scholarly journals Commodity Taxation and Input Subsidies in Pakistan's Agriculture: A Preliminary Analysis

1991 ◽  
Vol 30 (4II) ◽  
pp. 1051-1064
Author(s):  
M. Ghaffar Chaudhry ◽  
Nighat Naheed Kayani
Keyword(s):  
Economic Development ◽  
Technical Change ◽  
Preliminary Analysis ◽  
Capital Formation ◽  
Productive Capacity ◽  
Commodity Taxation ◽  
Indirect Taxes ◽  
Resource Transfers ◽  
Stages Of Economic Development

It has been argued in the literature that. capital formation is the key to economic development. Apart from expansion in productive capacity, capital formation is also a source of embodied technical change and progressive modernization. Although aid could be a source of capital formation, it is undependable and inconsistent with the phrase that capital is made at home [Nurkse (1953)]. Agriculture, being a sector of major proportions in developing countries holds a pivotal position as a major contributor to capital formation. In the early stages of economic deVelopment, it must fund industrialization, finance capital imports and act as a ready market for industrial goods. It may, however, be remembered that agricUlture can play this role only within certain limits and that excessive resource transfers from agricUlture can prove to be self-defeating and must be avoided [Timmer (1988)]. What has been the role of Pakistan's agriculture in this respect, is a controversial issue. There are studies [Hamid (1970); Khan (1985) and Qureshi (1987)] that hold that agriculture's role in capital formation in Pakistan has, at best, been dismal. Others [Chaudhry (1973); Government of Pakistan (1986, 1988)] have argued that agriculture in Pakistan was heavily taxed and made significant contributions to economic de,:elopment. The controversy arises as the former set of studies dealt with direct taxes alone as against the coverage of local and indirect taxes and taxes implicit in price and exchange rate policies in the latter.

scholarly journals Networks in the Premodern Economy: The Market for London Apprenticeships, 1600–1749

2011 ◽  
Vol 71 (2) ◽  
pp. 413-443 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tim Leunig ◽  
Chris Minns ◽  
Patrick Wallis
Keyword(s):  
Human Capital ◽  
Economic Development ◽  
Capital Formation ◽  
Human Capital Formation ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Place Of Origin

We examine the role of social and geographical networks in structuring entry into premodern London's skilled occupations. Newly digitized apprenticeship indenture records for 1600–1749 offer little evidence that personal ties strongly shaped apprentice recruitment. The typical London apprentices had no identifiable tie to their master through kin or place of origin. Migrant apprentices' fathers were generally outside the craft sector. The apprenticeship market was strikingly open: well-to-do families accessed a wide range of apprenticeships, and would-be apprentices could match ability and aptitude to opportunity. This fluidity aided human capital formation, with obvious implications for economic development.

scholarly journals FUNDOS DE PENSÃO, CAPITAL ESTATAL E NEODESENVOLVIMENTISMO

2014 ◽  
Vol 18 ◽  
pp. 155
Author(s):  
José Menezes Gomes
Keyword(s):  
Economic Development ◽  
Public Debt ◽  
External Debt ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Pension Funds ◽  
The State ◽  
The Public ◽  
Indirect Taxes ◽  
The Usa

O artigo analisa os limites da concepção de desenvolvimento econômico decorrente da mudança do cenário internacional, desde 2003, com a alteração do fluxo internacional de capitais para os países subdesenvolvidos, acompanhado da expansão chinesa e valorização das commodities. Destaca o papel atribuído aos fundos de pensãopelo governo Lula da Silva para justificar a Contrarreforma da Previdência. Aborda o papel do BNDES e o subsídio ao grande capital. Demarca a queda da taxa básica nos EUA e seus impactos sobre a economia brasileira. Argumenta que o pagamento de juros e amortização da dívida pública se converteu no mecanismo através do qual o Estado retira recursosdos trabalhadores, através de impostos diretos e indiretos e os remete aos banqueiros e fundos de pensão. Enfatiza a generalização do neoliberalismo, visando resolver a crise capitalista através da renegociação da dívida externa, das aberturas comercial e financeira, das privatizações.Palavras-chave: Fluxo internacional de capitais, fundos de pensão, neoliberalismo, dívida pública.PENSION FUNDS, STATE-OWNED CAPITAL AND NEO-DEVELOPMENTISMAbstract: The article analyzes the limits of conception of economic development arising from the change of the international scenery, since 2003, with the alteration of the international flux of capitals to the sub-developed countries, accompanied of chinese expansion and commodities’ appreciation. It highlights the assigned role to the pension funds by Lula da Silva’s government to justify the counter-reform of the Provident Funds. It approaches the role of BNDES and the subsidy tothe grand capital. Demarcates the fall of the basic tax in the USA and its impacts on the Brazilian economy. Argues that the payment of taxes and the amortization of the public debt was converted in the mechanism through which the State withdraw resources from workers, through the direct and indirect taxes and refer those to the bankers and pension funds.Emphasizes the generalization of neoliberalism, seeking to resolve the capitalist crisis through the renegotiation of external debt, of the commercial and financial openings, and of privatizations.Keywords: International flux of capitals, pension funds, neoliberalism, public debt.

Japanese Capital Formation: The Role of the Public Sector

1959 ◽  
Vol 19 (3) ◽  
pp. 350-375 ◽  
Author(s):  
Henry Rosovsky
Keyword(s):  
Economic Development ◽  
Public Sector ◽  
National Economy ◽  
Economic History ◽  
Capital Formation ◽  
Public And Private ◽  
Role Of Government ◽  
The Public ◽  
Clear Statement

Assessing the role of government in economic development in situations where public and private sectors coexist is extremely difficult. The nature of modern government is so complex and its activities are so broad, that a clear statement of “influence” or “impact” on a national economy becomes almost impossible. Interpretations of Japanese economic history illustrate these problems vividly. Few scholars have dealt with the issue explicitly, and those that have seem unable to reach clear conclusions.

scholarly journals Role of Goods and Services Tax in India’s Economic Development

2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (4S3) ◽  
pp. 155-157
Keyword(s):  
Economic Development ◽  
Financial Development ◽  
Major Part ◽  
Tax Reforms ◽  
Goods And Services ◽  
Indirect Taxes ◽  
Long Time ◽  
Charge Change

Indirect taxes are one of the sources of income for government. The indirect tax reforms played a major part in choosing the heading of financial development. Goods and Services tax is one of the noteworthy roundabout charge change in India. It was presented in India in July 1,2017. Numerous pre-GST execution investigate considers demonstrated that products and administrations charge will contribute to the financial development of the nation. Presently, it is nearly two a long time since the usage of GST. This inquire about consider looks for to ponder whether there's any relationship between merchandise and administrations charge and financial development. In arrange to ponder this relationship, GST turnover and GDP of India for these two a long time is considered. At last, the consider arrives at a significant conclusion and clearly clarifies the degree of impact of GST in Indian financial advancement.

scholarly journals Health as An Economic Dimension: A comparative study of India and China

2020 ◽  
Vol 15 (4) ◽  
pp. 86-94
Author(s):  
Manju Yadav
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
Human Capital ◽  
Economic Development ◽  
Health Expenditure ◽  
Value Added ◽  
Capital Formation ◽  
Productive Capacity ◽  
Human Capital Formation ◽  
Current Health ◽  
India And China

In modern era, human resource is a crucial factor for economic development. Several studies reveal that rapid economic growth of developed countries has been linked with investment in human capital. Efficient and proper management of the workforce is an important factor in development of a country. The importance of human capital formation is now fully recognized because healthy and skilled people, along with physical capital, help in capital formation and raising economic growth. Therefore, large scale investment in human capital is required for the full and optimum use of natural resources. Improvement in the health of masses increases their productive capacity and leads to quantitative improvement in human capital. This paper examines the role of health facilities in human capital formation as well as in economic development. The current study analyzes the trends of current health expenditure as percent of GDP in India and China. An effort has been made to compare the impact of health expenditure on value added per worker in agriculture and its allied sectors in India and China by employing multiple regression model using data from 2000 to 2017. Findings reveal that independent variable (current health expenditure) explains the variation in dependent variable (value added per worker) to an extent of 37.9% and 56.9% in India and China, respectively.

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