Estimating the Impact of Devaluation the Exchange Rate on Inflation: A Cause Study of Iraq Using ARDL Model

The exchange rate tool is one of the most important macroeconomic tools that affect many variables, including the general level of prices, investment, import and export. In the case of a deteriorating economy such as the Iraqi economy, which suffers from a high import rate of final goods and intermediate goods, which are considered inputs to production processes, means exit Foreign exchange to abroad that affects the position of the balance of payments and its imbalance. It is very abnormal for countries to reduce the value of their currency exchange for financing reasons related to financing their public budget deficit without taking into account macroeconomic variables. All of these matters reflect a clear confusion of the fiscal and the monetary policies. The results of the current study by using the ARDL model have proven the direct impact of currency devaluation on inflation.

Economic Consequences of Covid-19 Pandemic: An Analysis of Exchange Rate Behaviour

This paper examines the effect of Covid-19 on currency exchange rate behaviour by taking a sample of 37 countries over a period from 4th January 2020 to 30th April 2021. Three variables, such as daily confirmed cases, daily deaths, and the world pandemic uncertainty index (WPUI), are taken as the measure of Covid-19. By applying fixed-effect regression, the study documents that the exchange rate behaves positively to the Covid-19 outbreak, particularly to daily confirmed cases and daily deaths, which implies that the value of other currencies against the US dollar has been depreciated. However, the impact of WPUI is insignificant. On studying the time-varying impact of the pandemic, the study reveals that the Covid-19 has an asymmetric impact on exchange rate over different time frames. Further, it is observed that though daily confirmed cases and daily deaths show a uniform effect, WPUI puts an asymmetric effect on the exchange rate owing to the nature of economies.

Changing of Currency Exchange and Its Harmony with Accounting Iraq’s Rules and International Accounting

The aim of the study was how the harmony between the Iraqi accounting rules and international standards and is there a difference between rule and the standard, which has been the International Standard No. (21) the effects of changes in foreign currency exchange rates and conduct a comparative analysis with the Iraqi accounting rules rule number (4) the effects of changing prices in foreign currencies have reached your search several conclusions the most important of the existence of a gap between the accounting Qaeda applicable between the international standard requirements represented by failure to disclose the change in the classification of foreign operations and export rules Iraqi accounting without cause by sufficient explanations and cases of practical application of some processors contained therein leading to interpretations and opinions of personality.

Exchange Rate Transaction of International Trade Goods Based on Fuzzy Granulation and Deep Learning

The change of international trade goods exchange rate transaction has an impact on economic operations and economic stability. Therefore, an international trade goods exchange rate transaction based on fuzzy granulation and in-depth learning is proposed. Based on fuzzy information granulation and BP neural network, this paper analyzes the interest rate evaluation theory. For the future expectation of currency exchange rate, portfolio equilibrium determines the proportional relationship of each component in the portfolio and analyzes the impact of asset price and exchange rate change according to this relationship. Then, it points out the risk evaluation index system, calculates the risk degree of exchange rate transaction of international trade goods, and then evaluates the risk of exchange rate transaction of international trade goods. It completes the research on exchange rate transactions of international trade goods based on fuzzy granulation and in-depth learning. The experimental results show that excessive exchange rate fluctuation will bring the same proportion fluctuation to the asset price in the financial market, and the coordination between exchange rates and the coordination of exchange rate and asset price can promote the steady growth of national economy.

The Legal Consequences of Unfair Contract Terms in Consumer Loan Agreements Valorized with Foreign Currency

In recent years, the Court of Justice of the European Union has issued a number of judgments addressing the issue of consumer protection in connection with the use of unfair terms by banks in loan agreements indexed with a foreign currency exchange rate. Most of them have concerned issues of exchange rate risk and exchange rate differences between the purchase and sale rates of a given currency applied by the bank. This article analyzes the recent ruling by the Court of Justice of the European Union in the Dziubak case, which was initiated by referring questions for a preliminary ruling by a Polish court. The article’s purpose is to assess the position taken by the cjeu in this respect and its significance for consumers in Poland. Particular attention was paid to the considerations with regard to the possibility of replacing unfair provisions with general provisions and assessing the consumer’s awareness of the consequences of declaring a contract invalid. The aim is to examine the issues that were dealt with by the Court of Justice of the European Union in the Dziubak case, including – in particular – the answer to the question of whether the issues discussed by the cjeu had already been considered in its previous jurisprudence and whether it presents new, previously unknown legal consequences of the inclusion of unfair contract terms in loan agreements.

Profit bridges that disambiguate impacts of currency fluctuations from other marketing variables

We extend the normalized approach to constructing profit bridges proffered in a recent paper to examine the impact of currency exchange rate fluctuations within a multinational corporation. In doing so, we describe a profit bridge that would measure corporate performance distinct from that which would measure the performance of business units, including metrics for the impact of volume, price, variable cost, offering mix, and exchange rate changes.

The influence of imports, foreign exchange reserves, external debt, and interest rates on the currency exchange rates against the United States Dollar in Southeast Asia Countries

This study aims to analyze the effect of imports, foreign exchange reserves, foreign debt, and interest rates on the currency exchange rates against the United States Dollar in Southeast Asia countries. The study results found that from 2010 to 2017, the currency exchange rates against the United States Dollar in Southeast Asian countries tended to weaken (depreciate). The highest growth in the exchange rate against the United States dollar was in Indonesia, while the lowest was in Singapore. Foreign exchange reserves negatively affect foreign debt, and imports positively affect countries' exchange rates in the Southeast Asia region against the United States dollar. On the other hand, interest rates do not show a significant effect.