The Location of Consciousness

Consciousness*, as I call it in Chapter 4, is everywhere, residing as it does wherever there is a quark or some other fundamental entity. But what about consciousness? Evidently, consciousness requires a brain. If creatures with brains had never evolved, there would have been no such thing as consciousness. But where in the brain is consciousness located? A proposal by Crick and Koch is considered, as is one by Damasio. It is shown that a puzzle arises for both of their proposals and a reconciliation offered. The further question of which brains support consciousness is also addressed. It is argued that honeybees and fruit flies are conscious but leeches and box jellyfish are not.

Brownian motion and polarized three-dimensional quantum vacuum

A nonlinear model of Brownian motion is developed in a three-dimensional quantum vacuum defined by a variable quantum vacuum energy density corresponding to processes of creation/annihilation of virtual particles. In this model, the polarization of the quantum vacuum determined by a perturbative fluctuation of the quantum vacuum energy density associated with a fluctuating viscosity, which mimics the action of dark matter, emerges as the fundamental entity which generates the Brownian motion.

Tri-State: From Shannon to Galois Fields in Communication Systems

Communication, compression of information, transmission of information through noisy channels, interconnecting different information systems, cryptography, gate construction –– these areas all depend on classical information theory. We show that, in classical terms, semantic aspects of communication are not at all irrelevant to the engineering problem, contrary to Shannon, and affect the message intended to be transmitted. This is revisited and captured by an analogy to trust, in that they are essential to the channel (for proper use), but cannot be transferred (under risk of flaws) through that same channel. Information is also described by, at least, a tri-state system — not by binary logic. The trust analogy semantics can be coded as the Curry-Howard relationship, connecting computer code with structural logic, by way of different categories. Two-state and Boolean logic (aka Shannon semantics) was used classically before, with Shannon theory, but without trust analogy semantics – found to be a sine qua non condition. This is now familiar in classical gate construction with physical systems with, e.g., Verilog and SystemVerilog. The applications to computation and quantum theory are further explored. The most fundamental entity in today`s theory of information is proposed to use at least three logical states, not bits, in all applications, including: cyber-physical systems, devices, in computation, and in quantum theory.

Information society and virtual (distance) education.

New communication and information technologies are becoming the main force of the “new industrial revolution, which multiplies the capabilities of human intelligence”. The idea of an information society was formulated in the late 1960s – early 1970s. The term “information society” was coined by Yuri Hayashi, professor at the Tokyo Institute of Technology. Researchers and developers of the information society theory are: M. Castells, F. Webster, E. Giddens, J. Habermas, D. Martin, D. Bell, G. Molitor, O. Toffler, Z. Brzezinski, A. King, D. Nesbit, A. Touraine, P. Drucker, M. McLuhan. The term “information society” reveals the objective process of society becoming gradually aware of the importance of information as some independent fundamental entity (along with energy and matter) and its transformation into a real productive force.

Smart Regulation in times of COVID 19: An introspective preliminary analysis for its application in Ecuador

Better regulation is a public policy that governments implement to improve the quality of life of their citizens. These policies bring significant benefits to all market players, among the most palpable are innovation, administrative simplification, a clear commitment by the government, and competitiveness. A fundamental entity for the development of this type of regulation is the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD), whose main objective is to create policies that improve the quality of life of citizens around the world. Among the members of this organization are first world countries such as the United States and Spain, as well as third world Latin American countries such as Mexico and Colombia, whose government administration serves as a model for the Ecuadorian people. It is because, without considering that their economies are not as large, developed, and stable, they have managed with the commitment, perseverance, and responsibility to be supported by this international institution. Nowadays, the problem of over and deregulation that has remained in Ecuador. Since the beginning of its history, it serves as an axis of study to propose the implementation of regulatory improvement within its political system. In order do this, it must be considering the principles of governance, proper preparation for its application, and the professionalism of all market players.

Duality, Fundamentality, and Emergence

Dualities offer new possibilities for relating fundamentality and emergence. In particular, as this chapter aims to show, it may happen that the relations of fundamentality and emergence between dual theories are inverted. In other words, the direction of emergence typically found in these cases is opposite to the direction of emergence followed in the standard accounts: that is, while the standard emergence direction is that of decreasing fundamentality—in that there is emergence of less fundamental, high-level entities, out of more fundamental, low-level entities—in these cases of duality, on the contrary, a more fundamental entity can emerge out of a less fundamental one. In fact, this possibility can be traced back to the existence of different classical limits in quantum field theories and string theories.

Why Is There a Realm of Experience at All?

This chapter shows that both Schelling’s Philosophical Investigations into the Essence of Human Freedom and his Ages of the World fragments are motivated by an attempt to explain the relation between subject and object that characterizes all states of human consciousness. Fichte’s notion of the self-positing subject issues in the view that there is a single fundamental entity (the “absolute I”), which is constituted by two forms of activity, real and ideal activity; and, on Fichte’s view, the relation between real and ideal activity is the relation between subject and object that characterizes all states of human consciousness. Yet, in the Jena period, Fichte does not provide an adequate explanation for the basic relational structure of human consciousness. Schelling hopes to explain the structure of human consciousness by developing the view that human experience is grounded in three irreducible elements—God, the natural world, and human beings—which relate to one another in three temporal dimensions: creation, revelation, and redemption.

Analisis Penerapan PSAK 45 (Revisi 2011) Terhadap Penyusunan Laporan Keuangan Entitas Nirlaba (Studi Kasus pada Yayasan Dharma Setia Kosgoro)

The financial statement is a very important information to commercial entities and non-profitentities. Due to the existence of the financial statements concerned people can find relevantinformation on the activities undertaken and the progress of the company or organization.Characteristics of non profit entities with different business entities, the main difference lies in theway the fundamental entity obtaining the resources needed to perform various operations activities.The purpose of this study is to analyze the application of PSAK 45 (Revised 2011) in a non profitentity which shaped the foundation. The analysis was performed to obtain data and informationrelating to the above problem. In addition, to determine the extent of compliance or conformity of thefinancial statements presented by the non profit entity of the provisions contained in PernyataanStandar Akuntansi Keuangan (PSAK) Number of 45 Research conducted by the author is in "YayasanDharma Setia Kosgoro" is located in Bogor. Yayasan Dharma Setia Kosgoro is one of the foundationwhich is a unit of private education providers established on 9 September 1987. The results showedthat Yayasan Dharma Setia Kosgoro has made the preparation of the financial statements fairly well.Foundations of financial statements consist of statements of financial position, statement of activities,statement of cash flows, and notes to the financial statements, it is in accordance with PSAK 45.

Inheritance Arguments for Fundamentality

According to metaphysical foundationalism, it’s necessary that any non-fundamental entity be fully grounded by fundamental entities. Jonathan Schaffer has recently proposed an argument for metaphysical foundationalism that appeals to the notion of reality inheritance. After clarifying the argument, Chapter 9 argues that it is unsuccessful. It suggests that there are more plausible arguments that appeal to the notion of causal capacity inheritance instead. But, as these arguments target special cases of metaphysical foundationalism, it is concluded that if considerations involving inheritance are to provide a route to metaphysical foundationalism, the route will be indirect.

How Reality is Reasonable

This chapter begins with a systematic presentation of the doctrine of actualism. According to actualism, all that exists is actual, determinate, and of one way of being. There are no possible objects, nor is there any indeterminacy in the world. In addition, there are no ways of being. It is proposed that actual entities stand in three fundamental relations: mereological, spatiotemporal, and resemblance relations. These relations govern the fundamental entities. Each fundamental entity stands in parthood relations, spatiotemporal relations, and resemblance relations to other entities. The resulting picture is one that represents the world as a four-dimensional manifold of actual ‘qualitied contents’—upon which all else supervenes. It is then explained how actualism accounts for classes, quantity, number, causation, laws, a priori knowledge, necessity, and induction.