scholarly journals Exploring Whether Wireless Emergency Alerts Can Help Impede the Spread of Covid-19

2021 ◽  
Vol 4 ◽  
pp. 33-36
Author(s):  
Hamilton Bean ◽  
Nels Grevstad ◽  
Alex Koutsoukos ◽  
Abigail Meyer
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Statistical Analysis ◽  
Local Level ◽  
State Level ◽  
The United States ◽  
Small Sample ◽  
Effect Sizes ◽  
Clear Effect ◽  
Small Sample Sizes ◽  
The Right

This study offers a preliminary exploration of whether state-level (N=6) and local-level (N=53) Wireless Emergency Alert (WEA) messages might contribute to impeding the spread of Covid-19 in the United States. The study compares changes in reported rates of infections and deaths between states and localities that issued WEA messages in March and April of 2020 with states that did not. Small sample sizes and differences in the rates of Covid-19 spread prohibit robust statistical analysis and detection of clear effect sizes, but estimated effects are generally in the right direction.

Effects of Income Distribution Changes on Assortment Size in the Mainstream Grocery Channel

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rafael Becerril-Arreola ◽  
Randolph E. Bucklin ◽  
Raphael Thomadsen
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Income Distribution ◽  
Local Level ◽  
The United States ◽  
Effect Sizes ◽  
Average Income ◽  
Product Categories ◽  
Packaged Goods ◽  
Consumer Packaged Goods ◽  
Income Dispersion

The authors study the effect of changes in the United States income distribution on assortment size in the mainstream grocery channel. Census demographics for 1,711 counties are matched to local assortment data from Nielsen in 944 grocery product categories from 2007 to 2013. The authors show that holding other demographics constant, assortment size increases with higher average income but decreases with greater income dispersion. This pattern holds for several specifications of assortments at the local level: the number of category Universal Product Codes (UPCs), number of brands, number of products per brand, and horizontal and vertical dimensions of assortments. The results suggest that increased income dispersion (holding other factors constant) reduces both horizontal and vertical differentiation. The effect sizes are similar for private labels and branded products, but large brands lose proportionally more UPCs than small brands when income dispersion rises. Potential mechanisms underlying the results are also explored, with evidence that a hollowing out of the middle class along with Engel’s law of expenditure explain a significant portion of this effect. The findings also offer insights for consumer packaged goods manufacturers that might help them allocate resources to expand shelf presence or defend current positions. This paper was accepted by Matthew Shum, marketing.

All Politics Is Local: The Reemergence of the Study of City Politics

2009 ◽  
Vol 7 (3) ◽  
pp. 611-618 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jessica Trounstine
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Political Science ◽  
Local Politics ◽  
Local Level ◽  
National Level ◽  
State Politics ◽  
State Level ◽  
The United States ◽  
Political Events ◽  
Political Outcomes

The study of local politics has been relegated to the periphery of political science and many explanations have been offered for the marginalization of the subfield. I offer three related arguments for why scholars should revisit the study of sub-state politics. First, the local level is the source of numerous political outcomes that matter because they represent a large proportion of political events in the United States. Secondly, there are methodological advantages to studying local politics. Finally, analyzing politics at the sub-state level can generate thoroughly different kinds of questions than a purely national-level focus and can offer different answers to questions that apply more generally. Research on local politics can and should contribute to broader debates in political science and ensure that we understand both how and why cities are unique.

scholarly journals Votes for Women: An Economic Perspective on Women’s Enfranchisement

2020 ◽  
Vol 34 (2) ◽  
pp. 3-23 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carolyn M. Moehling ◽  
Melissa A. Thomasson
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Black Women ◽  
Empirical Studies ◽  
State Level ◽  
Voting Rights ◽  
Theoretical Models ◽  
The United States ◽  
Nineteenth Amendment ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Right

The ratification of the Nineteenth Amendment in 1920 officially granted voting rights to women across the United States. However, many states extended full or partial suffrage to women before the federal amendment. In this paper, we discuss the history of women's enfranchisement using an economic lens. We examine the demand side, discussing the rise of the women's movement and its alliances with other social movements, and describe how suffragists put pressure on legislators. On the supply side, we draw from theoretical models of suffrage extension to explain why men shared the right to vote with women. Finally, we review empirical studies that attempt to distinguish between competing explanations. We find that no single theory can explain women's suffrage in the United States and note that while the Nineteenth Amendment extended the franchise to women, state-level barriers to voting limited the ability of black women to exercise that right until the Voting Rights Act of 1965.

scholarly journals Injury Profile of Mixed Martial Arts Competitions in the United States

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (3) ◽  
pp. 232596712199156
Author(s):  
Austin J. Ross ◽  
Bailey J. Ross ◽  
Tyler C. Zeoli ◽  
Symone M. Brown ◽  
Mary K. Mulcahey
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Martial Arts ◽  
Injury Rate ◽  
The United States ◽  
Small Sample ◽  
Valuable Insight ◽  
Mixed Martial Arts ◽  
Injury Rates ◽  
Competition Level ◽  
Small Sample Sizes

Background: The popularity of mixed martial arts (MMA) continues to grow in the United States. Although prior work has provided valuable insight concerning injuries in the sport, much of the available literature is limited by factors such as small sample sizes, varying athlete demographics, and inconsistent data collection methods. Purpose: To report injury rates and types in MMA and analyze potential variance between competition and match variables. Study Design: Descriptive epidemiology study. Methods: We performed a retrospective review of injuries sustained by fighters during MMA contests between 2018 and 2019 using ringside physician postmatch injury reports from Wisconsin and Arizona. The prevalence of overall injuries and specific injury types was compared by location (Arizona vs Wisconsin), competition level (amateur vs professional), match result (decisions vs any other result), and match winners versus losers. Results: In 503 contests, 285 (57%) had at least 1 injury. In these 285 matches, participants experienced 401 injuries: 197 (49%) in professional bouts and 204 (51%) in amateur bouts. The match injury rate was higher in professional bouts than in amateur contests (68% vs 51%; P < .001). Amateur fighters had more contusions and hematomas (31% vs 22%; P < .001), while professional fighters had more lacerations (39% vs 23%; P < .001). Losers exhibited a higher match injury rate than winners (48% vs 24%; P < .001). Winners experienced a higher proportion of fractures (19% vs 9%; P = .005), and losers experienced more concussions (17% vs 2%; P < .001). Conclusion: Professional fighters and losers of MMA bouts exhibited higher injury rates relative to amateurs and winners. The prevalence of specific injury types varied by competition level, match result, and match winners versus losers. The results of this study may be used to better understand the current injury profile in MMA and to develop targeted strategies for injury prevention.

scholarly journals COVID-19 predictability in the United States using Google Trends time series

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Amaryllis Mavragani ◽  
Konstantinos Gkillas
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Robust Regression ◽  
Preliminary Investigation ◽  
Health Resources ◽  
State Level ◽  
The United States ◽  
Small Sample ◽  
Google Trends ◽  
Time Data ◽  
Monitoring And Forecasting

AbstractDuring the unprecedented situation that all countries around the globe are facing due to the Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, which has also had severe socioeconomic consequences, it is imperative to explore novel approaches to monitoring and forecasting regional outbreaks as they happen or even before they do so. To that end, in this paper, the role of Google query data in the predictability of COVID-19 in the United States at both national and state level is presented. As a preliminary investigation, Pearson and Kendall rank correlations are examined to explore the relationship between Google Trends data and COVID-19 data on cases and deaths. Next, a COVID-19 predictability analysis is performed, with the employed model being a quantile regression that is bias corrected via bootstrap simulation, i.e., a robust regression analysis that is the appropriate statistical approach to taking against the presence of outliers in the sample while also mitigating small sample estimation bias. The results indicate that there are statistically significant correlations between Google Trends and COVID-19 data, while the estimated models exhibit strong COVID-19 predictability. In line with previous work that has suggested that online real-time data are valuable in the monitoring and forecasting of epidemics and outbreaks, it is evident that such infodemiology approaches can assist public health policy makers in addressing the most crucial issues: flattening the curve, allocating health resources, and increasing the effectiveness and preparedness of their respective health care systems.

Women's Associations and the Enactment of Mothers' Pensions in the United States

1993 ◽  
Vol 87 (3) ◽  
pp. 686-701 ◽  
Author(s):  
Theda Skocpol ◽  
Marjorie Abend-Wein ◽  
Christopher Howard ◽  
Susan Goodrich Lehmann
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Political Science ◽  
State Level ◽  
The United States ◽  
Small Subset ◽  
Women's Associations ◽  
Explanatory Variables ◽  
Welfare Benefits ◽  
Governmental Institutions ◽  
The Right

Mothers' pensions were the first explicit welfare benefits established outside of poor relief in the United States. Contrary to established wisdom in political science, their enabling statutes spread very quickly across most states in the 1910s, with smaller, nonindustrial states often in the vanguard. Previous research concerning the predictors of state-level policy innovations has focused on a small subset of possible explanatory variables, typically economic or electoral conditions. We operationalize and test hypotheses about the influence of economic conditions, culture and ideology, electoral politics, governmental institutions and prior public policies, and the role of business, labor, and women's voluntary groups on the priority of state enactments. Our findings indicate that widespread federations of women's voluntary groups exerted a powerful influence on mothers' pension enactments even before most American women had the right to vote. We demonstrate the value to empirical political science of theories and variables referring to gender and women's politics.

Changing Measures

2018 ◽  
pp. 89-105
Author(s):  
Eric P. Perramond
Keyword(s):  
Water Management ◽  
United States ◽  
New Mexico ◽  
Local Level ◽  
State Level ◽  
The United States ◽  
The State ◽  
State Agency ◽  
New Science ◽  
Property Owners

To implement adjudication, the state devised and imposed new metrics and measures. Particular places in New Mexico were fundamental to the state and federal efforts to create a new science of water and a parallel legal treatment to water rights, by creating new ways to measure water for property owners. By moving away from local units to standardized acre-feet of water per year, the use of water at the local level became readable to the state agency responsible for water management. This chapter argues that water metrics were vital to creating a new state level of expertise, creating water experts along the way, as well as a basis for pricing water. These new units for water were critical for the coproduction of water expertise in the state of New Mexico and across the western states of the United States.

Lending to the Borrower from Hell

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mauricio Drelichman ◽  
Hans-Joachim Voth
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Sixteenth Century ◽  
Sovereign Debt ◽  
Risk Sharing ◽  
The United States ◽  
Philip Ii ◽  
Loan Contracts ◽  
The Right ◽  
Intelligent Model ◽  
New Evidence

Why do lenders time and again loan money to sovereign borrowers who promptly go bankrupt? When can this type of lending work? As the United States and many European nations struggle with mountains of debt, historical precedents can offer valuable insights. This book looks at one famous case—the debts and defaults of Philip II of Spain. Ruling over one of the largest and most powerful empires in history, King Philip defaulted four times. Yet he never lost access to capital markets and could borrow again within a year or two of each default. Exploring the shrewd reasoning of the lenders who continued to offer money, the book analyzes the lessons from this historical example. Using detailed new evidence collected from sixteenth-century archives, the book examines the incentives and returns of lenders. It provides powerful evidence that in the right situations, lenders not only survive despite defaults—they thrive. It also demonstrates that debt markets cope well, despite massive fluctuations in expenditure and revenue, when lending functions like insurance. The book unearths unique sixteenth-century loan contracts that offered highly effective risk sharing between the king and his lenders, with payment obligations reduced in bad times. A fascinating story of finance and empire, this book offers an intelligent model for keeping economies safe in times of sovereign debt crises and defaults.

Can increases in Twitter posts predict increases in cumulative incidence of COVID-19 in the United States? Evidence that social media can inform epidemic surveillance. (Preprint)

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ruoyan Sun ◽  
Henna Budhwani
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
United States ◽  
Cumulative Incidence ◽  
Hot Spots ◽  
Adult Population ◽  
State Level ◽  
The United States ◽  
Education Attainment ◽  
Public Health Systems ◽  
Per Capita

BACKGROUND Though public health systems are responding rapidly to the COVID-19 pandemic, outcomes from publicly available, crowd-sourced big data may assist in helping to identify hot spots, prioritize equipment allocation and staffing, while also informing health policy related to “shelter in place” and social distancing recommendations. OBJECTIVE To assess if the rising state-level prevalence of COVID-19 related posts on Twitter (tweets) is predictive of state-level cumulative COVID-19 incidence after controlling for socio-economic characteristics. METHODS We identified extracted COVID-19 related tweets from January 21st to March 7th (2020) across all 50 states (N = 7,427,057). Tweets were combined with state-level characteristics and confirmed COVID-19 cases to determine the association between public commentary and cumulative incidence. RESULTS The cumulative incidence of COVID-19 cases varied significantly across states. Ratio of tweet increase (p=0.03), number of physicians per 1,000 population (p=0.01), education attainment (p=0.006), income per capita (p = 0.002), and percentage of adult population (p=0.003) were positively associated with cumulative incidence. Ratio of tweet increase was significantly associated with the logarithmic of cumulative incidence (p=0.06) with a coefficient of 0.26. CONCLUSIONS An increase in the prevalence of state-level tweets was predictive of an increase in COVID-19 diagnoses, providing evidence that Twitter can be a valuable surveillance tool for public health.

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