Impact of Tourism on Poverty Reduction: Evidence from an Emerging Tourism Market

There are few studies focusing on the effect of tourism on poverty inthe emerging tourism markets, however, there is no empirical evidence in Vietnam. Our paper is the first one that aims to investigatethe impact of tourism on poverty with a new database collectedfrom 61 provinces in Vietnam over the period 2010–2018. Theempirical result strongly shows that tourism has a negative andsignificant impact on poverty in all estimated models. It means thata higher in tourism revenue can lead to a lower poverty rate in theprovinces. Besides, labour force and education are found to have anegative and significant effect on poverty. Although foreign directinvestment has a negative impact on poverty, however, the coefficients are not significant. Finally, we have some conclusions andimplications for policymakers to sustainably reduce the poverty rateof households in the future.

IMPACT OF ECONOMIC, FINANCIAL AND POLITICAL RISKS ON TOURISM PERFORMANCE: A CASE OF SOUTH AFRICA

The contribution of tourism to a country’s economy is determined by country risk measures such as economic, financial and political risk. This study aimed to investigate short and long-run effects of country risk factors on international tourist arrivals and tourism revenue for the South African tourism industry. The sample period consists of monthly time series data of tourist arrivals, tourism revenue, and country risk factors from January 2004 to December 2018. Data was analysed using the Autoregressive distributed lag (ARDL) and non-linear ARDL (NARDL) models. The findings showed that the long-run effects of country risk factors on tourist arrivals and revenue are asymmetric. Economic, financial, and political measures of country risk negatively affect tourist arrivals, however, tourism revenue responds differently to changes in these risk factors. Political risk has the highest effect on the tourism industry compared to economic and financial risk factors. Overall, this study established that both international tourist arrivals and tourism revenue are threatened by financial shocks indicating that an unconducive financial environment has long-term negative implications on the South African tourism industry.

SWOT Research on the Development of Rural Tourism E-Commerce System under the Background of Big Data Era

Economic development has gradually made tourism one of the most common options for people’s leisure and entertainment. The fast-paced life and heavy pressure in the city have made the relaxed and comfortable rural tourism sought after by many people. In our country, many villages have rich tourist attractions and unique cultural heritage, but they have not been fully developed due to information obstruction. Now, the advancement of Internet technology has made e-commerce, an emerging trade method, more closely related to rural tourism. Based on the background of big data, this paper has launched a research on the SWOT analysis of the development of rural tourism e-commerce system. Starting from the advantages, disadvantages, opportunities, and threats of the tourism e-commerce system, this paper discusses the necessity of combining rural tourism and e-commerce platforms in the Internet era, combining various internal and external conditions. From the perspective of the e-commerce system, all kinds of special features in the countryside can be transformed into product selling points on the platform to attract tourists, and the promotion of tourism revenue through the platform can further promote the continuous improvement of the rural tourism industry and form a virtuous circle. According to our data from the China Tourism Administration and related tourism statistics, the number of rural tourists in my country has increased from 630 million in 2011 to 3.13 billion in 2019, and the increase in rural tourism revenue has also reached 4.3 times. In order to prevent the rural backward marketing strategy from hindering the development of rural tourism, the introduction of a tourism e-commerce platform is a very necessary choice.

The regional differences and influencing factors of tourism development on Hainan Island, China

Exploring the spatial pattern of tourism resources and tourism economy is vital to improve the utilization efficiency of tourism resources and promote sustainable tourism development. This research investigated the quantity and types of tourism resources and analyzed the spatial patterns of tourism resources on Hainan Island from the perspectives of spatial variation and spatial association. The spatial and temporal pattern of the number of tourists and tourism revenue during 2010–2019 were further analyzed. The influencing factors of tourism development were explored based on the geographic detector. The results showed that 10425 tourism resources exist on Hainan Island, and the type of buildings and facilities had the largest number of tourism resources. The geological landscape, astronomical phenomena and meteorological landscapes, buildings and facilities, ruins and remains, tourism commodities, and human activities showed significant spatial agglomeration. Domestic tourism was far more developed than inbound tourism in terms of the number of tourists and tourism revenue. However, the spatial difference of tourism resources and tourism economy was apparent on Hainan Island. Factor analysis showed that the quantity of hotels, the proportion of tertiary industry in the GDP, and the regional population were the most influential factors for the distribution of tourism resources, while the density of the road network, the quantity of hotels, the per capita GDP, the proportion of tertiary industry in GDP, the regional population, and the quantity of tourism resources showed obvious influences on the tourism economy of Hainan Island. Interactions of the factors mainly fell into three types: synergistic increases, single factor weakening, and nonlinear weakening. It is suggested that the local government should fully exploit diversity types of tourism resources on Hainan Island to attract more tourists and improve the tourism revenue; improving the inbound tourism, and to strengthen the construction of road network on Hainan Island.

The Robust Causal Relationships Among Domestic Tourism Demand, Carbon Emissions, and Economic Growth in China

Green and low-carbon development has become a compelling trend of our time. To formulate policies for development and also reduction of carbon emissions, quantifying the trend of tourism in green sustainable development is an essential issue for China, which is undergoing an economic transformation. This study first measured China’s domestic tourism carbon emissions through a bottom-up approach and then used the robust Granger causality test on annual data from 1993 to 2019 to investigate the relationships among China’s domestic tourism revenue, carbon emissions, and economic growth. The empirical results show that: (1) Carbon emissions of the domestic tourism industry are growing steadily, and the carbon emissions of the transportation industry determine the trend of the total carbon emissions of the domestic tourism industry, (2) long-term equilibrium relationships exist among China’s domestic tourism, carbon emissions, and economic growth, and (3) bidirectional causal relationships among economic growth, carbon emissions, and domestic tourism revenue have been detected with the robust Granger causality test, and the time-varying causal relationships may change markedly in these times of significant events and policy changes. Therefore, policymakers should coordinate the relationships among domestic tourism revenue, carbon emissions, and economic growth, in an effort to promote the development of sustainable tourism in China.

Internet Benefits and Digital Transformation Applying in Boosting Tourism Sector and Forecasting Tourism Management Revenue

In recent years, esp. during covid 19 pandemic, there is increasing need of working at home model with computer skills, and in the scope of this study we will mention roles of computer skills and digital transformation which apply to forecast of tourism revenue. Among economic sectors, tourism is a very important industry that contributes greatly to GDP growth of the country in the current context. Forecasting tourism revenue is very important to have reasonable policies or decisions at the macro level. In fact, in this period, with new concepts of smart cities and smart communities, we experienced IoTs (internet of things) roles in developing and promoting our local and community tourism services very much. In the current context, digital transformation is an inevitable development trend. Currently, businesses that do not follow this trend will not be able to access new achievements and advancements and will find it difficult to participate in the new value chain that digital transformation brings. The article uses the method of analyzing and forecasting tourism industry revenue. This paper proposes a solution to apply an analysis and forecasting method through linear regression to forecast tourism revenue. To implement this method, the article collects and analyzes data, thereby proposing solutions to promote socio-economic development and tourism industry. The research results will play an important role, helping policymakers to be proactive in making necessary plans and decisions for business, investment, and promotion processes of travel to increase revenue, etc.

Prediction of Urban and Rural Tourism Economic Forecast Based on Machine Learning

With the rapid development of tourism, tourism revenue, as one of the important indicators to measure the development of the tourism economy, has high research value. The quasi-prediction of tourism revenue can drive the development of a series of related industries and accelerate the development of the domestic economy. When forecasting tourism income, it is necessary to examine the causal relationship between tourism income and local economic development. The traditional cointegration analysis method is to extract the promotion characteristics of tourism income to the local economy and construct a tourism income prediction model, but it cannot accurately describe the causal relationship between tourism income and local economic development and cannot accurately predict tourism income. We propose an optimized forecasting method of tourism revenue based on time series. This method first conducts a cointegration test on the time series data of the relationship between tourism income and local economic development, constructs a two-variable autoregressive model of tourism income and local economy, and uses the swarm intelligence method to test the causal relationship and the relationship between tourism income and local economic development, calculate the proportion of tourism industry, define the calculation result as the direct influence factor of tourism industry on the local economy, calculate the relevant effect of local tourism development and economic income, and construct tourism income optimization forecast model. The simulation results show that the model used can accurately predict tourism revenue.

The Relationship Between Air Transport and Rural Tourism in Thailand

This study used panel to identify the relationship between air transport and rural tourism in Thailand. The data covered eleven airports in Thailand from 2009 to 2018 (10 years). The airports are located in the eleven poorest provinces in the country, based on the gross provincial product per capita. The study included the total number of air traveler arrivals as the dependent variable and the total number of flight movements, provincial tourism revenue and the average monthly income per household as the independent variables, and used an autoregressive distributed lag model to identify the relationship between air transport and rural areas in Thailand. The results of the study indicate that increasing demand for air transport to rural provinces is significantly and positively generating an increasing number of flights and a decline in tourism revenue and household income in the eleven provinces in the long run. The development of the air transport industry alone is not enough to alleviate the income inequality; it is suggested that provincial governments need to develop the tourism industry and infrastructure further to bring greater benefits to society and to reduce income inequality in the country.

Spatial Effects of Domestic Tourism on Urban-Rural Income Inequality

Although much of the recent research has explored the relationship between domestic tourism and income inequality among regions, provinces, and cities, few studies have examined the impact of domestic tourism on income inequality between urban and rural areas within a region. This paper uses a panel dataset covering China’s 31 provinces for 21 years to investigate the spatial spillover effect of domestic tourism on urban-rural income inequality. An increase in domestic tourism revenue in neighboring provinces leads to a reduction in the local province’s urban-rural income inequality. Innovatively, we decompose domestic tourism revenue and consider the circumstances in different provinces. An increase in the number of neighboring provinces’ domestic tourists’ arrival decreases the local province’s urban-rural income inequality in western provinces but increases the inequality in eastern provinces; the effect is insignificant in central provinces. In order to improve urban-rural income inequality by attracting domestic tourists, this study suggests a collaborative strategy for the western region, a low-priority strategy for the central region, and a mitigation strategy for the eastern region.

Role of travel and tourism sector in the attainment of Vision 2030 in Saudi Arabia: An analytical study

Tourism is the main service industry significantly developing in the world. It is recognized as the critical factor in economic improvement in various countries. Saudi Arabia is one of the oldest and most famous spots for pilgrimage tourism due to its Islamic heritage. The study analyzes data available on the websites of the Saudi government to specify the contribution of travel and tourism revenue to the economy and its trend, occupancy of residential, and transportation capacity. A tourism satisfaction questionnaire was administered online to get the responses of Saudi nationals and residents related to tourism infrastructure, facilities, and other tourism services in Saudi Arabia. Ranks and percentage analysis were applied to get the relational satisfaction of tourists. Index numbers, ratios, percentages, and coefficient of variations were applied to get the trend, yearly fluctuations, variations, weights, and contribution of tourism avenues. There is a positive but low degree correlation between tourism revenue and the GDP of Saudi Arabia for the period from 2010 to 2018. The results indicate either negative or negligibly positive revenue growth of the accommodation/hotel services, food services, and air transportation. Two-thirds of tourists are either strongly satisfied or satisfied with essential and other tourism services and facilities in Saudi Arabia. Apart from tourist satisfaction, the Saudi government may consider a variety of services as per the economic level of the targeted tourists, and softening of visiting visa procedures and fees to enhance tourism revenue of major contributors for the positive and progressive development to the economy. AcknowledgmentThe authors would like to thank the Deanship of Scientific Research, Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University, Alkharj, Saudi Arabia, for providing financial support to complete this project (Project No: 2020/02/16978).