elasticity ◽  
Income Elasticity ◽  
Bounds Testing ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Residential Sector ◽  
Price And Income Elasticities ◽  
Long Run ◽  
Short Run ◽  
Income And Price Elasticities ◽  
Price Policies

This paper examines how residential sector gas demand in gas exporting countries response to changes by taking into consideration the economic variables. For this purpose, the short and long-run price and income elasticities of residential sector gas demand in the GECF countries for 2000 and 2019 are measured. Using Cobb-Douglas functional form, this paper applies the bounds testing approach to co-integrate within the framework of ARDL (Autoregressive Distributed Lag). Findings of this research show that there is a significant long-run relationship in nine GECF countries, including Algeria, Egypt, Iran, Malaysia, Norway, Peru, Russia, Trinidad and Tobago and Venezuela, that use gas as a source of energy in their residential sector. On average, long-rung income elasticity for underlying countries is 2.65, while long-run price elasticity is negative and calculated at 0.79. This shows that in considered gas exporting countries, residential sector gas demand is very sensitive to income policies, while the price policies impact on demand is more limited. Furthermore, short-run income and price elasticities are estimated at 6.99 and -0.02 (near zero) respectively, which implies that natural gas is very inelastic to price, as a result,price policies are unable to make significant changes in demand over the short-term. Meanwhile, as expected short-run price elasticity is lower than long-run elasticities, indicating that gas exporting countries are more responsive to price in the long-term than in the short-term. Finally, it was found that most of the preferred models have empirical constancy over the sample period. 

scholarly journals Meta-analysis of the income and price elasticities of gasoline demand: public policy implications for Latin America

CEPAL Review ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 2015 (117) ◽  
pp. 7-24
Author(s):  
Luis Miguel Galindo ◽  
Joseluis Samaniego ◽  
José Eduardo Alatorre ◽  
Jimy Ferrer Carbonell ◽  
Orlando Reyes
Keyword(s):  
Public Policy ◽  
Latin America ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Policy Implications ◽  
Gasoline Demand ◽  
Price Elasticities ◽  
Income And Price Elasticities

Information Processing for Analysis of Consumption Flexibility of Global Natural Gas Demand

2014 ◽  
Vol 707 ◽  
pp. 514-519
Author(s):  
Xin Min Zhang ◽  
Kuang Cen ◽  
Wan Li Xing
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Economic Development ◽  
Natural Gas ◽  
Price Elasticity ◽  
Income Elasticity ◽  
The United States ◽  
Gas Consumption ◽  
Natural Gas Consumption ◽  
Natural Gas Demand ◽  
The Impact

Gas consumption exist great regional difference, price and income are the main factors affecting consumption .Global gas consumption has slow growth, but the price in 2008 there was a twist. We analyze the global natural gas consumption and price points using the data from the BP. The level of economic development and natural gas reserves determine the differences in the levels of consumption. In order to eliminate the impact per unit, the regression model uses the data in the log. This paper studied the influence factors of natural gas consumption in North America using of consumer income elasticity and price elasticity. The results show that the gas consumption have a low income elasticity and price elasticity is higher .Law of "S" shape can explain the income elasticity is low, the reason is that the stage of economic development. Price elasticity is higher lies in the different between Canada and the United States, the United States is a net importer of natural gas, and Canada is a net exporter. Keywords: Consumption Flexibility; Natural Gas Demand; income; price

Seeing, Knowing, and Doing

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert Audi
Keyword(s):  
Practical Reasoning ◽  
Practical Knowledge ◽  
A Priori ◽  
Human Action ◽  
A Priori Knowledge ◽  
Rational Action ◽  
Reasons For Action ◽  
Discriminative Response ◽  
Rich Information ◽  
Priori Knowledge

This book provides an overall theory of perception and an account of knowledge and justification concerning the physical, the abstract, and the normative. It has the rigor appropriate for professionals but explains its main points using concrete examples. It accounts for two important aspects of perception on which philosophers have said too little: its relevance to a priori knowledge—traditionally conceived as independent of perception—and its role in human action. Overall, the book provides a full-scale account of perception, presents a theory of the a priori, and explains how perception guides action. It also clarifies the relation between action and practical reasoning; the notion of rational action; and the relation between propositional and practical knowledge. Part One develops a theory of perception as experiential, representational, and causally connected with its objects: as a discriminative response to those objects, embodying phenomenally distinctive elements; and as yielding rich information that underlies human knowledge. Part Two presents a theory of self-evidence and the a priori. The theory is perceptualist in explicating the apprehension of a priori truths by articulating its parallels to perception. The theory unifies empirical and a priori knowledge by clarifying their reliable connections with their objects—connections many have thought impossible for a priori knowledge as about the abstract. Part Three explores how perception guides action; the relation between knowing how and knowing that; the nature of reasons for action; the role of inference in determining action; and the overall conditions for rational action.

How Reality is Reasonable

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Donald C. Williams
Keyword(s):  
A Priori ◽  
A Priori Knowledge ◽  
Dimensional Manifold ◽  
The World ◽  
Being There ◽  
Ways Of Being ◽  
Fundamental Entity ◽  
Spatiotemporal Relations ◽  
Priori Knowledge

This chapter begins with a systematic presentation of the doctrine of actualism. According to actualism, all that exists is actual, determinate, and of one way of being. There are no possible objects, nor is there any indeterminacy in the world. In addition, there are no ways of being. It is proposed that actual entities stand in three fundamental relations: mereological, spatiotemporal, and resemblance relations. These relations govern the fundamental entities. Each fundamental entity stands in parthood relations, spatiotemporal relations, and resemblance relations to other entities. The resulting picture is one that represents the world as a four-dimensional manifold of actual ‘qualitied contents’—upon which all else supervenes. It is then explained how actualism accounts for classes, quantity, number, causation, laws, a priori knowledge, necessity, and induction.

How Do We Know that We’re Not Brains in Vats?

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Keith DeRose
Keyword(s):  
Epistemic Justification ◽  
A Priori ◽  
A Priori Knowledge ◽  
Conservative Approach ◽  
Contingent Fact ◽  
Brains In Vats ◽  
Priori Knowledge

In this chapter the contextualist Moorean account of how we know by ordinary standards that we are not brains in vats (BIVs) utilized in Chapter 1 is developed and defended, and the picture of knowledge and justification that emerges is explained. The account (a) is based on a double-safety picture of knowledge; (b) has it that our knowledge that we’re not BIVs is in an important way a priori; and (c) is knowledge that is easily obtained, without any need for fancy philosophical arguments to the effect that we’re not BIVs; and the account is one that (d) utilizes a conservative approach to epistemic justification. Special attention is devoted to defending the claim that we have a priori knowledge of the deeply contingent fact that we’re not BIVs, and to distinguishing this a prioritist account of this knowledge from the kind of “dogmatist” account prominently championed by James Pryor.

Corporate Liability Design for Human Rights Abuses: Individual and Entity Liability for Due Diligence

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nick Friedman
Keyword(s):  
Economic Theory ◽  
Human Rights ◽  
Policy Implications ◽  
Global Supply Chains ◽  
Due Diligence ◽  
Human Rights Abuses ◽  
Human Rights Norms ◽  
Corporate Liability ◽  
Human Rights Due Diligence ◽  
Individual Human

Abstract In this article, I critically review the economic theory of corporate liability design, focusing on the allocation of liability between a corporation and its individual human agents. I apply this theory to transnational commercial contexts where human rights abuses occur and assess the likely efficacy of some putative liability regimes, including regimes requiring corporations to undertake human rights due diligence throughout their global supply chains. I advance a set of general considerations justifying the efficacy of due diligence in relation to alternative liability regimes. I argue, however, that due diligence regimes will likely under-deter severe human rights abuses unless they are supported by substantial entity-level sanctions and, in at least some cases, by supplementary liability for individual executives. The analysis has significant policy implications for current national and international efforts to enforce human rights norms against corporations.

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