Effect of chloride- and formate-based anti-icing materials on higher plants and soil microorganisms

2019 ◽  
Vol 55 (1) ◽  
pp. 125
Author(s):  
A. O. Gerasimov ◽  
M. V. Chugunova ◽  
Soil Science ◽  
1963 ◽  
Vol 95 (4) ◽  
pp. 285 ◽  
Author(s):  
N. A. KRASILʼNIKOV

2003 ◽  
Vol 60 (3) ◽  
pp. 340-347 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shucheng Xie ◽  
Yi Yi ◽  
Junhua Huang ◽  
Chaoyong Hu ◽  
Yanjun Cai ◽  
...  

AbstractLipid extracts from a 61.7-cm-long subtropical stalagmite in southern China, spanning the period of ca. 10,000–21,000 yr ago as constrained by U–Th dating, were analyzed using gas chromatography–mass spectrometry. The higher plants and microorganisms in the overlying soils contribute a proportion of n-alkanes identified in the stalagmite. The occurrence of LMW (lower molecular weight) n-alkanols and n-alkan-2-ones in the stalagmite was mainly related to the soil microorganisms. We suggest that HMW (higher molecular weight) n-alkanols and n-alkan-2-ones identified in the stalagmite originate from soil organics and reflect input from contemporary vegetation. Shifts in the ratio of LMW to HMW n-alkanols or n-alkan-2-ones indicative of the variation of soil ecosystems (e.g., microbial degradation of organic matter and/or the relative abundance of soil microorganisms to higher plants) are comparable with the subtropical alkenone-SST (sea surface temperature) record of the same period. The similar trends seen in the δ13C data and the lipid parameters in this stalagmite imply that the overlying soil ecosystem response to climate might be responsible for the variation of δ13C values.


Author(s):  
А.О. Герасимов ◽  
М.В. Чугунова

Применяемые в зимнее время для борьбы с обледенением противогололедные средства являются одним из наиболее вредных антропогенных факторов, влияющих на почвы и растительность в городской среде. В настоящей статье представлены результаты лабораторных и полевых исследований воздействия основных противогололедных средств, используемых в Санкт-Петербурге, на высшие растения и почвенные микроорганизмы. Влияние на окружающую среду противогололедных средств на основе хлоридов магния («Бишофит», «Гринрайд», «Рокмелт») сравнивалось с действием технической соли (хлорид натрия), традиционно используемой для борьбы с зимним обледенением в Санкт-Петербурге. В лабораторных опытах, проведенных на дерново-подзолистой почве, высокие дозы хлоридов магния и технической соли значительно подавляли дыхание микроорганизмов, а угнетение проростков семян и биомассы растений во многих случаях достигало 100%. Более того, даже минимальные дозы реагентов оказывали подавляющее действие на растительность. В то же время в полевых экспериментах (на той же дерново-подзолистой почве) негативное действие противогололедных средств с течением времени нивелировалось природными факторами - происходило вымывание хлоридов дождевой водой из верхних почвенных горизонтов в нижележащие, и, таким образом, заметно снижалась токсичность загрязненных почв для растений и микроорганизмов. По окончании вегетационного сезона даже максимальные концентрации всех хлоридов оказывали на тест-объекты слаботоксичное действие. По результатам исследования установлено, что все хлоридно-магниевые реагенты представляют значительно меньшую экологическую опасность для окружающей среды, нежели техническая соль, и могут быть рекомендованы к применению (с позиций умеренного действия на природную среду). В условиях водного режима Петербурга допустимой для применения на улицах города можно считать концентрацию хлоридов магния в 50 г/м2. Anti-ice materials used in winter for deicing are the one of the most harmful anthropogenic factors affecting the soils and vegetation in the urban environment. This article presents the results of laboratory and field studies on the effects of the main anti-ice materials used in St. Petersburg, on higher plants and soil microorganisms. The environment impact of anti-ice materials based on magnesium chloride («Bishofit», «Greenride», «Rockmelt») was compared with the effect of the technical salt (sodium chloride), traditionally used for dealing with the winter anti-icing in St. Petersburg. In laboratory tests carried out on sod-podzolic soil, high doses of magnesium chloride and sodium chloride significantly inhibited the microorganisms. The oppression of seeds sprouts and plant biomass in many cases reached 100%. Moreover, even the minimum doses of chlorides inhibited the vegetation. At the same time in the field experiments, the negative effects of anti-ice materials eventually were turned off by natural factors. The chlorides were washed off by rainwater from the upper soil horizons into the lower. Thus, the contaminated soils' toxicity for plants and microorganisms was markedly decreasing. At the end of the growing season, even the maximum concentration of chlorides made a slightly toxic effect on the test-objects. The study established that all magnesium chlorides are much lesser ecologically destructive than sodium chloride, and can be recommended for use. In St. Petersburg a magnesium chloride permitted concentration for application in the streets can be considered 50 g/m2.


Soil Science ◽  
1962 ◽  
Vol 93 (4) ◽  
pp. 296
Author(s):  
N. A. Krasilʼnikov

2021 ◽  
Vol 4 (28) ◽  
pp. 159-182
Author(s):  
L.A. Chaikovskaya ◽  
◽  
O.L. Ovsienko ◽  

Phosphorus is an essential plant nutrient involved in plants’ growth and development, accelerated formation of reproductive organs and other important factors for obtaining high and stable crop yields and, therefore, high-quality products. Easily absorbed phosphorus compounds obtained from soil or fertilizers are the most valuable for plants. One of the promising directions for improving the phosphorus nutrition of agricultural crops is biological phosphate mobilization that is carried out by soil microorganisms – bacteria and filamentous fungi (micromycetes). They contribute to the conversion of poorly soluble phosphorus compounds into forms accessible to higher plants. The effect of microorganisms on plants in terms of improving their mineral nutrition, in particular phosphorus, was reviewed in this article. We analysed domestic and foreign literature sources (over the last 15 years) focused on the biodiversity of soil phosphate-mobilizing microorganisms and their influence on converting insoluble phosphate to soluble forms. The features of the mechanisms of biotransformation of organic and mineral phosphates by soil microorganisms and the main criteria for screening effective isolates able to convert poorly soluble phosphorus compounds into forms available for plants were described in detail. This review also demonstrates that several microorganisms belonging to different taxonomic groups (bacteria and micromycetes) are recognized as powerful phosphate solubilizers or bioconverters of poorly soluble phosphorus compounds into water-soluble forms. We also surveyed scientific works, in which the practical application of effective strains of microorganisms that transform unavailable phosphorus compounds into available for plants was studied; and those, in which the role of microorganisms in increasing the availability of phosphorus for agricultural plants and their productivity improvement was demonstrated. A comprehensive description of microbial preparations “Agrofil”, “Biovays”, “Ekophosphorin”, “Ekovital”, “Biophosphorin”, “Albobacterin”, “Polymiksobacterin”, “Agrobacterin”, “Phosphostim”, “Fitostimophos”, “Agromik”, “Baktopin” based on phosphate-mobilizing microorganisms, developed and used in various countries to optimize mineral nutrition of cultivated plants, is given.


Author(s):  
D. Reis ◽  
B. Vian ◽  
J. C. Roland

Wall morphogenesis in higher plants is a problem still open to controversy. Until now the possibility of a transmembrane control and the involvement of microtubules were mostly envisaged. Self-assembly processes have been observed in the case of walls of Chlamydomonas and bacteria. Spontaneous gelling interactions between xanthan and galactomannan from Ceratonia have been analyzed very recently. The present work provides indications that some processes of spontaneous aggregation could occur in higher plants during the formation and expansion of cell wall.Observations were performed on hypocotyl of mung bean (Phaseolus aureus) for which growth characteristics and wall composition have been previously defined.In situ, the walls of actively growing cells (primary walls) show an ordered three-dimensional organization (fig. 1). The wall is typically polylamellate with multifibrillar layers alternately transverse and longitudinal. Between these layers intermediate strata exist in which the orientation of microfibrils progressively rotates. Thus a progressive change in the morphogenetic activity occurs.


Author(s):  
James Cronshaw ◽  
Jamison E. Gilder

Adenosine triphosphatase (ATPase) activity has been shown to be associated with numerous physiological processes in both plants and animal cells. Biochemical studies have shown that in higher plants ATPase activity is high in cell wall preparations and is associated with the plasma membrane, nuclei, mitochondria, chloroplasts and lysosomes. However, there have been only a few ATPase localization studies of higher plants at the electron microscope level. Poux (1967) demonstrated ATPase activity associated with most cellular organelles in the protoderm cells of Cucumis roots. Hall (1971) has demonstrated ATPase activity in root tip cells of Zea mays. There was high surface activity largely associated with the plasma membrane and plasmodesmata. ATPase activity was also demonstrated in mitochondria, dictyosomes, endoplasmic reticulum and plastids.


Author(s):  
A. E. Hotchkiss ◽  
A. T. Hotchkiss ◽  
R. P. Apkarian

Multicellular green algae may be an ancestral form of the vascular plants. These algae exhibit cell wall structure, chlorophyll pigmentation, and physiological processes similar to those of higher plants. The presence of a vascular system which provides water, minerals, and nutrients to remote tissues in higher plants was believed unnecessary for the algae. Among the green algae, the Chaetophorales are complex highly branched forms that might require some means of nutrient transport. The Chaetophorales do possess apical meristematic groups of cells that have growth orientations suggestive of stem and root positions. Branches of Chaetophora incressata were examined by the scanning electron microscope (SEM) for ultrastructural evidence of pro-vascular transport.


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