scholarly journals Efficiency of Large-scale Manufacturing in Pakistan: A Production Frontier Approach

2006 ◽  
Vol 45 (4II) ◽  
pp. 689-700 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tariq Mahmood ◽  
Ejaz Ghani ◽  
Musleh-Ud Din
Keyword(s):  
Trade Policy ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Manufacturing Sector ◽  
Import Substitution ◽  
Industrial Sector ◽  
Global Market ◽  
Early Years ◽  
Policy Reforms ◽  
Market Place ◽  
Production Frontier

The large scale manufacturing sector in Pakistan has gained increasing prominence over the years with its share in output rising to about 13 percent in 2005-06 from 5.67 percent in 1959-60.1 The sector has operated amid varying policy environments ranging from outright import substitution in the early years to a more deregulated and liberal environment in the recent years driven largely by concerns to improve the efficiency of the industrial sector which is critical for attaining greater competitiveness. While industrial and trade policy reforms in recent years have exposed domestic enterprises to greater internal and external competition, most of these enterprises continue to seek state patronage and have yet to reposition themselves to compete effectively in the global market place. Furthermore, the trade policy still has an import substitution bias for certain critical sectors whose imports are subject to tariff peaks and this raises concerns on their efficiency. This study aims to assess the efficiency of large scale manufacturing sector in Pakistan using the production frontier approach. Section 2 reviews the literature while Section 3 sets out the methodology and discusses data employed in the study. Section 4 analyses empirical findings, and Section 5 concludes the discussion.

scholarly journals How Much of South Korea’s Growth Miracle Can Be Explained by Trade Policy?

2015 ◽  
Vol 7 (4) ◽  
pp. 188-221 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michelle Connolly ◽  
Kei-Mu Yi
Keyword(s):  
Trade Policy ◽  
Capital Accumulation ◽  
Manufacturing Sector ◽  
Value Added ◽  
Policy Reforms ◽  
Welfare Gains ◽  
Catch Up ◽  
Multistage Production ◽  
Investment Goods ◽  
Tariff Reductions

This paper assesses the importance of trade policy reforms in South Korea, as well as the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) tariff reductions, in explaining Korea's growth miracle. We develop a model of neoclassical growth and trade in which lower tariffs lead to increased gross domestic product (GDP) per worker via comparative advantage and specialization, and capital accumulation. We calibrate the model and simulate the tariff reductions that occurred between early 1962 and 1989. The model can explain 17 percent of South Korea's catch-up to the G7 countries in value-added per worker in the manufacturing sector. These gains, as well as most of the welfare gains, are driven by two key transmission channels: multistage production and imported investment goods. (JEL F13, F43, L60, O47)

scholarly journals Growth and Structural Change in Pakistan Manufacturing Industry, 1954-1964

1965 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 94-139 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stephen R. Lewis, Jr. ◽  
Ronald Soligo
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Manufacturing Industry ◽  
Manufacturing Sector ◽  
Import Substitution ◽  
Empirical Work ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Industrial Growth ◽  
Export Markets ◽  
Aggregate Growth ◽  
Manufacturing Growth

It has been evident for some time that Pakistan has enjoyed a rate of growth of its large-scale manufacturing sector that is indeed enviable. Some efforts have been made to study and understand this process both in terms of aggregate growth [20] and with reference to specific industries and policies [6]. In addition, a point of view has grown up in unofficial [21] and in official circles [16; 17; 18], that due to tariff and licensing policies, growth in manufacturing industry in Pakistan has proceeded via import substitution in light, consumer goods industries, that the possibilities for further growth in these directions are now extremely limited, that the export markets for such goods are small (due to a variety of reasons) and that future growth must take place via import substitution in intermediate goods and primarily in capital goods industries. As yet, little empirical work has been done to examine the various parts of this point of view. The purposes of the present paper are twofold. First, we have made a few simple improvements in the data on industrial growth and have collected such data as are available on production, imports, and exports of manufactured goods at a somewhat disaggregated level. Second, we have made some simple analysis of the patterns of manufacturing growth and discussed a few relationships that seem to have influenced the direction of industrial expansion over the past decade. In the latter part of the paper, we have reexamined the generally accepted point of view about industrial growth.

IMPACT OF THE COVID-19 PANDEMIC ON THE FOOD SITUATION IN RUSSIA

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (6) ◽  
pp. 960-971
Author(s):  
N.N. Shurakova ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Supply Chains ◽  
Food Systems ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Food System ◽  
Import Substitution ◽  
Industrial Sector ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Income Loss ◽  
Economic Relations ◽  
Global Challenge

The article examines such a new global challenge as the coronavirus pandemic. The features of this large-scale, unprecedented shock and the economic crisis agent are analyzed. It was noted that among the affected sectors of the world economy, there is the global agri-food system: a demand shock is superimposed on the supply shock, world trade is paralyzed, logistics flows are disrupted, supply chains are disrupted, and agricultural production is likely to decline. The outbreak of COVID-19 has led to a fall in the Russian economy. It is concluded that currently nothing threatens food security from the point of view of physical accessibility. However, the economic availability of food may not be ensured due to income loss and rising prices. In addition, COVID-19 may negatively affect the country’s export-oriented food course, foreign economic relations in the agro-industrial sector and the current import substitution policy. Despite the fact that the country is currently provided with food, there are still problems connected with the dependence on the import of technologies and components, machinery and equipment, breeding products and seeds. It has been substantiated that in order to prevent food crisis in the foreseeable future, the restructuring and stabilization of food systems at the national and global levels is required, which could ensure their sustainability and smooth operation in terms of creating backup channels and reserves to prevent disruptions and blockages in supply chains that are observed in period of COVID-19.

scholarly journals A Measure of the Elasticity of Substitution in the Manufacturing Sector of Pakistan

2001 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 43-56
Author(s):  
Rukhsana Kalim
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Manufacturing Sector ◽  
Industrial Sector ◽  
Elasticity Of Substitution ◽  
Factor Price ◽  
Capital Goods ◽  
Employment Potential ◽  
The Empirical Analysis ◽  
Price Distortions

From a technological perspective, the paper is mainly concerned with finding the employment potential in different groups of industries of Pakistan. The role of factor prices in determining techniques of production in the industrial sector through elasticity of substitution has been analysed. Besides taking the large-scale manufacturing sector as a whole, three broad categories of industries viz., consumer goods, intermediate goods and capital goods industries has been selected in particular for the empirical analysis. By utilising the OLS technique, the cross-section analysis for the year 1995-96 has been made. Our results indicate the there is great potential for employment in the intermediate and capital goods industries provided there are no factor price distortions in the economy.

scholarly journals Export Earnings Instability in Pakistan

1995 ◽  
Vol 34 (4III) ◽  
pp. 1181-1189 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ahmad Tariq ◽  
Qazi Najeeb
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Import Substitution ◽  
Decisive Role ◽  
International Market ◽  
Industrial Sector ◽  
Continuous Growth ◽  
Primary Products ◽  
Earnings Instability ◽  
The Impact

Since independence, Pakistan, like many other countries, has been facing the problem of the balance-of-payments deficit. A number of policies have been introduced during different periods for rapid and continuous growth in Pakistan’s exports. These policies, like import substitution, devaluation of the rupee in 1972, export finance schemes, tax concessions, delinking of the rupee from the U.S. dollar in 1982, etc., have helped in boosting its exports to some extent but not enough to stabilise its export earnings. The fluctuations in export earnings are known to have serious consequences. Specifically, unstable export earnings affect the investment decisions by hindering the continuous import of industrial raw materials. This, in turn, impedes the growth of the industrial sector. Moreover, it causes fluctuations in the GNP and promotes uncertainty in the economy. This uncertainty plays a decisive role in the private sector’s hesitation to invest in the large-scale manufacturing industries, thereby hampering the country’s overall development. Keeping in view the possibly serious consequences of export earnings instability, a study exploring its causes is in order. Concentration of exports on a few commodities and exporting to only a few markets is among the possible explanations of the current instability in Pakistan’s export earnings. Due to commodity concentration, the chances of offsetting the impact of adverse price movements in the international market are reduced. This commodity concentration is often associated with the concentration on primary products and is, therefore, the basis for a policy of diversification away from primary products. A diversification away from primary products and towards industrial goods is desirable for another reason, not central to this paper; and that is that the terms of trade argument which claims that the relative prices of the primary products have increased slowly relative to the prices of the manufactured goods in the international market.

scholarly journals Alternative Trade Strategies and Employment in LDCs: An Overview

1981 ◽  
Vol 20 (3) ◽  
pp. 277-301 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anne O. Krueger
Keyword(s):  
Trade Policy ◽  
Employment Growth ◽  
Manufacturing Sector ◽  
Policy Instruments ◽  
Industrial Sector ◽  
Industrial Employment ◽  
Alternative Trade ◽  
Factor Markets ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Domestic Factor

This paper reviews the theoretical and empirical evidence about interactions between trade policy instruments and domestic factor markets and their role in affecting the labour intensity of industry mix and choice of techniques in a number of developing countries. Using estimates of the elasticities of substitution in the manufacturing sector ,statistical evidence is presented to determine the impact of trade policy on industrial employment. There is a strong presumption that the phenomena under review were mainly responsible for low rates of employment growth in the industrial sector in those countries where distortions were sizeable.

Formation of conditions of functioning of management companies of reclamation parks providing highly competitive economic efficiency

2020 ◽  
pp. 30-36
Author(s):  
Ivan Abramenko ◽  
Svetlana Manzhina ◽  
Svetlana Kupriyanova
Keyword(s):  
Russian Federation ◽  
Rapid Development ◽  
Import Substitution ◽  
Industrial Sector ◽  
Federal Programs ◽  
Effective Work ◽  
Industrial Parks ◽  
Level Of Activity ◽  
Decision Making Processes ◽  
The Russian Federation

The aim of the study is to find solutions aimed at the formation of optimal conditions for the creation and functioning of reclamation parks on the territory of existing institutions for reclamation subordinated to the Ministry of agriculture of Russia, through the establishment and justification of the necessary list of functions and powers of their management companies. The comparative analysis of the concept of creation of agricultural parks and the documents regulating functioning of agro-industrial parks is carried out. In addition, the studies were conducted in the context of Federal programs and other legislative acts of the Russian Federation. The analysis of regulatory documentation and scientific developments in the field of agro-industrial sector allowed to compare and make informed decisions on the formation of functions and powers of the management companies of reclamation parks. The formed materials will allow to organize highly effective work of the management companies of recreational parks, by endowing the latter with the necessary functions and powers, without burdening them with unnecessary functions that are not within their competence. Thus formation of functions and powers providing competitive level of activity of reclamation parks needs to be carried out on the basis of functions and powers of the industrial and agroindustrial parks regulated by the current legislation. The formed substantiations will allow to accelerate decision-making processes in the field of powers and functions of managing companies of reclamation parks by legislative and Executive authorities, and thus will contribute to more rapid development of the reclamation complex of the Russian Federation, and as a consequence of the implementation of Federal programs and other legislative acts aimed at the development of agriculture and import substitution in this area.

“Community Interests” and the Role of International Law in the Creation of a Global Market for Agricultural Land

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jochen von Bernstorff
Keyword(s):  
International Law ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Agricultural Land ◽  
Food Sovereignty ◽  
Global Market ◽  
Negative Consequences ◽  
Cultural Rights ◽  
Land Grab ◽  
Large Scale Land ◽  
The One

The chapter explores the notion of “community interests” with regard to the global “land-grab” phenomenon. Over the last decade, a dramatic increase of foreign investment in agricultural land could be observed. Bilateral investment treaties protect around 75 per cent of these large-scale land acquisitions, many of which came with associated social problems, such as displaced local populations and negative consequences for food security in Third World countries receiving these large-scale foreign investments. Hence, two potentially conflicting areas of international law are relevant in this context: Economic, social, and cultural rights and the principles of permanent sovereignty over natural resources and “food sovereignty” challenging large-scale investments on the one hand, and specific norms of international economic law stabilizing them on the other. The contribution discusses the usefulness of the concept of “community interests” in cases where the two colliding sets of norms are both considered to protect such interests.

scholarly journals Urban Policies and Large Projects in Central City Areas: The Example of Madrid (Spain)

Urban Science ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 42
Author(s):  
Dolores Brandis García
Keyword(s):  
Urban Planning ◽  
20Th Century ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Central City ◽  
Global Market ◽  
Late 20Th Century ◽  
Public And Private ◽  
Urban Policies ◽  
Starting Point ◽  
The City

Since the late 20th century major, European cities have exhibited large projects driven by neoliberal urban planning policies whose aim is to enhance their position on the global market. By locating these projects in central city areas, they also heighten and reinforce their privileged situation within the city as a whole, thus contributing to deepening the centre–periphery rift. The starting point for this study is the significance and scope of large projects in metropolitan cities’ urban planning agendas since the final decade of the 20th century. The aim of this article is to demonstrate the correlation between the various opposing conservative and progressive urban policies, and the projects put forward, for the city of Madrid. A study of documentary sources and the strategies deployed by public and private agents are interpreted in the light of a process during which the city has had a succession of alternating governments defending opposing urban development models. This analysis allows us to conclude that the predominant large-scale projects proposed under conservative policies have contributed to deepening the centre–periphery rift appreciated in the city.

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