scholarly journals Looking East? An Analysis of Kazakhstan’s Geopolitical Code after Participation in China’s Belt and Road Initiative

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Giulia Sciorati
Keyword(s):  
At Risk ◽  
Foreign Policy ◽  
Discourse Analysis ◽  
Decisive Role ◽  
Theoretical Framework ◽  
Belt And Road Initiative ◽  
Regional Powers ◽  
The Core ◽  
Belt And Road ◽  
The Belt And Road

Kazakhstan’s geopolitical landscape plays a decisive role in framing its multi-vector foreign policy. Not only is the country landlocked by five states, but it is also enclosed between two regional powers, China and Russia. When joining the Belt and Road Initiative (BRI), Kazakhstan made firm commitments to China, potentially putting its multi‑vectorism at risk. The paper adopts geopolitical codes as a theoretical framework to account for changes in the country’s geopolitical considerations. It presents a qualitative discourse analysis on the presidential ‘State of the Nation Addresses’. The research contributes to the literature on Kazakhstan’s multi-vectorism by conducting a data-driven analysis that maintains geography at the core.

Representation of the “Belt and Road Initiative” in Turkish mainstream newspapers

2019 ◽  
Vol 4 (4) ◽  
pp. 291-304
Author(s):  
Gökçe Özsu ◽  
Ferruh Mutlu Binark
Keyword(s):  
Foreign Policy ◽  
Background Information ◽  
Belt And Road Initiative ◽  
Xi Jinping ◽  
Full Membership ◽  
Coup D'etat ◽  
Turkish Foreign Policy ◽  
Belt And Road ◽  
General Secretary ◽  
The Belt And Road

Turkey and China are the countries that established their relations in the shadow of their ideological affiliation. Turkey constructed its multi-partied democratic regime as an implementation of Western-based democracy. However, this has not granted EU full-membership to the country, and Turkey has initiated alternative allies since mid 2000s. This shift of axis has turned into more enthusiasm after the failed coup d’état of 15 July 2016. The purpose of this study is to reveal how Turkish mainstream newspapers represent the Chinese alternative globalization project, “The Belt and Road Initiative” which was introduced in 2013 by General Secretary of the Chinese Communist Party, Xi Jinping. In order to frame the background information, we will first introduce the aims of the Belt and Road Initiative, and then summarize Turkey’s relation to China from two aspects: political and economic concerns. Following the overview of Turko-Sino relationship, we will focus on the Justice and Development Party’s foreign policy to grasp its pragmatic concern in relation to the Belt and Road Initiative. Based on the contextualization of Turko-Sino relations, we will conduct thematic content analysis of the news on the Belt and Road Initiative from May to July 2017 in mainstream Turkish newspapers. Our analysis brings into question how Turkish press relocates the Belt and Road Initiative with respect to Turkey’s political and economic concerns about China’s alternative globalism, Turkish foreign policy seeking for new allies as alternatives for the Western counterparts, and thus we will examine President Erdoğan’s influence on Turkish foreign policy. Based on our findings, we will discuss the reasons for insufficient coverage of the Belt and Road Initiative in Turkish mainstream newspapers.

scholarly journals CEEC’s-China mechanism of cooperation and the belt and road initiative: From idea to institutionalisation - six years later

2020 ◽  
Vol 72 (2) ◽  
pp. 311-336
Author(s):  
Dusko Dimitrijevic ◽  
Nikola Jokanovic
Keyword(s):  
Foreign Policy ◽  
International Relations ◽  
International Development ◽  
Development Strategy ◽  
Dominant Role ◽  
Policy Position ◽  
Belt And Road Initiative ◽  
Intergovernmental Cooperation ◽  
Belt And Road ◽  
The Belt And Road

The paper analyzes the process of institutionalization of intergovernmental cooperation and coordination of state policies through the mechanism of cooperation between the countries of Central and Eastern Europe (CEEC) and China, known in the public as ?16 + 1? (i.e., ?17 + 1? starting in 2019). Through an eclectic picture of the development of contemporary international relations, the authors indicate in a methodologically accessible manner that this mechanism of cooperation is a significant impetus for the development of international relations. Since China has taken a dominant role in redefining the Global Management System, whose goals are balanced and sustainable international development, to achieve them, China has identified certain ideological frameworks that are present in its foreign policy through the Belt and Road Initiative. Through this Initiative, China seeks to achieve the broader goals of the New Silk Road development strategy, which not only determines the directions of China?s internal development, but provides guidance for its strategic cooperation with neighbouring countries as well as with countries on other continents. Consequently, the mechanism itself thus plays an important role in strengthening China?s foreign policy position, not only with respect to CEEC, but also with respect to other European countries, including the EU as a whole.

Prospects for the Belt and Road Initiative in 2019-23

2018 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Foreign Policy ◽  
Outer Space ◽  
The Arctic ◽  
Belt And Road Initiative ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Central Asian ◽  
Belt And Road ◽  
The Belt And Road

Subject Prospects for the Belt and Road Initiative in 2019-23. Significance Five years on, China's Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) has become a multi-purpose foreign policy brand that encompasses far more than was initially envisaged. It has evolved from an initiative focused on Central Asian infrastructure to one with industrial, technological, environmental and legal components, and which extends geographically as far as the Arctic and into outer space.

scholarly journals International Relations with Chinese Characteristics

2019 ◽  
Vol 01 (02) ◽  
pp. 1950006
Author(s):  
Ralph Pettman
Keyword(s):  
Foreign Policy ◽  
International Relations ◽  
International Cooperation ◽  
Free Trade ◽  
The State ◽  
Belt And Road Initiative ◽  
Chinese Characteristics ◽  
Belt And Road ◽  
China’S Foreign Policy ◽  
The Belt And Road

International relations, as currently construed, are multi-dimensional. They are also Euro-American, which means modern-day China had no hand in making them. It was obliged to adapt to the state-centered, marketeering, nationalistic realities with which it was confronted when it became independent. And adapt it did. It also, however, revised these realities by adopting its own approach. Its leaders first repudiated China’s traditional experiences, while reworking its world ones to promote their own ends. Later, however, they began to express admiration for the values and vision of their own culture and civilization. They began to articulate policies, like the Belt and Road Initiative, that were not only representative of Euro-American principles, such as international cooperation and free trade, but also representative of non-Euro-American principles, such as the so-called “tribute system”. The latter characterized China’s foreign policy approach for millennia. It still arguably demonstrates China’s willingness not only to accept — while reforming — those Euro-American practices imposed upon it, but also to repudiate — by revolutionizing — those very same practices.

scholarly journals Diffusion of ideas in the era of the Belt and Road: Insights from China–CEE think tank cooperation

2019 ◽  
Vol 17 (4) ◽  
pp. 421-436
Author(s):  
Anastas Vangeli
Keyword(s):  
Social Interaction ◽  
Social Science ◽  
Theoretical Framework ◽  
Think Tanks ◽  
Belt And Road Initiative ◽  
Think Tank ◽  
Limited Impact ◽  
Belt And Road ◽  
The Belt And Road

Abstract To address part of the puzzle on China’s ideational impact in the era of the Belt and Road Initiative (BRI), the article studies social interaction of Chinese and CEE think tanks by employing the concept of diffusion of ideas. The article proposes a theoretical framework to study diffusion inspired by reflexive social science that focuses on frames, (geoeconomic) imaginaries, and translations. The asymmetrical interaction of think tanks led to aligning the frames of the different actors and producing a context of peaceful and pragmatic cooperation, extension of the geoeconomic imaginaries to include previously unorthodox positions, and translation of policy concepts that are localized in accord with the dispositions of the CEE actors involved. Nevertheless, the China–CEE think tank cooperation, when analyzed in a broader context, has relatively limited impact on societal and policy levels, and is increasingly challenged by actors with greater leverage in the region. What sustain the diffusion of ideas are the potent narratives of imagined futures of prosperity under the New Silk Roads.

scholarly journals Unimpeded trade and the construction of the China-Mongolia-Russia economic corridor: problems and prospects

R-Economy ◽  
2020 ◽  
pp. 242-250
Author(s):  
Xiujie Zhang ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Performance Indicators ◽  
Trade Barriers ◽  
Belt And Road Initiative ◽  
Qualitative And Quantitative Analysis ◽  
Economic Prosperity ◽  
Qualitative And Quantitative ◽  
The Core ◽  
Belt And Road ◽  
Key Aspects ◽  
The Belt And Road

Relevance. The China-Mongolia-Russia Economic Corridor is the fastest growing of the six economic corridors within the ‘Belt and Road’ initiative. At the core of the Economic Corridor project is the concept of unimpeded trade, which is seen as a way to promote economic prosperity of the countries involved in the project and the cooperation between them. Research objective. Our goal is to conduct a provide an overview of all the key aspects of the unimpeded trade concept in the concept of the ‘Belt and Road’ initiative. Data and methods. The paper uses the method of abstract deduction, qualitative and quantitative analysis to evaluate the performance indicators related to unimpeded trade between China, Mongolia and Russia. It analyzes the conditions necessary for unimpeded trade under the framework of the China-Mongolia-Russia Economic Corridor. Results. It is shown that the three countries need to accelerate the construction of the necessary transportation infrastructure, create the China-Mongolia-Russia free trade zone, facilitate trade by lowering non-tariff trade barriers, and attract additional investment. Conclusions. The article provides an overview of the key aspects of the unimpeded trade concept within the 'Belt and Road' Initiative. The main barriers to efficient trade cooperation between China, Mongolia and Russia are identified and measures for overcoming them are proposed.

scholarly journals Heilongjiang Province’s Engagement in BRI

2019 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 6-21
Author(s):  
S. Linlin
Keyword(s):  
Financial Integration ◽  
Northeast Asia ◽  
Policy Coordination ◽  
Heilongjiang Province ◽  
Belt And Road Initiative ◽  
The Core ◽  
The Past ◽  
Belt And Road ◽  
Geographical Position ◽  
The Belt And Road

As one of the nine border provinces in the country, Heilongjiang Province has 2,981 kilometres of RussianRussian border and 25 national first-class ports. In the past five years, Heilongjiang Province, based on the prominent geographical position in the core of Northeast Asia, has actively promoted the national strategy of the Belt and Road Initiative, deepened on open cooperation with countries in the Northeast Asia, and focused on developing economic cooperation and trade with Russia while building a new pattern of openness to the outside world. This paper in detail elaborates the progress of Heilongjiang Province’s participation in the Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) in aspect of “five links” construction, namely, policy coordination, connectivity of infrastructure, unimpeded trade, financial integration and closer people-to-people ties, since the implementation of the Belt and Road Initiative in 2013, and further proposes feasible countermeasures.

scholarly journals ГРУЗИЯ КАК ТРАНСПОРТНЫЙ УЗЕЛ КИТАЙСКОЙ ИНИЦИАТИВЫ «ПОЯС И ПУТЬ»

2018 ◽  
pp. 22-26
Author(s):  
Корганашвили Л.
Keyword(s):  
Foreign Policy ◽  
People’S Republic Of China ◽  
Belt And Road Initiative ◽  
People's Republic Of China ◽  
Xi Jinping ◽  
Sea Transport ◽  
Republic Of China ◽  
Belt And Road ◽  
The Belt And Road

The belt and road initiative (BRI) put forward by the President of the People's Republic of China Xi Jinping in autumn 2013 is one of the priorities of it’s modern foreign policy. Within the framework of BRI China has concluded agreements on practical cooperation with many countries, including Georgia. For Georgia, BRI is an opportunity to become a land and sea transport hub between Europe and Asia. The overland route combines the Baku-Tbilisi-Kars railroad with the Yavuz Sultan Selim bridge across the Bosporus Strait. The sea route serves as an gate to Europe through the ports in Batumi, Poti and Anaklia. The work shows the importance of BRI for the formation of Georgia as a transport hub and the benefits that both countries derive from cooperation under this initiative.

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