scholarly journals Seasonal levels of peramine and lolitrem b. in Acremonium lolii-infected perennial ryegrass 

1991 ◽  
Vol 44 ◽  
pp. 176-180 ◽  
Author(s):  
O.J-P. Ball ◽  
R.A. Prestidge ◽  
J.M. Sprosen ◽  
D.R. Lauren
Keyword(s):  
Perennial Ryegrass ◽  
Lolitrem B

scholarly journals Determination of the toxic threshold of lolitrem B in cattle eating endophye-infected perennial ryegrass

2007 ◽  
Vol 13 ◽  
pp. 399-402
Author(s):  
L. Blythe ◽  
C. Estill ◽  
J. Males ◽  
A.M. Craig
Keyword(s):  
Lolium Perenne ◽  
Perennial Ryegrass ◽  
Clinical Signs ◽  
Positive Control ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Crossbred Cattle ◽  
Testing Laboratory ◽  
Neotyphodium Lolii ◽  
Lolitrem B

Perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne) straw is used as a feed for livestock and horses. Some straw is infected with the endophyte, Neotyphodium lolii, which produces lolitrem tremorgens. Ingesting of the toxin produces clinical "ryegrass staggers." A 28 day feeding trail was conducted using 61 Black Angus, pure and crossbred cattle. The cattle were fed one of three levels of lolitrem B in chopped perennial ryegrass straw ranging from 0 ppb up to 3058 ppb. Four Japanese Wagyu crossbred cattle were fed chopped ryegrass straw containing 1400 ppb lolitrem B. The cattle were evaluated and scored twice a day for clinical signs of gait difficulties. Cattle consuming 1400 ppb lolitrem B did not show any overt clinical signs. After 14 days, 7 out of 15 cattle in the 1954 ppb lolitrem B group showed clinical signs of ataxia, stiffness, and tremors as seen in ryegrass staggers. All of the cattle in the positive control group of up to 3058 ppb lolitrem B with a 4 week mean of 2574 ppb developed clinical signs of staggers. None of the Wagyu cattle at 1400 ppb lolitrem B developed clinical signs. A dose response curve was developed based on the results of this study coupled with a prior study for use in the testing laboratory. Keywords: lolitrem B, perennial ryegrass, Lolium perenne, endophyte fungus, Neotyphodium lolii, cattle, threshold levels

Impact of mycotoxins and of a mycotoxin deactivator on alpacas grazing perennial ryegrass infected with wild endophyte (Neotyphodium spp.)

2010 ◽  
Vol 50 (9) ◽  
pp. 902 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. F. M. Reed ◽  
J. L. Vaughan ◽  
L. J. Cummins ◽  
D. D. Moore
Keyword(s):  
Perennial Ryegrass ◽  
Animal Health ◽  
Late Summer ◽  
Treated Group ◽  
The Other ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Liver Enzyme Activity ◽  
Early Autumn ◽  
Lolitrem B ◽  
The Difference

Liveweight gain, animal health and the effectiveness of a mycotoxin deactivator were studied on an old pasture that contained 61% perennial ryegrass. Sixty-seven percent of the ryegrass population was infected with endophyte (Neotyphodium spp.). The pasture was fenced into two halves and two groups of 28 alpaca male weaners were rotated between the two plots. Nine to 10 Suris and 18–19 Huacayas were allocated to each group. One group was fed a concentrate supplement (100 g/head per day) and the other was fed the same supplement to which was added the toxin deactivator, Mycofix® Plus (5 g/100 g). Mean liveweight gain on the low-quality pasture over late summer and early autumn was not significantly (P > 0.05) different between the groups. For the control group it was 41 g/day but individual rates of gain ranged from 67 to 0 g/day, depending on the severity of signs of perennial ryegrass toxicosis (r = 0.82, P < 0.001). Liveweight gain was independent of neurotoxic signs in the Mycofix® Plus treated group. Ergovaline concentration in perennial ryegrass varied from 0.43 to a peak in early autumn (March) of 1.05 mg/kg. Mean urine lysergol alkaloid concentration peaked in mid-summer (January) at 109 ng/mg creatinine (control group) and was consistently lower in the Mycofix® Plus group, although the difference approached significance (P = 0.06) only in March. Lolitrem B concentration in perennial ryegrass varied from 0.78 to 1.57 mg/kg. Neurotoxic signs in alpacas were observed throughout the study and peaked in early autumn, coinciding with peak lolitrem B concentration; at this time, 84% of alpacas exhibited neurotoxic signs. Over the 145-day study, the Mycofix® Plus treated group exhibited a lower mean rating of perennial ryegrass toxicosis signs (P < 0.05). Variation in liveweight gain and signs of toxicosis were not associated with significant differences in liver enzyme activity.

scholarly journals Evaluation of several lolitrem-free endophyte/perennial ryegrass combinations

1991 ◽  
pp. 215-219 ◽  
Author(s):  
L.R. Fletcher ◽  
A.J. Popay ◽  
B.A. Tapper
Keyword(s):  
Weight Loss ◽  
Perennial Ryegrass ◽  
Fungal Endophyte ◽  
Feeding Deterrent ◽  
Animal Performance ◽  
Wild Type ◽  
Affected Animal ◽  
Lolitrem B

The fungal endophyte Acremonium lolii, in association with its ryegrass host, produces both peramine, a feeding deterrent to Argentine stem weevil,andlolitrem B,a neurotoxin causing ryegrass staggers. Endophyte strains vary in the ratio of production of these alkaloids in the ryegrass. In field evaluations of several endophyte/ryegrass - combinations, 'Endosafe', a zero lolitrem B, high peramine strain protected its host against Argentine stem weevil attack and did not cause ryegrass staggers in lambs grazing three of four ryegrass cultivars. Lambs on the endophyte-free and Endosafe combinations had the highest liveweight gains and while endophyte-free ryegrass did not cause ryegrass staggers it suffered significant stem weevil damage. Ryegrasses with their 'wild-type' endophyte and a high lolitrem B strain 'Waiau', had only minor stem weevil damage but caused severe ryegrass staggers and weight loss in lambs. Ryegrass with the no lolitrem B, low peramine strain, 'IOOA', suffered some stem weevil damage and although not causing ryegrass staggers, did cause weight loss in lambs. Ryegrass/endophyte metabolites in addition to lolitrem B may have affected animal performance on endophyte-infected ryegrass. Keywords endophytc, Endosafe, perennial ryegrass,ryegrass staggers, Argentine stem weevil, liveweight gains, peramine, lolitrem B

scholarly journals Progress in breeding sheep for resistance to ryegrass staggers

2007 ◽  
Vol 13 ◽  
pp. 431-431
Author(s):  
C.A. Morris ◽  
N.C. Amyes
Keyword(s):  
Lolium Perenne ◽  
Perennial Ryegrass ◽  
Metabolic Disorder ◽  
Scoring System ◽  
Neotyphodium Lolii ◽  
High Heritability ◽  
Lolitrem B ◽  
Clinical Cases

Ryegrass Staggers (RGS) is predominantly a summer/autumn metabolic disorder of ruminants, caused by ingestion of the toxin lolitrem B. The toxin is produced by an endophyte (Neotyphodium lolii) found in perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne). In clinical cases of RGS, animals experience neuromuscular uncoordination when under stress, e.g. when mustered by sheep dogs. Experiments with a standardised RGS scoring system show that resistance/susceptibility in sheep has a moderate/high heritability (0.37 ± 0.05). An AgResearch flock was established in 1993, with two lines bred for resistance (R) or susceptibility (S) to RGS. Annually, lambs are scored for susceptibility, when both lines graze together on high endophyte pastures, and are mustered by sheep dogs. In 2005 and 2006, 2% and 6.5% of R-line lambs, respectively, showed clinical staggers, compared with 94% and 91% of S-line lambs (P

scholarly journals Toxic Indole Diterpenes from Endophyte-Infected Perennial Ryegrass Lolium perenne L.: Isolation and Stability

Toxins ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 16 ◽  
Author(s):  
Priyanka Reddy ◽  
Myrna A. Deseo ◽  
Vilnis Ezernieks ◽  
Kathryn Guthridge ◽  
German Spangenberg ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Lolium Perenne ◽  
Perennial Ryegrass ◽  
Rapid Development ◽  
Toxicity Testing ◽  
Flash Chromatography ◽  
Preparative Hplc ◽  
Purification Method ◽  
Isolation And Purification ◽  
Lolium Perenne L ◽  
Lolitrem B

The most potent of the indole diterpenes, lolitrem B, is found in perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.) infected with the endophyte Epichloë festucae var. lolii (also termed LpTG-1). Ingestion causes a neurological syndrome in grazing livestock called ryegrass staggers disease. To enable the rapid development of new forage varieties, the toxicity of lolitrem B and its biosynthetic intermediates needs to be established. However, most of these indole diterpenes are not commercially available; thus, isolation of these compounds is paramount. A concentrated endophyte-infected perennial ryegrass seed extract was subjected to silica flash chromatography followed by preparative HPLC and purification by crystallization resulting in lolitrem B and the intermediate compounds lolitrem E, paspaline and terpendole B. The four-step isolation and purification method resulted in a 25% yield of lolitrem B. After isolation, lolitrem B readily degraded to its biosynthetic intermediate, lolitriol. We also found that lolitrem B can readily degrade depending on the solvent and storage conditions. The facile method which takes into consideration the associated instability of lolitrem B, led to the purification of indole diterpenes in quantities sufficient for use as analytical standards for identification in pastures, and/or for toxicity testing in pasture development programs.

scholarly journals Lolitrem B Residue in Fat Tissues of Cattle Consuming Endophyte-Infected Perennial Ryegrass Straw

2004 ◽  
Vol 16 (4) ◽  
pp. 340-342 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shigeru Miyazaki ◽  
Ikumi Ishizaki ◽  
Masumi Ishizaka ◽  
Tadashi Kanbara ◽  
Yuriko Ishiguro-Takeda
Keyword(s):  
Perennial Ryegrass ◽  
Lolitrem B

Distribution and Accumulation of the Mycotoxin Lolitrem B in Neotyphodium lolii- Infected Perennial Ryegrass

1997 ◽  
Vol 23 (5) ◽  
pp. 1435-1449 ◽  
Author(s):  
O. J.-P. Ball ◽  
G. M. Barker ◽  
R. A. Prestidge ◽  
J. M. Sprosen
Keyword(s):  
Perennial Ryegrass ◽  
Neotyphodium Lolii ◽  
Lolitrem B

Clinical expression of lolitrem B (perennial ryegrass) intoxication in horses

2011 ◽  
Vol 44 (3) ◽  
pp. 304-309 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. K. JOHNSTONE ◽  
I. G. MAYHEW ◽  
L. R. FLETCHER
Keyword(s):  
Perennial Ryegrass ◽  
Clinical Expression ◽  
Lolitrem B

scholarly journals Correlation of Ergovaline and Lolitrem B Levels in Endophyte-Infected Perennial Ryegrass (Lolium Perenne)

2001 ◽  
Vol 13 (4) ◽  
pp. 323-327 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jeannette T. Hovermale ◽  
A. Morrie Craig
Keyword(s):  
Lolium Perenne ◽  
Perennial Ryegrass ◽  
Tall Fescue ◽  
High Performance ◽  
Clinical Signs ◽  
Strong Positive Correlation ◽  
State University ◽  
Lolitrem B ◽  
Toxic Alkaloids ◽  
Oregon State University

The varieties of perennial ryegrass ( Lolium perenne) infected with the endophytic fungus Neotiphodium lolii contain several classes of toxic alkaloids, including ergopeptide alkaloids and lolitrem alkaloids. Lolitrem B, a potent tremorgen, is generally considered to be the predominant alkaloid in endophyte-infected perennial ryegrass. Ergovaline, a vasoconstrictor normally associated with endophyte-infected tall fescue ( Festuca arudinacea), is also present in endophyte infected perennial ryegrass. Clinical signs of animals ingesting endophyte-infected perennial ryegrass are consistent with the presence of lolitrem B. However, clinical signs normally associated with ergovaline poisoning are not usually observed in animals ingesting endophyte-infected perennial ryegrass. A survey was conducted to quantitate both lolitrem B and ergovaline in 459 perennial ryegrass straw samples received at the Oregon State University College of Veterinary Medicine. Samples were analyzed for each alkaloid using separate high-performance liquid chromatography analyses. A strong positive correlation between the 2 alkaloids ( r2 = 0.7335) was observed, especially in the samples containing <3,000 ppb (ng/g) lolitrem B. The threshold levels above which clinical signs typically occur are 2,000 ppb lolitrem B and 300–400 ppb ergovaline. All of the samples analyzed contained <425 ppb ergovaline.

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