scholarly journals Growth and Structural Change in Pakistan Manufacturing Industry, 1954-1964

1965 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 94-139 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stephen R. Lewis, Jr. ◽  
Ronald Soligo
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Manufacturing Industry ◽  
Manufacturing Sector ◽  
Import Substitution ◽  
Empirical Work ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Industrial Growth ◽  
Export Markets ◽  
Aggregate Growth ◽  
Manufacturing Growth

It has been evident for some time that Pakistan has enjoyed a rate of growth of its large-scale manufacturing sector that is indeed enviable. Some efforts have been made to study and understand this process both in terms of aggregate growth [20] and with reference to specific industries and policies [6]. In addition, a point of view has grown up in unofficial [21] and in official circles [16; 17; 18], that due to tariff and licensing policies, growth in manufacturing industry in Pakistan has proceeded via import substitution in light, consumer goods industries, that the possibilities for further growth in these directions are now extremely limited, that the export markets for such goods are small (due to a variety of reasons) and that future growth must take place via import substitution in intermediate goods and primarily in capital goods industries. As yet, little empirical work has been done to examine the various parts of this point of view. The purposes of the present paper are twofold. First, we have made a few simple improvements in the data on industrial growth and have collected such data as are available on production, imports, and exports of manufactured goods at a somewhat disaggregated level. Second, we have made some simple analysis of the patterns of manufacturing growth and discussed a few relationships that seem to have influenced the direction of industrial expansion over the past decade. In the latter part of the paper, we have reexamined the generally accepted point of view about industrial growth.

A Note on Growth and Structural Change in Pakistan's Manufacturing Industry 1954-1964 (Notes & Comments)

1969 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 58-65 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. L. Eysbnbach
Keyword(s):  
Structural Change ◽  
Consumer Goods ◽  
Manufacturing Industry ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Import Substitution ◽  
Simple Analysis ◽  
Capital Goods ◽  
Industrial Growth ◽  
Manufacturing Growth

Lewis and Soligo studied the growth and structural change in Pakistan's manufacturing using a simple analysis of patterns of manufacturing growth [3]. Then, employing their results to re-examine the generally accepted view of Pakis¬tan's industrial growth, they found that import substitution had not been largely confined to consumer-goods industries [3, p. 108] and concluded that it would be difficult to accept the widely held hypothesis that distortions in industrial growth had resulted from the protectionist policies pursued [3, p. 111]. More specifically, they rejected the hypothesis of Power and Radhu that the greater protection accorded the consumer-goods industries would encourage the growth of domestic consumer-goods production using imported capital goods and raw materials [3, p. 96].

The Distorted Growth of Import-Substitution Industry: the Zambian Case

1974 ◽  
Vol 12 (4) ◽  
pp. 601-631 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ann Seidman
Keyword(s):  
Manufacturing Industry ◽  
Manufacturing Sector ◽  
Import Substitution ◽  
Rapid Expansion ◽  
Industrial Growth ◽  
Development Decade ◽  
Independence Era ◽  
The 1960S

THE importance of industrial growth is widely agreed in Zambia, as elsewhere.1In the post-independence era, Zambia's manufacturing sector actually did grow at a rate exceeding that suggested by the U.N. experts as critical for attainment of the goals of the ‘Development Decade’ of the 1960s.2But the rapid expansion of manufacturing industry did not contribute significantly to the spread of increased productivity in all sectors of the Zambian economy.

Foreign Trade of Russia: Barometer Foretells Storm

2016 ◽  
Vol 60 (2) ◽  
pp. 15-25
Author(s):  
V. Obolenskiy
Keyword(s):  
Foreign Trade ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Manufacturing Industry ◽  
Import Substitution ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Scale Production ◽  
Goods And Services ◽  
Effective System ◽  
The Government ◽  
The Developed Countries

The development of Russian foreign trade during the previous five years is analyzed. It is stated that, in terms of value, exports of services and imports of goods and services steadily grew during the first four years of the period under review. Exports of goods also rose during three years, but in 2014 both exports and imports again fell in comparison with the previous year as was the case five years ago. The composition of the Russian exports and imports of goods did not change radically during the previous years. The main items of export are, as always, mineral products, metals and fertilizers. Import is prevailed by foodstuffs, chemicals and heavy engineering equipment. The current situation is featured by the reduction of world oil prices, slump of the domestic economy and war of sanctions with the Western countries. All this substantially impairs the conditions of Russia’s foreign trade activities and inhibits its development in the upcoming years. In the author’s view, the implementation of measures worked out by the government – correction of tariff liabilities before the WTO, redirecting of trade streams from the European to the Asian markets, import substitution and export support – will unlikely improve the situation. Revision of the liabilities before the WTO in the conditions of the decrease of the internal demand and serious devaluation of Ruble is considered as inappropriate and counterproductive. “Asiatic turn” is only capable to compensate to a certain respect the loss of supplies of some food products from Europe, but cannot fully offset the loss of potentialities of the acquisition of modern technologies and equipment from the developed countries. It is doubtful that it will be possible to dramatically cut the import dependence. It is necessary to replace many kinds of foreign goods, but it is impossible to implement a frontal substitution of import in all directions. Excessive stress on the import substitution might lead to the emergence of shortages and poorer availability of some goods at the internal market and, at the worst, to self-isolation and economic autarky. The attempts to build up an effective system of export support might be successful only in the conditions of the establishment of the large-scale production of goods and services which would be comparable with the foreign analogues in respect to the criteria of price and quality. Taking this into consideration the technological renovation of production processes, first of all in the manufacturing industry, and on this basis rising up of the competitiveness of plants and factories are the most important prerequisites for encouraging export activities and formation of the new export specialization of the country.

scholarly journals Efficiency of Large-scale Manufacturing in Pakistan: A Production Frontier Approach

2006 ◽  
Vol 45 (4II) ◽  
pp. 689-700 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tariq Mahmood ◽  
Ejaz Ghani ◽  
Musleh-Ud Din
Keyword(s):  
Trade Policy ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Manufacturing Sector ◽  
Import Substitution ◽  
Industrial Sector ◽  
Global Market ◽  
Early Years ◽  
Policy Reforms ◽  
Market Place ◽  
Production Frontier

The large scale manufacturing sector in Pakistan has gained increasing prominence over the years with its share in output rising to about 13 percent in 2005-06 from 5.67 percent in 1959-60.1 The sector has operated amid varying policy environments ranging from outright import substitution in the early years to a more deregulated and liberal environment in the recent years driven largely by concerns to improve the efficiency of the industrial sector which is critical for attaining greater competitiveness. While industrial and trade policy reforms in recent years have exposed domestic enterprises to greater internal and external competition, most of these enterprises continue to seek state patronage and have yet to reposition themselves to compete effectively in the global market place. Furthermore, the trade policy still has an import substitution bias for certain critical sectors whose imports are subject to tariff peaks and this raises concerns on their efficiency. This study aims to assess the efficiency of large scale manufacturing sector in Pakistan using the production frontier approach. Section 2 reviews the literature while Section 3 sets out the methodology and discusses data employed in the study. Section 4 analyses empirical findings, and Section 5 concludes the discussion.

IMPACT OF THE COVID-19 PANDEMIC ON THE FOOD SITUATION IN RUSSIA

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (6) ◽  
pp. 960-971
Author(s):  
N.N. Shurakova ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Supply Chains ◽  
Food Systems ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Food System ◽  
Import Substitution ◽  
Industrial Sector ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Income Loss ◽  
Economic Relations ◽  
Global Challenge

The article examines such a new global challenge as the coronavirus pandemic. The features of this large-scale, unprecedented shock and the economic crisis agent are analyzed. It was noted that among the affected sectors of the world economy, there is the global agri-food system: a demand shock is superimposed on the supply shock, world trade is paralyzed, logistics flows are disrupted, supply chains are disrupted, and agricultural production is likely to decline. The outbreak of COVID-19 has led to a fall in the Russian economy. It is concluded that currently nothing threatens food security from the point of view of physical accessibility. However, the economic availability of food may not be ensured due to income loss and rising prices. In addition, COVID-19 may negatively affect the country’s export-oriented food course, foreign economic relations in the agro-industrial sector and the current import substitution policy. Despite the fact that the country is currently provided with food, there are still problems connected with the dependence on the import of technologies and components, machinery and equipment, breeding products and seeds. It has been substantiated that in order to prevent food crisis in the foreseeable future, the restructuring and stabilization of food systems at the national and global levels is required, which could ensure their sustainability and smooth operation in terms of creating backup channels and reserves to prevent disruptions and blockages in supply chains that are observed in period of COVID-19.

scholarly journals Response of Manufacturing Sector to Financial Liberalization in Pakistan

2020 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 583-592
Author(s):  
Saira Baloch ◽  
Kaneez Fatima ◽  
Jameel Ahmed ◽  
Amna Noor
Keyword(s):  
Manufacturing Industry ◽  
Financial Liberalization ◽  
Negative Impact ◽  
Manufacturing Sector ◽  
Firm Entry ◽  
Industrial Growth ◽  
External Finance ◽  
New Firm ◽  
The Impact ◽  
New Firm Entry

It has been believed that financial liberalization can stimulate industrial growth which may be translated into overall growth of the economy by efficient allocation of credit which generates investment opportunities by reducing the cost of investment, deregulations, privatizations and reduced capital controls. This paper aims to examine the impact of financial liberalization on industrial response in manufacturing industry measured as new firm entry. Moreover, moderating effect of external finance dependence on the relationship of financial liberalization and firm entry is estimated. We estimate the model using Generalized methods of moments and found that external finance dependence has a significant negative impact of new firm entry, while financial liberalization has a positive but insignificant impact on firm entry. Nevertheless, a statistically significant positive moderating impact of external finance dependence is documented which implies that the sectors which are more dependent on external finance gain disproportionate benefit from financial liberalization.

Measuring the performance of small, medium and large manufacturing in Punjab: A bootstrapped Malmquist index analysis

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Asim Iqbal ◽  
Rana Tahir Naveed ◽  
Ahmad Mohmad Albassami ◽  
MahsaMoshfegyan
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Manufacturing Industry ◽  
High Efficiency ◽  
Manufacturing Sector ◽  
New Technology ◽  
Malmquist Index ◽  
Manufacturing Industries ◽  
Scale Efficiency ◽  
Productivity Change ◽  
Operation And Management

The manufacturing sector has played a pivotal role for the development of the economies. It generates jobs, earn foreign reserves by exports and serves domestic economy as well. Given the importance of manufacturing sector, the performance measurement of this sector has been the main interest of economists, researchers and policymakers. The objective of the present study is to measure the performance of small, medium and large scale manufacturing industries. We utilized non-parametric approach to measure the performance by using survey panel data during 1995-2005. Further, for hypotheses testing, we use bootstrapping approach to test the null of insignificant change in the performance measures. We found that small and large scale manufacturing industries do not significantly change their technological frontier during the study period, while, both are highly efficient due to the better operation and management. Further, for high efficiency, the contribution of scale efficiency is larger as compare to the operation and management in case of large scale manufacturing industries. On the other hand, medium scale industries significantly shifted their technological frontier and adopted new technology or innovations, this sector is also efficient due to the better operation and management. However, the performance of all these manufacturing industries in terms of productivity change is not satisfactory. We conclude that by and large, the manufacturing industry has been endeavoring to improve its efficiency by expanding production with the help of available resources and administrative strategies. The conspicuous element is that the firms are reluctant to put resources into R&D which can shift production frontier upward. Keywords: Small, Medium and Large manufacturing, Performance, DEA, Bootstrapping, Punjab

An Exploratory Study of Information Systems in Support of Employee Empowerment

2000 ◽  
Vol 15 (3) ◽  
pp. 211-230 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anna Psoinos ◽  
Thomas Kern ◽  
Steve Smithson
Keyword(s):  
Information Systems ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Manufacturing Industry ◽  
Empirical Work ◽  
Postal Survey ◽  
Employee Empowerment ◽  
Manufacturing Companies ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Manufacturing Organizations ◽  
Computer Based

The notion of employee empowerment in today's organizations is becoming increasingly important with the growing degree of responsibility individual employees hold. This paper presents the findings of a longitudinal study which examined the relationship between computer-based information systems (IS) and empowerment in detail drawing heavily on empirical work carried out in the British manufacturing industry. The paper elaborates and discusses the conceptual issues which are relevant to the idea of empowerment and its relationship with IS, before determining empowerment to be in essence the decentralization of decision-making authority to lower levels of the organization. The lack of any research on this topic led us to carry out a combination of empirical research. A large-scale postal survey of 450 UK manufacturing companies followed by a series of 20 in-depth interviews in 18 top UK manufacturing organizations formed the basis for this paper. The findings confirmed that empowerment is indeed pursued by many UK manufacturing organizations within their various efforts at improving their organization of work. The research participants viewed IS as an important enabling tool for empowerment offering many opportunities, but clearly noted that the role of IS in this is supportive rather than initiating; IS do not lead to employees becoming empowered. However, the interviews revealed that manufacturing organizations are facing a wide range of problems and difficulties with their existing IS raising a number of constraints. The paper concludes with a number of practical suggestions for using IS as a supportive means for empowering employees.

scholarly journals Structure of Large-scale Manufacturing Industries of Pakistan (1950-1988)

1994 ◽  
Vol 33 (4II) ◽  
pp. 1373-1384
Author(s):  
Shahnaz Rauf
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Manufacturing Industry ◽  
Industrial Structure ◽  
Empirical Work ◽  
Plant Size ◽  
International Standards ◽  
Barriers To Entry ◽  
Average Plant ◽  
Average Size ◽  
Almost All

Bain's (1951) paradigm provided a theoretical underpinning for a great deal of the empirical work on the structure-conduct-performance relationship in the past. The results of almost all the' earlier studies lend support to the hypothesis. What it states is that the presence of various "barriers to entry" to an industry determines its level of concentration (structure). High levels of concentration in turn facilitate co-operative price behaviour (conduct). This collusive behaviour then leads to high profits (performance). The purpose of the present pap~r is to examine the evolution of the structure of manufacturing industry by tracing the pattern of changes, over time (1970, 1978, 1984 and 1988) in some of the basic aspects of industrial structure like (a) distribution of firm size and type of ownership; (b) trends in aggregate concentration in manufacturing industry; (c) the levels of concentration in individual industries; and (d) the average size of establishment and plant size in Pakistan in relation to international standards of average plant size.

Nigeria at the Cross-Roads - Can the “Giant of Africa” Overcome Her Social, Political and Economic Challenges?

2020 ◽  
pp. 4-15
Author(s):  
György Neszmélyi
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Manufacturing Industry ◽  
Agricultural Sector ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Decision Makers ◽  
Religious Groups ◽  
Long Run ◽  
Tools And Techniques ◽  
Populous Country ◽  
Made In

The paper, beyond a comprehensive geographical, social and economic introduction of the most populous country of Africa, attempts to provide an insight to those challenges and problems which Nigeria faces nowadays. Beyond the rapid growth of the population, another main factor is the exploitation and export of crude oil which has been providing Nigeria with “easy cash” for the recent few decades. Another point is that agricultural holdings are small and scattered, and farming is carried out with simple tools and techniques. Modern and large-scale farms are not common as well as the manufacturing industry is also lagging. The political leadership and the economic decision makers of the country have already recognized the necessity of re-structuring the economy, the development of the food and agricultural sector and the manufacturing industry. All these are of key importance in order to stop frictions and tensions among the various ethnic and religious groups of the Nigerians and further develop their peaceful and long-run co-existence in the country. The study also talks about the desired ways and those measures which the former or incumbent Nigerian leadership has already made in order to find appropriate answers to the challenges. A brief overview from theEuropean point of view makes the analysis, which was prepared on the basis of mainly secondary and partially primary research, complete.

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