KONSEP PERTANIAN PULAU-PULAU KECIL BERBASIS GUGUS PULAU MENGHADAPI PERUBAHAN IKLIM GLOBAL DI PROVINSI MALUKU

Indonesia has already agreed to and submitted Intended Nationally Determined Contributions (INDC) to the UNFCCC, to reduce emission gases by 29% on its own and by 41% with outside help by 2030. This step follows the Paris Agreement (COP 21) to reduce world emission gases to prevent the earth warming by 20C . Maluku is characterized by small islands, narrow and short watersheds and needs an innovative approach to development. Multi landscape based development of small islands means using island clusters, watersheds, ecological conditions and socio-economic conditions. An agricultural concept for small islands based on multi landscape plans like green economics has been developed in 3 base concepts : (1) conceptual framework; (2) macro concept framework; (3) micro concept framework. The multi landscape format integrates water catchments and RTRWP/K which are organized into the smallest management units in accordance with indigenous rights. The complete landscape is managed using an agroforestry system for conservation of the watersheds, islands, cluster groups and seas. Thus, the agricultural concept can deliver productivity and services to meet the needs of the community and the environment as well as for mitigation of and adaptation to climate change.

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Climate Change: Reversing the Past and Advancing the Future

AJIL Unbound ◽

10.1017/aju.2020.89 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 115 ◽

pp. 80-85

Author(s):

Daniel Bodansky

Keyword(s):

Climate Change ◽

Climate Change Policy ◽

The United States ◽

Paris Agreement ◽

Montreal Protocol ◽

Global Institutions ◽

Change Policy ◽

Global Action ◽

Nationally Determined Contributions ◽

Executive Action

After four years of not simply inaction but significant retrogression in U.S. climate change policy, the Biden administration has its work cut out. As a start, it needs to undo what Trump did. The Biden administration took a step in that direction on Day 1 by rejoining the Paris Agreement. But simply restoring the pre-Trump status quo ante is not enough. The United States also needs to push for more ambitious global action. In part, this will require strengthening parties’ nationally determined contributions (NDCs) under the Paris Agreement; but it will also require actions by what Sue Biniaz, the former State Department climate change lawyer, likes to call the Greater Metropolitan Paris Agreement—that is, the array of other international actors that help advance the Paris Agreement's goals, including global institutions such as the International Maritime Organization (IMO), the Montreal Protocol, and the World Bank, as well as regional organizations and non-state actors. Although the Biden administration can pursue some of these international initiatives directly through executive action, new regulatory initiatives will face an uncertain fate in the Supreme Court. So how much the Biden Administration is able to achieve will likely depend significantly on how much a nearly evenly-divided Congress is willing to support.

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Adaptation to Climate Change under Climate Change Treaties

International Community Law Review ◽

10.1163/18719732-12341467 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 23 (2-3) ◽

pp. 158-167

Author(s):

Agata Bator ◽

Agnieszka Borek

Keyword(s):

Climate Change ◽

Paris Agreement ◽

International Level ◽

Adaptation To Climate Change ◽

Adaptation Measures ◽

Policy Makers ◽

Adverse Impacts ◽

Global Agreement ◽

Local Levels ◽

Impacts Of Climate Change

Abstract On the ground that climate change poses a great threat to societies and economies, it became evident for policy makers that attention should be given to the problem of adaptation, i.e. adaptation measures should be undertaken to minimize the adverse impacts of climate change. As the debate on the adverse impacts of climate change advanced at international level, states are taking actions at national, regional and local levels. Along with the increase awareness regarding importance of adaptation, regulations designed to prepare states to strengthen their resilience to climate change, has been developed in climate change treaties. Paris Agreement seems to be the first global agreement which addresses adaptation as one of its key goals and links it with mitigation efforts. The purpose of this article is to discuss the most important regulations and programmes within the regime established by the Framework Convention and the Paris Agreement concerning adaptation to climate change.

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International Law Obligations Arising in relation to Nationally Determined Contributions

Transnational Environmental Law ◽

10.1017/s2047102518000110 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 7 (2) ◽

pp. 251-275 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Benoit Mayer

Keyword(s):

Climate Change ◽

International Law ◽

Paris Agreement ◽

The Other ◽

Other Hand ◽

Legal Obligations ◽

Nationally Determined Contributions ◽

The One

AbstractThis article analyzes the international law obligations that arise in relation to nationally determined contributions (NDCs). It argues that distinct and concurrent obligations arise from two separate sources. On the one hand, treaty obligations arise under the Paris Agreement, which imposes an obligation of conduct on parties: they must take adequate measures towards the realization of the mitigation targets contained in their NDCs. On the other hand, communications such as NDCs may constitute unilateral declarations that also create legal obligations. These unilateral declarations impose obligations of various types, which may extend beyond mitigation. For example, they may specify measures of implementation or demand the achievement of a particular result. The potential ‘double-bindingness’ of NDCs should be a central consideration in the interpretation of international law obligations regarding climate change.

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The Elusive Governance of Climate Change: Nationally Determined Contributions as Commitments and Negotiating Positions

Global Environmental Politics ◽

10.1162/glep_a_00585 ◽

2020 ◽

pp. 1-26

Author(s):

Justin Leinaweaver ◽

Robert Thomson

Keyword(s):

Climate Change ◽

Paris Agreement ◽

The Political ◽

Review System ◽

Main Approach ◽

National Policies ◽

Key Characteristics ◽

Nationally Determined Contributions ◽

International Interactions ◽

New Framework

Since the Paris Agreement of 2016, the international community’s main approach to addressing climate change is for states to determine their own commitments in a pledge and review system. Parties to the Paris Agreement formulate Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs), which are documents that give details of their national policies and plans. They are free to formulate and present national policies as they choose, and as a result, there is substantial variation in the content and form of NDCs. This study presents a new framework for assessing and comparing the political meanings of these documents. The framework builds on two distinct ways in which NDCs can be understood. NDCs may be commitments to the international community and domestic actors. Alternatively, they may embody states’ negotiating positions in an ongoing process of national and international interactions. The framework consists of a set of thematic categories to which each sentence of these documents can be allocated. The application of this framework enables us to compare the political content of states’ NDCs systematically. The study demonstrates the validity of the framework by correlating its results with key characteristics of states. The findings also provide evidence for the two distinct perspectives on these documents.

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The Voices of Local NGOs in Climate Change Issues: Examples from Climate Vulnerable Nations

Cosmopolitan Civil Societies An Interdisciplinary Journal ◽

10.5130/ccs.v10.i3.6019 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 10 (3) ◽

pp. 63-80

Author(s):

Ian M McGregor ◽

Hilary Yerbury ◽

Ahmed Shahid

Keyword(s):

Climate Change ◽

At Risk ◽

Scientific Knowledge ◽

Knowledge Creation ◽

Knowledge Brokering ◽

Adaptation To Climate Change ◽

Small Countries ◽

New Knowledge ◽

Nationally Determined Contributions

The contributions of small local non-government organisations (NGOs) in countries at risk from climate change to knowledge creation and action on climate change are rarely considered. This study sought to remedy this by focusing on NGOs in member countries of the Climate Vulnerable Forum (CVF). Analysing data from Intended Nationally Determined Contributions (INDCs), NGO websites and email correspondence with NGO staff through a knowledge brokering typology, this study examines the ways in which local NGOs in five members of the CVF (Afghanistan, Bhutan, Kiribati, Nepal and Tuvalu) take action, generate new knowledge and understandings and contribute to the plans and actions of their government and the international community. The study found that local NGOs are involved in the creation of new knowledge both at the scientific and community level and engage in actions to support adaptation to climate change. However, there are differences in the approaches they take when making contributions to scientific knowledge and climate change debates. The findings of this study suggest the need to reconceptualise the role of local NGOs in small countries at risk from climate change.

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Global Recognition of the Importance of Nature-Based Solutions to Climate Change Impacts

10.20944/preprints201810.0203.v2 ◽

2019 ◽

Author(s):

Nathalie Seddon ◽

Elizabeth Daniels ◽

Rowan Davis ◽

Rian Harris ◽

Xiaoting Hou-Jones ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Climate Change ◽

Global Climate ◽

Climate Change Policy ◽

Climate Change Impacts ◽

Evidence Base ◽

Paris Agreement ◽

Change Policy ◽

Ecosystem Science ◽

Nationally Determined Contributions ◽

Science Community

Ecosystems are not merely vulnerable to climate change but, if sustainably restored and protected, are a major source of human resilience. Not only is the evidence-base for the importance of these “Nature-based Solutions” (NbS) growing rapidly, but NbS are featuring with increasing prominence in global climate change policy. Here we report on the prominence of NbS in the 141 adaptation components of the 167 Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs) that were submitted to UNFCCC by all signatories of the Paris Agreement. In total, 103 nations include NbS in the adaptation component of their NDC, 76 nations include them in both their adaptation and mitigation component, and an additional 27 include them as part of their mitigation plans only. In other words, 130 nations—or 66% of all signatories to the Paris Agreement—have articulated intentions of working with ecosystems, in one form or another, to address the causes and consequences of climate change. However, commitments rarely translate into robust science-based targets. As climate pledges are revised in 2020, we urge the ecosystem science community to work closely with policymakers to identify meaningful adaptation targets that benefit both people and the ecosystems on which they depend.

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Paris: Beyond the Climate Dead End through Pledge and Review?

Politics and Governance ◽

10.17645/pag.v4i3.634 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 4 (3) ◽

pp. 142-151 ◽

Cited By ~ 32

Author(s):

Robert O. Keohane ◽

Michael Oppenheimer

Keyword(s):

Climate Change ◽

Domestic Politics ◽

Oecd Countries ◽

Paris Agreement ◽

Financial Transfers ◽

Newly Industrializing Countries ◽

Dead End ◽

Climate Action ◽

Nationally Determined Contributions ◽

Paris Climate Agreement

The Paris Climate Agreement of December 2015 marks a decisive break from the unsuccessful Kyoto regime. Instead of targets and timetables, it established a Pledge and Review system, under which states will offer Nationally Determined Contributions (INDCs) to reducing emissions that cause climate change. But this successful negotiation outcome was achieved at the price of vagueness of obligations and substantial discretion for governments. Many governments will be tempted to use the vagueness of the Paris Agreement, and the discretion that it permits, to limit the scope or intensity of their proposed actions. Whether Pledge and Review under the Paris Agreement will lead to effective action against climate change will therefore depend on the inclination both of OECD countries and newly industrializing countries to take costly actions, which for the OECD countries will include financial transfers to their poorer partners. Domestic politics will be crucial in determining the attitudes of both sets of countries to pay such costs. The actual impact of the Paris Agreement will depend on whether it can be used by domestic groups favoring climate action as a point of leverage in domestic politics—that is, in a “two-level game” simultaneously involving both international and domestic politics.

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An Aretaic Jurisprudence Approach to the Character of the Secretary-General of the United Nations as a Norm Entrepreneur to Save the Earth from the Adverse Impact of Climate Change

The Korean Journal of International and Comparative Law ◽

10.1163/22134484-12340096 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 6 (1) ◽

pp. 30-46

Author(s):

Ratna Juwita

Keyword(s):

Climate Change ◽

Paris Agreement ◽

Secretary General ◽

General Will ◽

Member States ◽

The Core ◽

The Earth ◽

Virtuous Character ◽

Combat Climate Change ◽

Norm Entrepreneur

Abstract In 2015, the Paris Agreement was adopted to strengthen the legal continuum to combat climate change. The Secretary-General as the chief administrative, world premier diplomat and norm entrepreneur of the UN has to diplomatically persuade all member States to ratify the international legal instruments. This research suggests that the Secretary-General must possess virtuous character in order to carry on the mandate of the UN Charter, especially as a norm entrepreneur to address the issue of climate change. Aretaic jurisprudence approach is used to interpret further the character that has to be possessed by the Secretary-General. Based on the Aristotelian virtues as the core philosophy of aretaic jurisprudence, the Secretary-General has to possess the virtues of courage and temperance. In the fight against climate change, a virtuous Secretary-General will play the pivotal role as a norm entrepreneur in inviting and persuading all member States to cooperate in unity.

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