scholarly journals The Time Profile of the Cost Structure in Pakistan’s Manufacturing Sector

1999 ◽  
Vol 38 (4II) ◽  
pp. 1101-1116
Author(s):  
Eatzaz Ahmad ◽  
Muhammad Idrees
Keyword(s):  
Manufacturing Sector ◽  
Time Profile ◽  
Cost Structure ◽  
Manufacturing Industries ◽  
Competitive Environment ◽  
Substantial Growth ◽  
Tax Holidays ◽  
The 1960S ◽  
The Cost

The manufacturing sector of Pakistan has at times played the role of the leading sector of the economy. The successful experience of planned growth in the 1960s owes much to the special attention paid to the growth of manufacturing sector. Policies like the export bonus scheme, tax-holidays, subsidised import of capital, easy and subsidised loans and over-valued exchange rate, resulted in a substantial growth in the sector. However, with over-protection of the sector, nationalisation of some of the major industries in the 1970s and, later-on, over-employment in the nationalised industries, the performance of the sector started to deteriorate gradually. It is now widely believed that many of the manufacturing industries in Pakistan have become inefficient because they have not been exposed to competitive environment due to protective and distortionary policies.

scholarly journals Are the determinants of markup size industry-specific? The case of Slovenian manufacturing firms

2011 ◽  
Vol 58 (2) ◽  
pp. 229-244 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nina Ponikvar ◽  
Maks Tajnikar
Keyword(s):  
Manufacturing Sector ◽  
Manufacturing Firms ◽  
Manufacturing Industries ◽  
Dynamic Panel ◽  
Pricing Policy ◽  
Large Variability ◽  
Oligopoly Theory ◽  
Determination Process ◽  
Precise Role

The aim of this paper is to identify factors that affect the pricing policy in Slovenian manufacturing firms in terms of the markup size and, most of all, to explicitly account for the possibility of differences in pricing procedures among manufacturing industries. Accordingly, the analysis of the dynamic panel is carried out on an industry-by-industry basis, allowing the coefficients on the markup determinants to vary across industries. We find that the oligopoly theory of markup determination for the most part holds for the manufacturing sector as a whole, although large variability in markup determinants exists across industries within the Slovenian manufacturing. Our main conclusion is that each industry should be investigated separately in detail in order to assess the precise role of markup factors in the markup-determination process.

scholarly journals Product and Occupational Liability

1991 ◽  
Vol 5 (3) ◽  
pp. 71-91 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. Kip Viscusi
Keyword(s):  
Cost Structure ◽  
Economic Consequence ◽  
Risk Regulation ◽  
Current Structure ◽  
Economic Role ◽  
Optimal Mix ◽  
Noteworthy Feature ◽  
Liability Costs ◽  
The Cost

Increased liability for risks posed by jobs and products has transformed the cost structure of job and product markets. Liability costs used to be an incidental expense; now they are a factor of substantial economic consequence. The costs associated with a more active economic role of liability are not necessarily undesirable. However, examination of the economic objectives of the liability system will indicate that the current structure is not ideal. Perhaps the most noteworthy feature of the emerging role of liability is that it has been contemporaneous with an expansion in governmental risk regulation. The subsequent sections explore the performance of product and occupational liability with respect to the objectives of efficient deterrence and insurance, in the context of seeking an optimal mix between legal and regulatory institutions.

scholarly journals The Contribution of Pakistan's Large Scale Manufacturing Industries Towards Gross National Product at World Prices

1974 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-12
Author(s):  
A. R. Kemal
Keyword(s):  
Exchange Rate ◽  
Growth Rates ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Gross National Product ◽  
Manufacturing Sector ◽  
Manufacturing Industries ◽  
National Product ◽  
Official Exchange Rate ◽  
Domestic Prices ◽  
Tax Holidays

Over the period 1949/50 to 1970/71, Pakistan's large-scale manufacturing sector grew at a compound rate of more than 15 per cent. Its share of GNP increased during this period from 1.5 per cent to 9.4 per cent. Various factors contributed to this growth, not the least of which were the various incentives provided to the manufacturing sector via tariffs, restrictive import licensing, tax holidays and an overvalued official exchange rate. Recently, several studies, and most notably an OECD study by Little, Scitovsky and Scott [10] (hereafter referred to as LSS) questioned the meaning of the growth rates and sectoral shares of manufacturing sector when the goods produced in these sectors are valued at prices distorted by various subsidy and trade restricting policies. They concluded that a better measure of the manu¬facturing sector's contribution could be obtained by valuing a country's gross national product not at domestic prices but at world prices—i.e. the prices that would obtain in the country were there no trade tax or quotas.

scholarly journals The Rental Cost of Capital for the Manufacturing Sector-1959-1960 to 1970-1971

1978 ◽  
Vol 17 (4) ◽  
pp. 385-407 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stephen E. Guisinger ◽  
Shahnaz Kazi
Keyword(s):  
Cost Of Capital ◽  
Manufacturing Sector ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Government Policies ◽  
Fiscal Incentives ◽  
Accelerated Depreciation ◽  
Low Costs ◽  
Tax Holidays ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Capital Intensive

Pakistan, like other under-developed countries, is faced with a situation where factor prices do not reflect their scarcity values, thereby leading to a waste of valuable resources in the form of highly capital intensive techniques and excess capacity in the manufacturing sector. Low costs of using capital in Pakistan have been attributed to a combination of factors e.g. low rates of interest, overvaluation of domestic currency, low tariffs on machinery imports, and fiscal incentives such as tax holidays and accelerated depreciation aimed at encouraging investment. In this paper a formula incorporating the effect of various such policy packages on the cost of capital has been used to estimate the market and "real" rental cost of capital over time (1959-1960 to 1970-1971) providing a measure of the degree of distortion introduced into the factor market via government policies.

A LOOK AT THE U.S. BUSINESS CYCLES THROUGH THE LENS OF A TANK MODEL

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-19
Author(s):  
Yongseung Jung
Keyword(s):  
Great Recession ◽  
New Keynesian ◽  
Tank Model ◽  
The Great Recession ◽  
Keynesian Model ◽  
Monetary Policy Shock ◽  
Post War ◽  
The 1960S ◽  
The Cost

This paper sets up a two-agent new Keynesian model to explore the role of financial frictions over the post-war U.S. business cycle. The estimated model via maximum likelihood shows that the share of constrained households which has been substantial since the 1960s has significantly increased during the Great Recession. It also finds that the cost-push shock has been most important in explaining the behavior of the detrended output. The cost-push shock has also played a pivotal role in the fluctuation of inflation during the Great Recession, while the monetary policy shock which has been important in the behavior of inflation before the financial crisis has a negligible role during the Great Recession.

The Role of Information Sharing and Joint Transportation Process for Empty Run Reduction

2012 ◽  
Vol 463-464 ◽  
pp. 1030-1034 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chaiyot Peetijade ◽  
Athikom Bangviwat
Keyword(s):  
Information Sharing ◽  
Manufacturing Sector ◽  
Transportation Cost ◽  
Pickup Truck ◽  
Transportation Sector ◽  
Transportation Process ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Role Of Information

In Thailand pickup truck is the most popular vehicle both for individual and organization. Manufacturing sector also uses pickup trucks to delivery products. Empty truck run is a major problem for transportation sector which increases transportation cost and inefficient use of energy. This paper attempts to present the information gathered from the survey and to provide general characteristics of pickup truck runs in manufacturing sector. More than 95 percent of backhaul trips using pickup truck were empty. Information of truck trips from each factory is the key point to lower empty miles by joint transportation processes. The survey showed that if the information of empty truck runs was shared and the matching of truck trips was carried out, a total empty mile of 15,161 kilometers out of 220 pairs of matching backhaul trips, or 15.36 percent of total truck runs, could be saved. Consequently, the cost of product will be reduced.

scholarly journals Transport component in the price of goods

2020 ◽  
Vol 217 ◽  
pp. 07018
Author(s):  
Vera Baginova ◽  
Lev Fedorov
Keyword(s):  
Cost Structure ◽  
Transport Costs ◽  
Economic Relations ◽  
Transport Component ◽  
General Transport ◽  
The Cost

The main aspects of the transport component in the price of goods are considered. The analysis of cost and statistical general transport in-kind indicators characterizing the role of transport in economic relations is carried out. Disadvantages of these indicators are identified. The suggestions on their elimination and improvement of accounting for transport costs in the cost structure of the transport component are presented. It is indicated that the implementation of the proposals will make it possible to more correctly determine the transport component and identify the dynamics of proportions in the development of transport and other sectors of the country’s economy.

scholarly journals Overview Role of Simulation Package in Virtual Manufacturing and for CNC Machinery

2018 ◽  
Vol 7 (2.8) ◽  
pp. 702
Author(s):  
R. Mahesh ◽  
J. Ganesh Murali ◽  
R. Arulmurugan
Keyword(s):  
Tool Path ◽  
Manufacturing Sector ◽  
Virtual Manufacturing ◽  
Manufacturing Industries ◽  
Numerical Control ◽  
Production Volume ◽  
Software Packages ◽  
Development Cycle ◽  
Additional Role

Computer Numerical Control Machines (CNC) totally changed the scenario in manufacturing industries in terms of production volume, easy flexibility and with fewer deviations.    As customers expect high grade of accuracy, precision, reliable and prompt supply it became essential in the manufacturing sector to reduce the time for developing and proving out new products. Normally programming and proving out the same plays a significant role in the product development cycle. Nowadays several software packages are there to stimulate the tool path, sequence of operations and validation of the program to ensure flawless performance. These packages do serve additional role of optimizing the program sequence and reduce the cycle time involved to manufacture the parts concerned.

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