scholarly journals Globalisation, Liberalisation, and Equitable Growth: Lessons from Contemporary Asian Experience

1997 ◽  
Vol 36 (4II) ◽  
pp. 915-928 ◽  
Author(s):  
Azizur Rahman Khan
Keyword(s):  
Global Economy ◽  
Structural Adjustment ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Oil Shocks ◽  
Trade Regimes ◽  
Declining Demand ◽  
Donor Agencies ◽  
Structural Adjustment Programmes ◽  
The International Monetary Fund ◽  
Trade And Investment

Since the beginning of the 1980s the less developed countries (LDCs) have been getting integrated with the global economy at a rapidly accelerating rate. The impetus for the process came from the need to make adjustment in the unsustainable imbalance in the external account that most of these countries experienced in the aftermath of the oil shocks of the 1970s and the declining demand for their exports due to the recession in the OECD countries during the 1980s. Many of these countries had to subject themselves to structural adjustment programmes at the behest of the multilateral donor agencies, led by the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund, who emphasised the urgency of reforming the protectionist trade regimes of these countries. Simultaneously, these countries came to realise the inefficiency of resource use fostered by their past strategy of import-substituting industrialisation (ISI) characterised by a trade and investment regime that enshrined overvalued exchange rates, quantitative import controls, high and non-uniform rates of effective protection, discrimination against export and strong impediments to foreign direct investment.

scholarly journals Macroeconomic Effects of Adjustment Lending in Pakistan

1994 ◽  
Vol 33 (4II) ◽  
pp. 1011-1031 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zafar Iqbal
Keyword(s):  
Structural Adjustment ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Economic Policies ◽  
Weak Institutions ◽  
Inflation Rates ◽  
Domestic Savings ◽  
Donor Agencies ◽  
Lending Institutions ◽  
Economic Growth Rates ◽  
Structural Adjustment Programmes

During the 1970s and early 1980s, many developing countries faced macroeconomic problems, notably large fiscal deficits, vulnerable balance of payments positions, increasing inflation rates, lower rates of domestic savings, and as a consequence lower capital formation and economic growth rates. The major financial lending institutions, preeminently the W orId Bank and the International Monetary Fund (IMF), argue that the present macroeconomic problems in less developed countries (LDCs) are due to structural maladjustments-poor economic policies and weak institutions. Therefore, since 1980, these donor agencies have been proposing Structural Adjustment Programmes (SAPs) and Sectoral Adjustment Programmes (SECAPs) associated with Structural Adjustment Lending (SALs) and Sectoral Adjustment Lending (SECALs), respectively. These programmes focus on broader macroeconomic adjustment policies. The disbursement of SALs and SECALs are, how~ver, conditional upon the recipient countries adopting economic policies specified by the staff of the World Bank and the IMF.

Fragmented Responses towards Global Governance: The Indian Context

2017 ◽  
Vol 63 (1) ◽  
pp. 63-84
Author(s):  
Sheila Rai
Keyword(s):  
Global Governance ◽  
Structural Adjustment ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Economic Consequences ◽  
Global Institutions ◽  
Southern States ◽  
International Donor ◽  
Service Sectors ◽  
Donor Agencies ◽  
The Masses

The liberalisation dice of the globalisation game has been loaded in favour of developed countries. The recipe of Structural Adjustment Programme (SAP) prescribed by the World Trade Organization (WTO), International Monetary Fund (IMF) and other international economic institutions has proved detrimental to developing countries like India where poverty is pervasive and scarcity of basic amenities crippling. 1 The SAP syndrome has manifested in lockouts, industrial takeovers, closures, massive retrenchments and weakening/diluting of labour laws, etc. Service sectors such as hospitals and schools have also been adversely affected under pressures from international donor agencies. The unsavoury social and economic consequences on the marginal sections have therefore led to a series of protests and demonstrations. The struggle in all its complexities is both ideological and practical. Pressure to alter the pace and intensity of liberalisation, and change ‘scorecards’ of growth, security and redistribution have gained momentum. The propensity of the elite to coalesce with the predominant forces of globalisation and ignore the basic urges of the masses further adds to the complexities. Evidently, the cataclysmic change augured by global governance on the society, politics and economics is multifaceted. The response of the southern states, namely, India, to this crossfire between the dictates of the global institutions vis-à-vis the complexities of the protests and demands of the classes and masses has been critically analysed in this article. The ongoing attempts to assuage the brutal edges of poverty and provide security and protection are also scrutinised.

Saps and Female Reproductive Health in Kenya

1997 ◽  
Vol 25 (2) ◽  
pp. 16-19
Author(s):  
Eunice K. Kamara
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Global Economy ◽  
Structural Adjustment ◽  
Trade Deficit ◽  
Public Expenditures ◽  
Trade Surplus ◽  
Female Reproductive Health ◽  
Economic Collapse ◽  
Structural Adjustment Programmes ◽  
Developed World

Since the 1980s, the world has experienced a number of economic recessions. As would be expected, developing countries have borne the brunt of the resultant economic crisis. It is estimated, for example, that the total debt of the developing world rose from $562 billion in 1982 to $1,020 billion in 1988.’ Many of the developing countries are still on the verge of economic collapse, unable to service accumulated foreign debts. Various measures were taken by the developed world in an attempt to revive the fallen global economy. These measures included the introduction of Structural Adjustment Programmes (SAPs) which aimed at (among other targets) reducing national public expenditures and effecting a shift “from a trade deficit to a trade surplus or at least, a reduction of the size of the trade deficit, at least in part to service the debt.”

E-Government Readiness in East and Southern Africa

2011 ◽  
pp. 571-579 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. M. Mutula
Keyword(s):  
Public Sector ◽  
Citizen Participation ◽  
Southern Africa ◽  
Structural Adjustment ◽  
Public Affairs ◽  
Records Management ◽  
Public Resources ◽  
Donor Agencies ◽  
Structural Adjustment Programmes ◽  
Developed World

Governments in East and Southern Africa, like their counterparts in developing and developed world, are under increasing pressure from donor agencies and non-governmental organizations to improve service delivery to citizens and at the same time be able to demonstrate accountability and transparency in the management of public resources (International Records Management Trust, 2004). Most countries in East and Southern Africa, largely began to appreciate the importance of sound public record management practices during the 1980s and 1990s. This period experienced increased donor pressure especially from the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund (IMF) through their structural adjustment programmes (SAPS) that was exerted on the recipients of global donor funding in an attempt to remedy the economic hardships that characterise most developing countries including those in Africa. Structural Adjustment Programmes were meant to provide the best opportunity to implement public sector reforms in order to promote better use of public resources and enhance accountability by governments to their citizens (Wamukoya, 2000). To meet the accountability and transparency demands of the global donor agencies and also the need to meet the increasing demands by citizens for efficient delivery of services, governments worldwide are now taking advantage of the revolution that is taking place in information and communications technologies especially the Internet, the personal computer, the mobile phone, and other modern communication devices. The concept of e-government in its simplest form is now the catchword that is increasingly being used to imply the delivery of government services online. Heeks (2002) defines e-government as the use of information and communication technologies (ICTs) to improve the activities of public sector organisations. E-government is claimed as an efficient means to streamline public sector functions and increase citizen participation in the running of public affairs (Wamukoya, 2000). Governments in East and Southern Africa like their counterpart in a developed world, are increasingly turning to e-government to streamline public sector functions and increase citizen participation in the running of public affairs (Wamukoya, 2000). However, in an attempt to implement e-government projects, countries in East and Southern Africa face numerous challenges such as lack of requisite skills and competencies in e-records management; lack of enabling policy and legislative framework; lack of standards and formal methodologies for managing e-record; and inadequate infrastructure.

scholarly journals Modernization, Dependency and Structural Adjustment Development Theories and Africa: A Critical Appraisal

2016 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 151 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alfred G Nhema ◽  
Tawanda Zinyama
Keyword(s):  
World Bank ◽  
Structural Adjustment ◽  
Critical Appraisal ◽  
Development Theory ◽  
Dependency Theory ◽  
Development Path ◽  
Critical Response ◽  
The World Bank ◽  
Structural Adjustment Programmes ◽  
The International Monetary Fund

This article seeks to review the early development theories that have dominated the development path in Africa over a number of decades. First, the paper reviews the modernisation theory which dominated the literature on development theory in the 1950s/60s as the former colonies attained their independence. Second, the paper examines the dependency theory which was a critical response to the modernisation paradigm. Third, the paper assesses the nature and form of neo liberal prescriptions that came to be known as Structural Adjustment Programmes (SAPs) offered by the International Monetary Fund (IMF) and the World Bank (WB) from the 1980s to the 1990s. Finally, the paper explores the relevance and impact of the identified development theories to the development of Africa.

Fixed Exchange Rates and Structural Adjustment Programmes: Côte d'lvoire

1993 ◽  
Vol 31 (2) ◽  
pp. 301-308 ◽  
Author(s):  
Neil B. Ridler
Keyword(s):  
Exchange Rates ◽  
International Monetary Fund ◽  
Structural Adjustment ◽  
Recent Article ◽  
Economic Reforms ◽  
Director General ◽  
Growth Strategies ◽  
African Countries ◽  
Structural Adjustment Programmes ◽  
The International Monetary Fund

The implementation of economic reforms in Africa under the aegis of the International Monetary Fund (I.M.F.) has undoubtedly produced the kind of social dislocation so well described by Barry Riddell in a recent article in this Journal. The structural adjustment programmes (S.A.P.s) have also in some cases generated growth, as noted by Michel Camdessus, director-general of the I.M.F. in 1991: ‘Soon more than 30 African countries will apply these growth strategies. Where the programmes have been applied rigorously, results have been impressive. ’

E-Government Readiness in East and Southern Africa

2011 ◽  
pp. 1870-1881
Author(s):  
Stephen M. Mutula ◽  
Justus Wamukoya
Keyword(s):  
Public Sector ◽  
Citizen Participation ◽  
Southern Africa ◽  
Structural Adjustment ◽  
Public Affairs ◽  
Records Management ◽  
Public Resources ◽  
Donor Agencies ◽  
Structural Adjustment Programmes ◽  
Developed World

Governments in East and Southern Africa, like their counterparts in developing and developed world, are under increasing pressure from donor agencies and non-governmental organizations to improve service delivery to citizens and at the same time be able to demonstrate accountability and transparency in the management of public resources (International Records Management Trust, 2004). Most countries in East and Southern Africa, largely began to appreciate the importance of sound public record management practices during the 1980s and 1990s. This period experienced increased donor pressure especially from the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund (IMF) through their structural adjustment programmes (SAPS) that was exerted on the recipients of global donor funding in an attempt to remedy the economic hardships that characterise most developing countries including those in Africa. Structural Adjustment Programmes were meant to provide the best opportunity to implement public sector reforms in order to promote better use of public resources and enhance accountability by governments to their citizens (Wamukoya, 2000). To meet the accountability and transparency demands of the global donor agencies and also the need to meet the increasing demands by citizens for efficient delivery of services, governments worldwide are now taking advantage of the revolution that is taking place in information and communications technologies especially the Internet, the personal computer, the mobile phone, and other modern communication devices. The concept of e-government in its simplest form is now the catchword that is increasingly being used to imply the delivery of government services online. Heeks (2002) defines e-government as the use of information and communication technologies (ICTs) to improve the activities of public sector organisations. E-government is claimed as an efficient means to streamline public sector functions and increase citizen participation in the running of public affairs (Wamukoya, 2000). Governments in East and Southern Africa like their counterpart in a developed world, are increasingly turning to e-government to streamline public sector functions and increase citizen participation in the running of public affairs (Wamukoya, 2000). However, in an attempt to implement e-government projects, countries in East and Southern Africa face numerous challenges such as lack of requisite skills and competencies in e-records management; lack of enabling policy and legislative framework; lack of standards and formal methodologies for managing e-record; and inadequate infrastructure.

The changing relationship between the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund

1988 ◽  
Vol 42 (3) ◽  
pp. 545-560 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard E. Feinberg
Keyword(s):  
World Bank ◽  
International Monetary Fund ◽  
Global Economy ◽  
Structural Adjustment ◽  
Policy Instruments ◽  
Performance Requirements ◽  
The World Bank ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
The World ◽  
The International Monetary Fund

The World Bank and the International Monetary Fund have been bedeviled since their common creation over how to define their areas of specialized competence and how to interact in areas of overlapping jurisdiction. The multiple shocks that have destabilized the global economy over the last two decades have stimulated the Bank and Fund to alter fundamentally their programs and approaches, often without fully taking into account their relation to the work of the other Bretton Woods agency.The Fund's traditional focus on short-term stabilization, correcting external account imbalances, and fighting inflation, contrasted with the World Bank's provision of long-term funds for investment in capital-intensive projects. But more recently, with the establishment of the IMF's Extended Fund Facility and the Bank's structural adjustment lending, both institutions share the objective of adjustment with growth, and each claims some responsibility for an extremely wide range of policy instruments. The new Structural Adjustment Facility, in particular, has the potential to link more tightly decision-making on Fund stand-by arrangements and Bank structural adjustment lending, increasing the probability of new forms of cross-conditionality—termed here consultative cross-conditionality, interdependent cross-conditionality, and indirect financial linkage.The Bank and Fund need to find ways to better delineate and manage their new relationship. Problems that should be addressed to do so include proper modes of collaboration between Bank and Fund staff, issue specialization, the avoidance of piling on excessively detailed performance requirements, and decisions on ineligibility. Enhanced cooperation between the Bank and Fund can not only produce more coherent adjustment programs, but can also help to mobilize other sources of official and private capital.

scholarly journals Analysed with Shanghai international fashion the development of creative industry

2017 ◽  
Vol 6 (5) ◽  
pp. 66
Author(s):  
Jinjin Ma ◽  
Yue Hu
Keyword(s):  
Soft Power ◽  
Global Economy ◽  
Structural Adjustment ◽  
Industrial Structure ◽  
Consumer Demand ◽  
Rapid Development ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Creative Industry ◽  
Economic Downturn ◽  
Development Environment

<p>Rapid development of economy, and promote people to enter the era of knowledge economy. Under this background, the global economy especially the economic model of developed countries began to industrial restructuring and structural adjustment, and fashion creative industry economy is the product of the change. It embodies a nation in such aspects as culture, science and technology and creative design of soft power, to some extent, also represents a national industry's international competitiveness, is one of the most important industry in the development of leading industry. In the globalization trend of strengthening, today, the increasingly fierce competition in the international fashion scale and degree, the development of creative industry has become a measure of a country or a city comprehensive competitiveness of one of the important symbol. Therefore, many countries and regions all over the industry as a strategic industry and pillar industry to develop. Along with the rapid economic and social development as well as the consumer demand is rising, fashion creative industry gradually become Shanghai currently one of the most promising new industries. Especially in the face of the global economic downturn, China's transformation of the mode of development environment, development fashion creative industry will help speed up the Shanghai industrial structure transformation, beneficial to stimulate consumer demand, to improve the Shanghai international influence, for the Shanghai a new round of development, the construction of "four centers" and one of the breach of the international metropolis.</p>

scholarly journals Opportunities and Challenges for Pakistan in an Era of Globalisation

2003 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 45-63
Author(s):  
Umer Khalid
Keyword(s):  
World Bank ◽  
Global Economy ◽  
World Economy ◽  
Structural Adjustment ◽  
Special Focus ◽  
Potential Growth ◽  
Financial Flows ◽  
Before And After ◽  
New Challenges ◽  
Structural Adjustment Programmes

The study analyses the degree of integration of Pakistan’s economy in global trade and financial flows. Pakistan’s integration into the global economy gained momentum in the late 1980s and early 1990s when it adopted more open and liberal policies as part of stabilisation and structural adjustment programmes negotiated with the IMF and World Bank. The paper presents an overview of Pakistan’s economy in the before and after period, it will specifically examine the trade performance from the 1980s onwards to see the progress made towards the integration of the Pakistani economy into the world economy. It will look into the opportunities that Pakistan is likely to gain in a more globalised world, with special focus on the textile and clothing sector and the potential growth in this sector after the abolition of the Multi Fibre Arrangement (MFA) in 2005. New challenges that may emerge in a more open trading environment will also be discussed.

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