scholarly journals Measurement of Temperature Dependent Dielectric Constant of Coal Samples for Burden Surface Profiling at Blast Furnace

2021 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 38-51
Author(s):  
Chitresh Kundu ◽  
Prabal Patra ◽  
Bipan Tudu ◽  
Dibyayan Patra
Keyword(s):  
Dielectric Constant ◽  
Blast Furnace ◽  
Electromagnetic Waves ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Steel Production ◽  
Cavity Resonator ◽  
Optimal Operation ◽  
Profile Measurement ◽  
Blast Furnaces ◽  
Iron And Steel

Blast furnaces (BFs) are the key receptacles of iron and steel smelting. Iron ore, coke and limestone are some of the raw materials that are used in the process of iron making and the charging operation needs to be accomplished by accurately estimating the current depth of the burden surface. To accomplish the goal of global class steel production, burden profile measurement and monitoring is vital. This measuring and monitoring help in augmenting the best usage of charge materials and energy consumptions. Radar based measurement is best for determine the level and profile of the burden inside the furnace. However, for the optimal operation of the radar, it is important know the dielectric constant of the material. There are many approaches to determine the dielectric constant like capacitive methods, transmission line methods, cavity resonator methods, open cavity methods and so on. For this study the cavity resonator method is has been used for measuring the permittivity of coal samples. The reflection capability of electromagnetic waves by coal is a function of its dielectric properties which is also has a dependency on temperature. The results presented in this paper will provide essential design input for radar-based measurements at blast furnace, especially for burden profiling at blast furnaces.

Developing Nanomaterials for Ironmaking Processes: Theory and Practice

2017 ◽  
Vol 865 ◽  
pp. 3-8
Author(s):  
K.S. Abdel Halim ◽  
M. Ramadan ◽  
A. Shawabkeh ◽  
N. Fathy
Keyword(s):  
Blast Furnace ◽  
Energy Consumption ◽  
Iron Oxide ◽  
Direct Reduction ◽  
Steel Production ◽  
Theory And Practice ◽  
Current Status ◽  
Iron And Steel ◽  
Iron And Steel Production ◽  
Promising Source

Ironmaking processes take three main forms namely; blast furnace, direct reduction and direct smelting processes. Ironmaking is energy intensive sector as it requires huge amount of natural resources. It is also very important for the worldwide economy where it provides the backbone for construction, transportation and manufacturing. Many factors are strongly affecting the developing of ironmaking processes such as energy consumption, materials costs, and environment problems. These factors should be considered when discussing any new trend for developing ironmaking processes. The present work handles the current status and future of ironmaking processes. The technical and economic environment that motivates the development of these processes will be also clarified. The manuscript is designated to investigate theoretically and practically the possibility of using nanomaterials in ironmaking processes. Nano-sized iron oxides can be considered a promising source for deceasing energy consumption in iron and steel industry. The reduction of iron oxide is the most important processes in ironmaking and usually operated at relatively high temperatures. The nanopowder of iron oxide could be charged to a blast furnace together with the blast, much like the current pulverized coal injection technology. In that case, the reducibility of blast furnace burdens will be improved and consequently the energy consumption for reduction will be declined. Accordingly, minimizing the energy consumption will greatly influence the gross energy consumption of iron and steel production.

On the industrial symbiosis of alumina and iron/steel production: Suitability of ferroalumina as raw material in iron and steel making

2021 ◽  
pp. 0734242X2199190
Author(s):  
Spiros Karamoutsos ◽  
Theofani Tzevelekou ◽  
Angeliki Christogerou ◽  
Eleni Grilla ◽  
Antonios Gypakis ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Blast Furnace ◽  
Circular Economy ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Action Plan ◽  
Steel Production ◽  
Industrial Process ◽  
Graphite Crucible ◽  
Filter Press ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Industrial Symbiosis

The biggest challenge for our society, in order to foster the sustainable circular economy, is the efficient recycling of wastes from industrial, commercial, domestic and other streams. The transition to a circular economy is the goal of the European Commission’s Circular Economy Action, which was first launched in 2015. In 2020 the above action plan announced initiatives along the entire life cycle of the product, with the aim to make sustainable products the norm in the EU. Therefore, it is anticipated that the above action will result in an increase in Europe’s economic competitiveness, sustainability, resource efficiency and resource security. Within this context, the suitability of ferroalumina as a raw material in the blast furnace is investigated. Ferroalumina is the product of the high-pressure filter press dewatering process of the Greek red mud generated during the production of alumina by means of the Bayer cycle. Ferroalumina is a low-cost raw material and its possible charging in the blast furnace and/or steelmaking aggregates is a step towards industrial symbiosis, where the wastes, namely by-products, of an industry or an industrial process, become the raw materials for another. In the present work the effect of ferroalumina addition as a raw material was examined by smelting ferroalumina, blast furnace-slag, lime and scrap at 1550°C in a graphite crucible and a constant slag basicity. The increase of the alumina content in the slag improves the desulfurization capacity. Moreover, the silicon exchange between slag and metal was examined. The results indicate that the alkalis’ capacity of the slag increases with the addition of ferroalumina. The analysis of the finally obtained slag suggests that it could be suitable for utilization in slag-cement production.

scholarly journals Extraction of the Rare Element Vanadium from Vanadium-Containing Materials by Chlorination Method: A Critical Review

Metals ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (8) ◽  
pp. 1301
Author(s):  
Shiyuan Liu ◽  
Weihua Xue ◽  
Lijun Wang
Keyword(s):  
Raw Materials ◽  
Steel Production ◽  
Research Progress ◽  
Vanadium Slag ◽  
Rare Element ◽  
Iron And Steel ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Spent Catalysts ◽  
Iron And Steel Production ◽  
Titanium Magnetite

Vanadium as a rare element has a wide range of applications in iron and steel production, vanadium flow batteries, catalysts, etc. In 2018, the world’s total vanadium output calculated in the form of metal vanadium was 91,844 t. The raw materials for the production of vanadium products mainly include vanadium-titanium magnetite, vanadium slag, stone coal, petroleum coke, fly ash, and spent catalysts, etc. Chlorinated metallurgy has a wide range of applications in the treatment of ore, slag, solid wastes, etc. Chlorinating agent plays an important role in chlorination metallurgy, which is divided into solid (NaCl, KCl, CaCl2, AlCl3, FeCl2, FeCl3, MgCl2, NH4Cl, NaClO, and NaClO3) and gas (Cl2, HCl, and CCl4). The chlorination of vanadium oxides (V2O3 and V2O5) by different chlorinating agents was investigated from the thermodynamics. Meanwhile, this paper summarizes the research progress of chlorination in the treatment of vanadium-containing materials. This paper has important reference significance for further adopting the chlorination method to treat vanadium-containing raw materials.

scholarly journals Updated atmospheric mercury emissions from iron and steel production in China during 2000–2015

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Qingru Wu ◽  
Wei Gao ◽  
Shuxiao Wang ◽  
Jiming Hao
Keyword(s):  
Technology Development ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Steel Production ◽  
Coke Oven ◽  
Atmospheric Mercury ◽  
High Yield ◽  
Steel Scrap ◽  
Air Pollution Control ◽  
Iron And Steel ◽  
Iron And Steel Production

Abstract. Iron and steel production (ISP) is one of the significant atmospheric Hg emission sources in China. Atmospheric mercury (Hg) emissions from ISP during 2000–2015 were estimated by using a technology-based emission factor method. To support the application of this method, databases of Hg concentrations in raw materials, technology development trends, and Hg removal efficiencies of air pollution control devices (APCDs) were constructed through national sampling and literature review. Hg input to ISP increased from 21.6 t in 2000 to 94.5 t in 2015. In the various types of raw materials, coking coal and iron concentrates contributed 41 %–55 % and 22 %–30 % of the total Hg input. Atmospheric Hg emissions from ISP increased from 11.5 t in 2000 to 32.7 t in 2015 with the peak of 35.6 t in 2013. During the study period, although sinter/pellet plant and blast furnace were the largest two emission processes, emissions from roasting plant and coke oven accounted for 22 %–34 % of ISP’s emissions, which indicated that attention should also be paid on the emissions from these processes when estimating ISP’s emissions. Overall Hg speciation shifted from 50/44/6 (gaseous elemental Hg (Hg0)/gaseous oxidized Hg (HgII)/particulate-bound Hg (Hgp)) in 2000 to 40/59/1 in 2015, which indicated higher proportion of Hg deposition around the emission points. In the coming years, emissions from ISP are expected to decrease due to the projection of decreasing steel productions, increasing energy consumption efficiency, and improvement of APCDs. With the coming of high-yield-period of steel scrap production, the increasing application proportion of short process steel making method will not only reduce Hg emissions, but also increase the emission proportion of Hg0.

scholarly journals Влияние качества агломерата и кокса на технико-экономические показатели доменной плавки

2018 ◽  
pp. 17-24
Author(s):  
D.A. Kassim ◽  
A.K. Tarakanov ◽  
V.P. Lyalyuk ◽  
P.I. Otorvin ◽  
A.A. Gusev
Keyword(s):  
Blast Furnace ◽  
Gas Flow ◽  
Gas Permeability ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Mechanical Energy ◽  
Blast Furnaces ◽  
Depth Of Penetration ◽  
Total Mechanical Energy ◽  
Blowing Regime

Purpose: Compare the results of blast furnace smelting efficiency, when chang-ing the qualitative characteristics of the sinter and coke, and the calculated param-eters of the blowing regime of melting. Methodology: Analysis of technical and economic performance of blast furnaces during periods of work on the agglomerate with different metallurgical characteris-tics and different diameter of the tuyeres. Findings: The experience of blast furnaces with a volume of 2,700 and 2,000 m3 confirmed a known fact of the dependence of furnace efficiency and coke consump-tion not only through the quality of charge materials, but also through the distribu-tion of the gas flow along the furnace section. Originality: The technological analysis of the results of the operation of blast furnaces with the volume of 2700 and 2000 m3 with a change of the quality of the sinter and pellets in combination with the change of the blowing regime parame-ters was performed. On the basis of the performed analysis, it was confirmed the expediency of increasing the gas permeability of the charge by improving the quali-ty of the raw materials while increasing the total mechanical energy of the com-bined gas-blast and hearth-gas, which are responsible for the length of the com-bustion zone and the depth of penetration of the gas flow to the center of the blast furnace. Practical value: Alternation of tuyeres of different diameters along with the im-provement of the quality characteristics of charge materials, additionally contrib-utes to the enhancement of the positive effect due to the expansion of the combus-tion zones in the furnace hearth. And if in this case the total mechanical energy of the mountain gas rises and the depth of penetration of the furnace gas to the fur-nace axis increases, the effect of using high-quality raw materials can be maxim-ized. Keywords: agglomerate, coke, blowing, tuyeres, gas permeability, quality, total energy.

scholarly journals Effect of oxygen potential and fluxing components on phase relations during sintering of iron ore

2010 ◽  
Vol 46 (2) ◽  
pp. 123-130 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. Kongoli ◽  
I. Mcbow ◽  
R. Budd ◽  
S. Llubani ◽  
A. Yazawa
Keyword(s):  
Blast Furnace ◽  
Oxygen Potential ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Optimal Operation ◽  
Phase Relations ◽  
Care Needs ◽  
State Reduction ◽  
Effect Of Oxygen ◽  
Solid State Reduction ◽  
Sintering Processes

The optimal operation of the blast furnace depends considerably on the properties of the sinter fed into the furnace. As a result, the optimization of the sintering processes has a direct effect on the overall effectiveness of the iron making processes. In order to produce a good sinter special care needs to be taken in order to assure it has a good permeability and reducibility and it is able to retain these properties for a certain time. If the sinter starts to melt down early in the upper part of the blast furnace, where its solid state reduction is essential, permeability decreases, the gas channels get blocked, reductibility diminishes and serious problems may also follow. Among the factors that influences the above mentioned sinter properties are the oxygen potential and fluxing components. Nevertheless, their effect on the phase relations during sintering and sinter reduction conditions has not yet entirely clarified and confusion exists in literature. This quantification becomes even more important today where many new minor components such as Al2O3 and MgO enter the sinter through raw materials. This work quantifies the effect of oxygen potential and fluxing components such as alumina and magnesia on the liquidus and phase relations of the sinter primary melts in the iron rich portion of CaO-FeO-Fe2O3-SiO2 system at sintering conditions. This is carried out by the means of new type of industrial diagrams in the form of Fe/CaO vs. SiO2 that can directly help the optimization of the sintering processes.

scholarly journals The role of iron and nickel smelters for the Indonesian steel industries

2021 ◽  
Vol 882 (1) ◽  
pp. 012076
Author(s):  
D Cahyaningtyas ◽  
T Suseno ◽  
S Rochani ◽  
B Yunianto ◽  
I Rodliyah ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Regression Models ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
National Development ◽  
Steel Production ◽  
Trade Deficit ◽  
Linear Regression Models ◽  
Iron And Steel ◽  
Fe Content ◽  
Steel Industries

Abstract The iron and steel industries play a crucial role in supporting national development. The high dependence on imported raw materials causes Indonesia to suffer US $ 2.11 billion steel trade deficit per year. This study identifies the role of iron and nickel smelters in supporting the development of steel industries. The methodology used is descriptive statistics and regression models. Ferronickel and nickel pig iron as the primary raw materials for stainless steel have been produced in Indonesia, but only 23.05% and 47.77% are sold domestically. According to the linear regression models, it is expected that steel production and consumption will grow. Indonesia will become an independent steel producer and even export it by 2050. However, the supply chain is weak and poorly integrated as the local raw materials do not meet the domestic steel industry’s specifications. By 2050, 44 million tonnes of scrap, 19 million tonnes of sponge iron, 16 million tonnes of nickel, and 10 million tonnes of other raw materials will be needed annually. Hence, to reduce the national steel trade deficit, Indonesia must increase the smelters capacity and optimize local iron resources by increasing Fe content to meet the specifications of the national steel industry.

Life Cycle Assessment of Steel Production

2014 ◽  
Vol 787 ◽  
pp. 102-105 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jiang Yuan Hu ◽  
Feng Gao ◽  
Zhi Hong Wang ◽  
Xian Zheng Gong
Keyword(s):  
Life Cycle Assessment ◽  
Blast Furnace ◽  
Life Cycle ◽  
Steel Industry ◽  
Steel Production ◽  
Iron And Steel Industry ◽  
Important Process ◽  
Iron And Steel ◽  
Production Route ◽  
Photochemical Ozone

Based on life cycle assessment, analysis of energy consumption and other environment load by steel production in Chinese typical iron and steel industry was carried out. The process accounted for the most environment load was found by studying the different processes in steel production route. The results indicate that the most important process is blast furnace (BF) which is the major factor of CO2 and CO emissions, and contributes most to globe warming potential (GWP) and photochemical ozone creation potential (POCP).

scholarly journals New Trends in the Application of Carbon-Bearing Materials in Blast Furnace Iron-Making

Minerals ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 8 (12) ◽  
pp. 561 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hesham Ahmed
Keyword(s):  
Blast Furnace ◽  
Co2 Emission ◽  
Coke Consumption ◽  
Steel Production ◽  
Partial Substitution ◽  
Waste Plastics ◽  
Good Opportunity ◽  
Iron And Steel ◽  
Fossil Carbon ◽  
Bearing Materials

The iron and steel industry is still dependent on fossil coking coal. About 70% of the total steel production relies directly on fossil coal and coke inputs. Therefore, steel production contributes by ~7% of the global CO2 emission. The reduction of CO2 emission has been given highest priority by the iron- and steel-making sector due to the commitment of governments to mitigate CO2 emission according to Kyoto protocol. Utilization of auxiliary carbonaceous materials in the blast furnace and other iron-making technologies is one of the most efficient options to reduce the coke consumption and, consequently, the CO2 emission. The present review gives an insight of the trends in the applications of auxiliary carbon-bearing material in iron-making processes. Partial substitution of top charged coke by nut coke, lump charcoal, or carbon composite agglomerates were found to not only decrease the dependency on virgin fossil carbon, but also improve the blast furnace performance and increase the productivity. Partial or complete substitution of pulverized coal by waste plastics or renewable carbon-bearing materials like waste plastics or biomass help in mitigating the CO2 emission due to its high H2 content compared to fossil carbon. Injecting such reactive materials results in improved combustion and reduced coke consumption. Moreover, utilization of integrated steel plant fines and gases becomes necessary to achieve profitability to steel mill operation from both economic and environmental aspects. Recycling of such results in recovering the valuable components and thereby decrease the energy consumption and the need of landfills at the steel plants as well as reduce the consumption of virgin materials and reduce CO2 emission. On the other hand, developed technologies for iron-making rather than blast furnace opens a window and provide a good opportunity to utilize auxiliary carbon-bearing materials that are difficult to utilize in conventional blast furnace iron-making.

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