scholarly journals Determination of the toxic threshold of lolitrem B in cattle eating endophye-infected perennial ryegrass

2007 ◽  
Vol 13 ◽  
pp. 399-402
Author(s):  
L. Blythe ◽  
C. Estill ◽  
J. Males ◽  
A.M. Craig
Keyword(s):  
Lolium Perenne ◽  
Perennial Ryegrass ◽  
Clinical Signs ◽  
Positive Control ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Crossbred Cattle ◽  
Testing Laboratory ◽  
Neotyphodium Lolii ◽  
Lolitrem B

Perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne) straw is used as a feed for livestock and horses. Some straw is infected with the endophyte, Neotyphodium lolii, which produces lolitrem tremorgens. Ingesting of the toxin produces clinical "ryegrass staggers." A 28 day feeding trail was conducted using 61 Black Angus, pure and crossbred cattle. The cattle were fed one of three levels of lolitrem B in chopped perennial ryegrass straw ranging from 0 ppb up to 3058 ppb. Four Japanese Wagyu crossbred cattle were fed chopped ryegrass straw containing 1400 ppb lolitrem B. The cattle were evaluated and scored twice a day for clinical signs of gait difficulties. Cattle consuming 1400 ppb lolitrem B did not show any overt clinical signs. After 14 days, 7 out of 15 cattle in the 1954 ppb lolitrem B group showed clinical signs of ataxia, stiffness, and tremors as seen in ryegrass staggers. All of the cattle in the positive control group of up to 3058 ppb lolitrem B with a 4 week mean of 2574 ppb developed clinical signs of staggers. None of the Wagyu cattle at 1400 ppb lolitrem B developed clinical signs. A dose response curve was developed based on the results of this study coupled with a prior study for use in the testing laboratory. Keywords: lolitrem B, perennial ryegrass, Lolium perenne, endophyte fungus, Neotyphodium lolii, cattle, threshold levels

scholarly journals Progress in breeding sheep for resistance to ryegrass staggers

2007 ◽  
Vol 13 ◽  
pp. 431-431
Author(s):  
C.A. Morris ◽  
N.C. Amyes
Keyword(s):  
Lolium Perenne ◽  
Perennial Ryegrass ◽  
Metabolic Disorder ◽  
Scoring System ◽  
Neotyphodium Lolii ◽  
High Heritability ◽  
Lolitrem B ◽  
Clinical Cases

Ryegrass Staggers (RGS) is predominantly a summer/autumn metabolic disorder of ruminants, caused by ingestion of the toxin lolitrem B. The toxin is produced by an endophyte (Neotyphodium lolii) found in perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne). In clinical cases of RGS, animals experience neuromuscular uncoordination when under stress, e.g. when mustered by sheep dogs. Experiments with a standardised RGS scoring system show that resistance/susceptibility in sheep has a moderate/high heritability (0.37 ± 0.05). An AgResearch flock was established in 1993, with two lines bred for resistance (R) or susceptibility (S) to RGS. Annually, lambs are scored for susceptibility, when both lines graze together on high endophyte pastures, and are mustered by sheep dogs. In 2005 and 2006, 2% and 6.5% of R-line lambs, respectively, showed clinical staggers, compared with 94% and 91% of S-line lambs (P

scholarly journals Correlation of Ergovaline and Lolitrem B Levels in Endophyte-Infected Perennial Ryegrass (Lolium Perenne)

2001 ◽  
Vol 13 (4) ◽  
pp. 323-327 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jeannette T. Hovermale ◽  
A. Morrie Craig
Keyword(s):  
Lolium Perenne ◽  
Perennial Ryegrass ◽  
Tall Fescue ◽  
High Performance ◽  
Clinical Signs ◽  
Strong Positive Correlation ◽  
State University ◽  
Lolitrem B ◽  
Toxic Alkaloids ◽  
Oregon State University

The varieties of perennial ryegrass ( Lolium perenne) infected with the endophytic fungus Neotiphodium lolii contain several classes of toxic alkaloids, including ergopeptide alkaloids and lolitrem alkaloids. Lolitrem B, a potent tremorgen, is generally considered to be the predominant alkaloid in endophyte-infected perennial ryegrass. Ergovaline, a vasoconstrictor normally associated with endophyte-infected tall fescue ( Festuca arudinacea), is also present in endophyte infected perennial ryegrass. Clinical signs of animals ingesting endophyte-infected perennial ryegrass are consistent with the presence of lolitrem B. However, clinical signs normally associated with ergovaline poisoning are not usually observed in animals ingesting endophyte-infected perennial ryegrass. A survey was conducted to quantitate both lolitrem B and ergovaline in 459 perennial ryegrass straw samples received at the Oregon State University College of Veterinary Medicine. Samples were analyzed for each alkaloid using separate high-performance liquid chromatography analyses. A strong positive correlation between the 2 alkaloids ( r2 = 0.7335) was observed, especially in the samples containing <3,000 ppb (ng/g) lolitrem B. The threshold levels above which clinical signs typically occur are 2,000 ppb lolitrem B and 300–400 ppb ergovaline. All of the samples analyzed contained <425 ppb ergovaline.

scholarly journals Performance of lambs and the incidence of staggers and heat stress on two perennial ryegrass cultivars over three summers in the Manawatu

1999 ◽  
Vol 7 ◽  
pp. 143-150
Author(s):  
S.J. Bluett ◽  
J. Hodgson ◽  
P.D. Kemp ◽  
T.N. Barry
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Heat Stress ◽  
Lolium Perenne ◽  
Perennial Ryegrass ◽  
Nutritive Value ◽  
Stress Symptoms ◽  
Neotyphodium Lolii ◽  
Lolitrem B ◽  
Organic Matter Digestibility ◽  
Lamb Growth

Three lamb growth experiments were carried out at Massey University, Palmerston North, from 1995 to 1998 to evaluate the nutritive value and endophyte (Neotyphodium lolii) status of a new perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.) cultivar (Aries HD). Aries HD was specifically selected for improved organic matter digestibility over summer and early autumn. Lamb liveweight gain on 'Aries HD' compared to a control cultivar 'Yatsyn 1' perennial ryegrass was higher in the summer of 1995/96 (104 vs 84 ± 4.6 g/day, P=0.1028), similar in two consecutive summers, 1996/97 (116 vs 111 ± 5.1 g/day, P=0.6542), and 1997/98 (71 vs 73 g/day ± 10.6 g/day, P=0.7350). The nutritive value (invitro organic matter digestibility, neutral detergent fibre and nitrogen content) of Aries HD and Yatsyn 1 pastures was similar. Lambs grazing Yatsyn 1 were more severely affected by ryegrass staggers than lambs grazing Aries HD, although the concentrations of lolitrem B in grazed herbage were similar. The concentration of ergovaline in Aries HD in association with endophyte was about half that in Yatsyn 1 in association with endophyte. Ergovaline may have acted synergistically to increase the toxicity of lolitrem B and the severity of staggers in lambs grazing Yatsyn 1 pastures. There was some indication that heat stress symptoms were more severe in lambs forced to graze lower into the sward. The effect of management and alkaloid concentration is likely to have a larger impact on lamb performance than small differences in nutritive value between cultivars of highendophyte perennial ryegrass. Keywords: alkaloids, animal performance, Aries HD, endophyte, heat stress, Lolium perenne, Neotyphodium lolii, perennial ryegrass, ryegrass staggers, Yatsyn 1

Incidence of ryegrass endophyte (Neotyphodium lolii) and diversity of associated alkaloid concentrations among naturalised populations of perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.)

2000 ◽  
Vol 51 (5) ◽  
pp. 569 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. F. M. Reed ◽  
A. Leonforte ◽  
P. J. Cunningham ◽  
J. R. Walsh ◽  
D. I. Allen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Lolium Perenne ◽  
Perennial Ryegrass ◽  
Critical Level ◽  
Clinical Symptoms ◽  
Lolium Perenne L ◽  
Grass Endophyte ◽  
Neotyphodium Lolii ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Lolitrem B ◽  
Mutualistic Association

The mutualistic association between perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.) and the ryegrass endophyte Neotyphodium lolii (Latch, Christensen and Samuels) Glenn, Bacon and Hanlin, previously assigned to the genus Acremonium, is known to have a major impact on pasture and animal production. The perennial ryegrass ecotypes Victorian and Kangaroo Valley are the most widely sown varieties of grass in Australian pasture. The incidence of ryegrass endophyte (N. lolii) in these ecotypes, and the production of alkaloids associated with theryegrass endophyte, are largely unexplored. Fifty-six populations of Victorian and 45 of Kangaroo Valley were sampled from old pasture within the recognised zones of naturalisation of both ecotypes. All of the 101 populations examined were infected with ryegrass endophyte. The mean ryegrass endophyte (N. lolii) frequency for plants within the populations of the Victorian and Kangaroo Valley ecotypes was 88% and 93%, respectively. Alkaloid concentrations were determined from infected plants for 39 Kangaroo Valley populations and, in a separate study, for 24 Victorian populations. Ergovaline concentration was above the critical level of 0.4 mg/kg (above which clinical symptoms are observed) for 10% of the Kangaroo Valley populations and 17% of the Victorian populations. For lolitrem B, all Victorian populations were below the critical level of 1.8 mg/kg, but 28% of the Kangaroo Valley populations had mean concentrations above the critical level, 1.8 mg/kg. Concentrations for individual plants were <5 mg/kg for ergovaline, <6 mg/kg for lolitrem B, and <48 mg/kg for peramine. Within each ecotype examined, significant variation (P < 0.05) in the mean concentrations of ergovaline, lolitrem B, and peramine was found between the populations of naturalised perennial ryegrass. Mean concentrations for some of the various naturalised populations were higher than that observed in some of the control cultivars. Low ergovaline and lolitrem B concentrations observed for individual genotypes indicate scope for selecting grass endophyte combinations characterised by optimum production of alkaloids.

The effect of respiratory diseases on serum lactate dehydrogenase and its isoenzyme patterns in calves

2013 ◽  
Vol 16 (2) ◽  
pp. 211-218 ◽  
Author(s):  
O. Nagy ◽  
Cs. Tóthová ◽  
I. Paulíková ◽  
G. Kováčl ◽  
H. Seidel
Keyword(s):  
Lactate Dehydrogenase ◽  
Respiratory Diseases ◽  
Clinical Signs ◽  
Serum Lactate ◽  
Serum Lactate Dehydrogenase ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Diagnostic Significance ◽  
Organ Systems ◽  
Isoenzyme Patterns

AbstractIn this study we examined the serum activity of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and its isoenzyme patterns in 28 calves of a lowland black spotted breed and its crossbreeds at the age of 2-6 months suffering from clinically noticeable manifested respiratory diseases - bronchopneumonia (BRD Group). As a control group we used 35 clinically healthy calves of the same age, breed and nutrition (Healthy Group). The sick calves did not show clinical signs or pathological lesions on other organ systems. The results found in sick calves showed a significantly higher total activity of LDH than in clinically healthy animals (P<0.01). The mean activity of LDH was 2012 U/l in healthy calves and in calves with respiratory diseases 2529 U/l. The differences in all LDH isoenzyme patterns between both groups of animals were significant (P<0.001) and in calves with respiratory diseases are characterized by a marked increase of the LDH 1 fraction and a decrease in the proportion of the other four LDH isoenzymes. Our results differ from those observed and presented in respiratory diseases in human medicine or in sheep. The explanation for the obtained results in calves and the determination of their diagnostic significance needs further studies and investigations using more animals with various severity of clinical signs and pathological changes, including analysis and determination of lactate dehydrogenase isoenzyme patterns in healthy and affected cattle lung tissue.

Impact of mycotoxins and of a mycotoxin deactivator on alpacas grazing perennial ryegrass infected with wild endophyte (Neotyphodium spp.)

2010 ◽  
Vol 50 (9) ◽  
pp. 902 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. F. M. Reed ◽  
J. L. Vaughan ◽  
L. J. Cummins ◽  
D. D. Moore
Keyword(s):  
Perennial Ryegrass ◽  
Animal Health ◽  
Late Summer ◽  
Treated Group ◽  
The Other ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Liver Enzyme Activity ◽  
Early Autumn ◽  
Lolitrem B ◽  
The Difference

Liveweight gain, animal health and the effectiveness of a mycotoxin deactivator were studied on an old pasture that contained 61% perennial ryegrass. Sixty-seven percent of the ryegrass population was infected with endophyte (Neotyphodium spp.). The pasture was fenced into two halves and two groups of 28 alpaca male weaners were rotated between the two plots. Nine to 10 Suris and 18–19 Huacayas were allocated to each group. One group was fed a concentrate supplement (100 g/head per day) and the other was fed the same supplement to which was added the toxin deactivator, Mycofix® Plus (5 g/100 g). Mean liveweight gain on the low-quality pasture over late summer and early autumn was not significantly (P > 0.05) different between the groups. For the control group it was 41 g/day but individual rates of gain ranged from 67 to 0 g/day, depending on the severity of signs of perennial ryegrass toxicosis (r = 0.82, P < 0.001). Liveweight gain was independent of neurotoxic signs in the Mycofix® Plus treated group. Ergovaline concentration in perennial ryegrass varied from 0.43 to a peak in early autumn (March) of 1.05 mg/kg. Mean urine lysergol alkaloid concentration peaked in mid-summer (January) at 109 ng/mg creatinine (control group) and was consistently lower in the Mycofix® Plus group, although the difference approached significance (P = 0.06) only in March. Lolitrem B concentration in perennial ryegrass varied from 0.78 to 1.57 mg/kg. Neurotoxic signs in alpacas were observed throughout the study and peaked in early autumn, coinciding with peak lolitrem B concentration; at this time, 84% of alpacas exhibited neurotoxic signs. Over the 145-day study, the Mycofix® Plus treated group exhibited a lower mean rating of perennial ryegrass toxicosis signs (P < 0.05). Variation in liveweight gain and signs of toxicosis were not associated with significant differences in liver enzyme activity.

scholarly journals Ameliorative Effect of Ethanolic Extract of Petroselinum Crispum Against Gentamicin-Induced Nephrotoxicity in Rabbits Male

2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Sarah Hussain ◽  
Mariam Kadhem
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Clinical Signs ◽  
Ethanolic Extract ◽  
Negative Control Group ◽  
Positive Control ◽  
Negative Control ◽  
The Body ◽  
Positive Control Group ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Petroselinum Crispum

The experiment was conducted to investigate the protective effect of Petroselinum crispum leave extracted against gentamicin-induced nephrotoxicity in male rabbits by studying the body weight, clinical signs, haematological and biochemical parameters, gross lesion and histopathological changes. Twenty four rabbits male were used and divided into 4 groups. Group 1: rabbits served as a negative control, received distilled water 1 ml(orally). Group 2: rabbits served as a positive control group, received gentamicin at a dose of 80 mg/kg/day intramuscular for 15 days. Group 3: rabbits received gentamicin at a dose of 80 mg/kg/day then after one hour treated with ethanolic extract of Petroselinum crispum at dose 125 mg/kg orally for 15 days. Group 4: rabbits received gentamicin at a dose of 80 mg/kg/day then after one hour treated with ethanolic extract of Petroselinum crispum at dose 250 mg/kg orally for 15 days.The results of the gentamicin treated group( positive control group) showed clinical signs such as loss of body weight, loss of appetite and rough hair with hematuria. The body weight a significantly declined (p≤ 0.05) compared other groups. There was a significant decrease (p≤ 0.05) in WBC count, lymphocyte, GSH, SOD, CAT, and GPX levels, while it recorded a significant increase (p≤0.05) in weights of the kidneys, neutrophils, creatinine, urea, and MDA. Histological studies showed several kidney pathological changes such as pale colour, enlargement in size and weight and easy from detaching as opposed to negative control group. On the other hand, the group treated with ethanolic extractof Petroselinum crispum at dose 125 mg/kg induced improved of parameters as recorded significant increased(P ≤ 0.05) in body weight, WBC count, lymphocyte, GSH, SOD, CAT, and GPX, while significant decreased (P ≤ 0.05) in weights of the kidneys, neutrophils, creatinine, urea, and MDA compared with the positive control group whereas rabbits treated with ethanolic extract of Petroselinum crispum at dose 250 mg/kg restored the parameters and histological changes of the kidney to near normal status compared with the negative control group. These results showed that the dose-detected Petroselinum crispum extract (250mg / kg) acts as potential curative effect against gentamicin-induced nephrotoxicity in male rabbits.

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