scholarly journals Distribution and new host records for Cosmospora aurantiicola and Cosmospora flammea entomopathogens of Diaspididae in New Zealand

2005 ◽  
Vol 58 ◽  
pp. 283-287 ◽  
Author(s):  
J.L. Tyson ◽  
R.C. Henderson ◽  
R.A. Fullerton ◽  
L.E. Jamieson
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
Host Species ◽  
Scale Insects ◽  
New Host ◽  
Important Species ◽  
Fungal Entomopathogens ◽  
Aspidiotus Nerii ◽  
Armoured Scale Insects ◽  
New Host Records ◽  
New Host Species

Adventive armoured scale insects (Diaspididae) are of particular concern in New Zealand horticulture due to their polyphagous nature the damage they can cause and their implications in biosecurity Two important species of fungal entomopathogens recorded on armoured scale insects in New Zealand are Cosmospora aurantiicola (Fusarium larvarum) and C flammea (F coccophilum) Both have previously been recorded in New Zealand from unidentified Coccoidea; C aurantiicola has also been recorded on Hemiberlesia lataniae and H rapax During 20022003 five forays were carried out to provide further information on the host range of the species and to collect strains of the entomopathogens that may have potential as biocontrol agents for armoured scale insects Aspidiotus nerii Hemiberlesia sp Leucaspis brittini Leucaspis spp Pinnaspis dysoxyli and Eriococcus cavelli (Eriococcidae) were recorded as new host species for C flammea Hemiberlesia lataniae is reconfirmed as a host for both species

Introduction of armoured scale predators and establishment of the predatory miteHemisarcoptes coccophagus(Acari: Hemisarcoptidae) on latania scale,Hemiberlesia lataniae(Homoptera: Diaspididae) in kiwifruit shelter trees in New Zealand

1993 ◽  
Vol 83 (3) ◽  
pp. 369-376 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. G. Hill ◽  
D. J. Allan ◽  
R. C. Henderson ◽  
J. G. Charles
Keyword(s):  
Biological Control ◽  
New Zealand ◽  
Mite Species ◽  
Predatory Mite ◽  
Scale Insects ◽  
Dispersion Characteristics ◽  
Beetle Species ◽  
Aspidiotus Nerii ◽  
Armoured Scale Insects ◽  
Lombardy Poplar

AbstractBetween 1987 and 1989, three predatory beetle species (Chilocorus bipustulatus(Linnaeus),C. infernalis(Linnaeus) andC. cacti(Linnaeus)) (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) and two predatory mite species (Hemisarcoptes coccophagusMeyer andH. cooremaniThomas) were imported and released for the biological control of armoured scale insects (Hemiberlesia rapaxComstock,H. lataniaeSignoret andAspidiotus nerii Bouché) on kiwifruit and shelter trees in New Zealand.Hemisarcoptes coccophagushas established onHemiberlesia lataniaeinfestations on Lombardy poplar (Populus nigravar. Italica) shelter trees at three sites. Detailed studies at one of the release sites over a period spanning nine to 24 months after release, showed that densities ofHemiberlesia lataniaein samples with mites fell to less than 20% of the level in control trees. Assessment of the dispersion characteristics of the mite suggested that the adults are repelled by the presence of other mites on a host.Hemisarcoptes coccophaguscan use two species of New Zealand ladybirds (Scymnus fagusBroun andHalmus chalybeusBoisduval) for phoresy.Hemisarcoptes coccophagusspread naturally to the control trees between 20 and 24 months after release, though the means of dispersal between trees is not known.

Regressive evolution of an effector following a host jump in the Irish Potato Famine Pathogen Lineage

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Erin K. Zess ◽  
Yasin F. Dagdas ◽  
Esme Peers ◽  
Abbas Maqbool ◽  
Mark J. Banfield ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Host Species ◽  
Irish Potato ◽  
Sequence Motif ◽  
New Host ◽  
Regressive Evolution ◽  
Host Environment ◽  
Host Jump ◽  
Potato Famine ◽  
Irish Potato Famine ◽  
New Host Species

AbstractIn order to infect a new host species, the pathogen must evolve to enhance infection and transmission in the novel environment. Although we often think of evolution as a process of accumulation, it is also a process of loss. Here, we document an example of regressive evolution in the Irish potato famine pathogen (Phytophthora infestans) lineage, providing evidence that a key sequence motif in the effector PexRD54 has degenerated following a host jump. We began by looking at PexRD54 and PexRD54-like sequences from across Phytophthora species. We found that PexRD54 emerged in the common ancestor of Phytophthora clade 1b and 1c species, and further sequence analysis showed that a key functional motif, the C-terminal ATG8-interacting motif (AIM), was also acquired at this point in the lineage. A closer analysis showed that the P. mirabilis PexRD54 (PmPexRD54) AIM appeared unusual, the otherwise-conserved central residue mutated from a glutamate to a lysine. We aimed to determine whether this PmPexRD54 AIM polymorphism represented an adaptation to the Mirabilis jalapa host environment. We began by characterizing the M. jalapa ATG8 family, finding that they have a unique evolutionary history compared to previously characterized ATG8s. Then, using co-immunoprecipitation and isothermal titration calorimetry assays, we showed that both full-length PmPexRD54 and the PmPexRD54 AIM peptide bind very weakly to the M. jalapa ATG8s. Through a combination of binding assays and structural modelling, we showed that the identity of the residue at the position of the PmPexRD54 AIM polymorphism can underpin high-affinity binding to plant ATG8s. Finally, we conclude that the functionality of the PexRD54 AIM was lost in the P. mirabilis lineage, perhaps owing to as-yet-unknown pressure on this effector in the new host environment.Author SummaryPathogens evolve in concert with their hosts. When a pathogen begins to infect a new host species, known as a “host jump,” the pathogen must evolve to enhance infection and transmission. These evolutionary processes can involve both the gain and loss of genes, as well as dynamic changes in protein function. Here, we describe an example of a pathogen protein that lost a key functional domain following a host jump, a salient example of “regressive evolution.” Specifically, we show that an effector protein from the plant pathogen Phytopthora mirabilis, a host-specific lineage closely related to the Irish potato famine pathogen Phytopthora infestans, has a derived amino acid polymorphism that results in a loss of interaction with certain host machinery.

scholarly journals The AntCardiocondyla elegansas Host of the Enigmatic Endoparasitic FungusMyrmicinosporidium durum

2015 ◽  
Vol 2015 ◽  
pp. 1-4
Author(s):  
Julia Giehr ◽  
Jürgen Heinze ◽  
Alexandra Schrempf
Keyword(s):  
Host Species ◽  
Sampling Methods ◽  
Infection Rates ◽  
New Host ◽  
High Infection ◽  
New Host Species

Data on host species and the distribution of the endoparasitic fungusMyrmicinosporidium durumincreased continuously in recent decades. Here, we add the antCardiocondyla elegansas new host species. Colonies of the monogynous species were found infested in the region of Languedoc-Roussillon (South France). Samples from the nest indicate high infection rates. All castes and sexes were infected by the spores. Variations of infection rates between sampling methods and species are discussed.

scholarly journals Community Ecology of Epiphytes and other Arboreal Plants in the New Zealand Eco-region

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
◽  
Thomas Dawes
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
Seed Size ◽  
Host Species ◽  
Spatial Ecology ◽  
Scale Insects ◽  
Tree Fern ◽  
Sooty Mould ◽  
Tree Ferns ◽  
Epiphytic Fern ◽  
Epiphyte Community

<p><b>Epiphytes and other structurally-dependent plants have a spatial ecology and community structure intrinsically linked to that of the host trees in the forest, unlike fully terrestrial plants. Understanding of the ecological implications of this from a theoretical perspective is in its infancy. New Zealand’s south temperate rainforest, whilst not as species rich as tropical forests, hosts one of the richest temperate epiphyte floras. Our understanding of the ecological processes structuring the epiphyte communities of New Zealand forests is however lacking. Here, I present four key studies seeking to add to our knowledge of epiphyte community structure, host specificity and spatial ecology in the New Zealand eco-region.</b></p> <p>First, I tested if seed size determined the likelihood of woody plant species occurring epiphytically on tree ferns (their arboreality) – Chapter 2. Arboreality was negatively related to seed size, with only smaller-seeded species commonly occurring on tree ferns. However, the effect of seed size reduced in later life history stages, as expected. These small-seeded species, most notably Weinmannia racemosa, appear to be utilising an alternative recruitment strategy by establishing epiphytically on the tree fern trunks.</p> <p>Second, on Cyathea dealbata host tree ferns, I tested patterns of species accumulation, metacommunity network structure, and differences in vertical stratification (Chapter 3). Epiphytes and climbers followed a species accumulation model of succession between tree ferns of different sizes and between older and younger portions of the tree fern. The metacommunity network showed patterns of species co-occurrence and nestedness consistent with null expectations. Epiphytes of different habits and different dispersal syndromes show different vertical profiles of occurrence, with bird-dispersed species occurring more often near the top of the tree fern than other taxa.</p> <p>To understand an unusual pattern in epiphyte between-host structuring, I quantified the relationship between epiphytic plant and sooty mould assemblages in New Zealand montane beech forest (Chapter 4). Due to the presence of host specific scale insects, the sooty mould was limited to two of three co-dominant canopy tree species. On these two host species, epiphyte richness was significantly reduced. The host size-richness relationship in these two species was also removed, with species composition significantly altered compared to the mould free host species. My results are consistent with the sooty mould amensally excluding the epiphytes and it can be considered as a part of a keystone species complex (with the host beeches and scale insects). This produces a strong pattern of parallel host specificity otherwise not seen in epiphyte assemblages.</p> <p>Lastly, I compared the differences in spatial niche and host species diversity between three arboreal plants, with divergent ecophysiology, on Lord Howe Island (Chapter 5). These focal species were a dwarf mistletoe, an epiphytic orchid and an epiphytic fern. The mistletoe was restricted to thinner branches, and had a significantly different niche to both epiphyte taxa. The host diversity of the mistletoe and orchid both differed significantly from null model expectations. However, the epiphytic fern (Platycerium bifurcatum) had a host diversity consistent with null expectations.</p> <p>Taken together, these studies increase our understanding of epiphyte community assembly in New Zealand and provide a platform to encourage further work in this field. They also provide results that expand understanding of spatial patterns between host and up vertical clines.</p>

Nectria flammea. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].

1981 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. Booth
Keyword(s):  
South Africa ◽  
New Zealand ◽  
Geographical Distribution ◽  
New Guinea ◽  
Scale Insects ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Aspidiotus Nerii ◽  
Pseudaulacaspis Pentagona

Abstract A description is provided for Nectria flammea. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: The fungus occurs on a variety of scale insects, Aspidiotus nerii, Hemiberlesia rapax (53, 1-694), Pseudaulacaspis pentagona (55, 2093) etc. on a wide range of hosts, Acacia, Brachyglottis, Camellia, Citrus, Coffea, Morus, Ribes, Salix, Thea, Weinmannia, etc. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Australia, Belize, Fiji, India, Japan, New Zealand, Papua and New Guinea, Tanzania, Tonga, Uganda, South Africa, Sarawak, Zambia. TRANSMISSION: Airborne by ascospores or by moisture droplets as conidia.

scholarly journals Checklist of ectoparasitic arthropods among cave-dwelling bats from Marinduque Island, Philippines

Check List ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 2029 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ace Kevin S. Amarga ◽  
Philip A. Alviola ◽  
Ireneo L. Lit, Jr. ◽  
Sheryl A. Yap
Keyword(s):  
Host Species ◽  
Host Record ◽  
The Philippines ◽  
New Host ◽  
New Host Record ◽  
New Host Records ◽  
Faunal Survey

This paper constitutes the first ectoparasite faunal survey of bats for Marinduque Island, Philippines. From 1–12 June 2010, 150 bats belonging to 11 species were captured in 11 caves on the island. Each bat was sampled for ectoparasitic arthropods, and a total of 587 individuals representing 21 species, belonging to five families (Acari: Argasidae and Spinturnicidae; Diptera: Nycteribiidae and Streblidae; and Siphonaptera: Ischnopsyllidae) were collected. New host records (new host record) in the Philippines for Brachytarsina cucullata Jobling 1934, B. proxima Jobling 1951, B. werneri Jobling 1951, Raymondia pseudopagodarum Jobling 1951, Eucampsipoda philippinensis Ferris 1924, Nycteribia allotopa Speiser 1901, Nycteribia allotopoides Theodor 1963, Nycteribia parvuloides Theodor 1963, Ancystropus taprobanius (Turk 1950), and Carios batuensis Hirst 1929 were documented. A checklist of the ectoparasitic species known from the Philippines, their distribution, and bat host species is provided.

scholarly journals Oswaldocruzia duboisi (Nematoda, Molineidae): Morphology, Hosts and Distribution in Ukraine

2012 ◽  
Vol 46 (3) ◽  
pp. e-1-e-9 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Svitin ◽  
Y. Kuzmin
Keyword(s):  
Host Species ◽  
Triturus Cristatus ◽  
New Host ◽  
Hyla Arborea ◽  
First Time ◽  
New Host Records

Oswaldocruzia duboisi(Nematoda, Molineidae): Morphology, Hosts and Distribution in UkraineOswaldocruzia duboisiBen Slimane, Durette-Desset et Chabaud, 1993 previously known from France and Bulgaria is reported from Ukraine for the first time. The species was found in the material from 8 amphibian host species, of whichLissotriton montadoni, Triturus cristatus, Mesotriton alpestris, Pelophylax ridibunda, P. lessonae, andHyla arboreaare new host records. Newts (Salamandridae) and green frogs (Pelophylax) are considered to be typical hosts forO. duboisi. Illustrated morphological redescription ofO. duboisibased on 141 specimens from various hosts is presented.

New state and host records for Agromyzidae (Diptera) in the United States, with the description of thirty new species

Zootaxa ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 4479 (1) ◽  
pp. 1 ◽  
Author(s):  
CHARLES S. EISEMAN ◽  
OWEN LONSDALE
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
New Species ◽  
North America ◽  
Host Species ◽  
The United States ◽  
Distribution Data ◽  
New Host ◽  
The Usa ◽  
New Host Species ◽  
State Records

We present rearing records of Agromyzidae (Diptera) from five years of collecting throughout the United States. We review host and distribution data, and describe leaf mines, for 93 species, plus 28 others that could not be confidently identified in the absence of male specimens. We report 147 new host species records, including the first rearing records for Agromyza bispinata Spencer, A. diversa Johnson, A. parca Spencer, A. pudica Spencer, A. vockerothi Spencer, Calycomyza michiganensis Steyskal, Ophiomyia congregata (Malloch), and Phytomyza aldrichi Spencer. Phytomyza anemones Hering and (tentatively identified) Cerodontha (Dizygomyza) iraeos (Robineau-Desvoidy) are new to North America; Agromyza albitarsis Meigen, Amauromyza shepherdiae Sehgal, Aulagromyza populicola (Walker), Liriomyza orilliensis Spencer, Phytomyza linnaeae (Griffiths), P. solidaginivora Spencer, and P. solidaginophaga Sehgal are new to the USA. We also present confirmed USA records for Calycomyza menthae Spencer (previous records were based only on leaf mines), Ophiomyia maura (Meigen) (reported from the USA in older literature but deleted from the fauna in the most recent revision (Spencer & Steyskal 1986)), and Phytomyza astotinensis Griffiths and P. thalictrivora Spencer (previously only tentatively recorded from the USA). We provide 111 additional new state records. We describe the following 30 new species: Agromyza fission, A. soka, Melanagromyza palmeri, Ophiomyia euthamiae, O. mimuli, O. parda, Calycomyza artemisivora, C. avira, C. eupatoriphaga, C. vogelmanni, Cerodontha (Dizygomyza) edithae, Cer. (D.) feldmani, Liriomyza ivorcutleri, L. valerianivora, Phytomyza actaeivora, P. aesculi, P. confusa, P. doellingeriae, P. erigeronis, P. hatfieldae, P. hydrophyllivora, P. palmeri, P. palustris, P. sempervirentis, P. tarnwoodensis, P. tigris, P. triangularidis, P. vancouveriella, P. verbenae, and P. ziziae. 

Establishment of the peanut bruchid (Caryedon serratus) in Australia and two new host species, Cassia brewsteri and C. tomentella

2002 ◽  
Vol 42 (1) ◽  
pp. 57 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. C. Cunningham ◽  
K. B. Walsh
Keyword(s):  
Host Species ◽  
Native Plants ◽  
Potential Range ◽  
New Host ◽  
Caryedon Serratus ◽  
Seed Loss ◽  
Dry Tropics ◽  
Potential Impact ◽  
Combined Data ◽  
New Host Species

The distribution of Caryedon serratus, the peanut (groundnut) bruchid, on 2 Australian native plants, Cassia brewsteri and C. tomentella, was documented over 2 years. Caryedon serratus was observed across the central and northern parts of the range of C. brewsteri (latitudes 19.258–24.140˚S) and at least part of the range of C. tomentella (as far as 24.427˚S). Seed loss to C. serratus in these species assessed across all collection sites was 40 ± 8.0% (mean ± s.e.). Where the bruchid was detected at a given site, 72 ± 8.6% of pods on 71 ± 8.5% of trees were affected. Additional distribution points and other potential host species from previous C. serratus collections in the Australian National Insect Collection (ANIC) are reported. The combined data were used to predict a potential range for the bruchid across the dry tropics of Australia. No reports of migration to cultivated or stored peanut (Arachis hypogaea) in Australia were located. Further investigation of the potential impact of this bruchid on the Australian peanut industry is recommended. A potentially beneficial aspect of C. serratus establishment may be the biological control of Acacia nilotica (prickly acacia) in Australia.

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