Investigation into the entry pathway for tomato potato psyllid Bactericera cockerelli

The tomato potato psyllid (TPP) Bactericera cockerelli (Hemiptera Triozidae) was first notified to the New Zealand Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry (MAF) in May 2006 although it has been suggested by several authors to have been present in New Zealand in 2005 MAF undertook an entry pathway analysis during the initial investigation into TPP in 2006 TPP is a vector of the bacteriumlike pathogen Candidatus Liberibacter solanacearum (liberibacter) and MAF further analysed the entry pathway of TPP during the liberibacter incursion response in 2008 This paper summarises the data and reasoning behind the conclusion that TPP was most plausibly introduced to New Zealand as a result of smuggling rather than through slippage on regulated pathways

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Effects of sulphur on control of tomato potato psyllid in potato

New Zealand Plant Protection ◽

10.30843/nzpp.2013.66.5701 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 66 ◽

pp. 386-386 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

P.J. Wright ◽

G.P. Walker ◽

D.I. Hedderley

Keyword(s):

New Zealand ◽

Field Trial ◽

Potato Psyllid ◽

Bactericera Cockerelli ◽

Zebra Chip ◽

Candidatus Liberibacter Solanacearum ◽

Candidatus Liberibacter ◽

Insecticide Spray

Tomato potato psyllid (TPP) (Bactericera cockerelli) vectors Candidatus Liberibacter solanacearum a phloemlimited bacterium that can cause a mottled browning discolouration (zebra chip; ZC) in fried crisps Sulphur is mainly used as a fungicide but is also registered in New Zealand as an insecticide against erineum mite (Colomerus vitis) on grapes A field trial to determine TPP response to foliarapplied sulphur found that weekly applications (no insecticides) significantly reduced psyllid nymph numbers in foliage compared with the control (nosulphur noinsecticide) However the incidence of severe ZC in frycooked tubers was higher in the weekly sulphur treatment than with a commercial insecticide spray programme Tubers from both the nonsprayed control and the weekly sulphur treatment had significantly lower yields and specific gravities than those treated with insecticide Sulphur applied alternately with insecticides gave similar results to the commercial insecticide programme promising for the industrys goal of reducing insecticide applications

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Identification of Autophagy-Related Genes in the Potato Psyllid, Bactericera cockerelli and Their Expression Profile in Response to ‘Candidatus Liberibacter Solanacearum’ in the Gut

Insects ◽

10.3390/insects12121073 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 12 (12) ◽

pp. 1073

Author(s):

Xiao-Tian Tang ◽

Cecilia Tamborindeguy

Keyword(s):

Expression Profile ◽

Profile Analysis ◽

Plant Viruses ◽

Insect Vectors ◽

Potato Psyllid ◽

Bactericera Cockerelli ◽

Candidatus Liberibacter Solanacearum ◽

Expression Profile Analysis ◽

Candidatus Liberibacter

Autophagy, also known as type II programmed cell death, is a cellular mechanism of “self-eating”. Autophagy plays an important role against pathogen infection in numerous organisms. Recently, it has been demonstrated that autophagy can be activated and even manipulated by plant viruses to facilitate their transmission within insect vectors. However, little is known about the role of autophagy in the interactions of insect vectors with plant bacterial pathogens. ‘Candidatus Liberibacter solanacearum’ (Lso) is a phloem-limited Gram-negative bacterium that infects crops worldwide. Two Lso haplotypes, LsoA and LsoB, are transmitted by the potato psyllid, Bactericera cockerelli and cause damaging diseases in solanaceous plants (e.g., zebra chip in potatoes). Both LsoA and LsoB are transmitted by the potato psyllid in a persistent circulative manner: they colonize and replicate within psyllid tissues. Following acquisition, the gut is the first organ Lso encounters and could be a barrier for transmission. In this study, we annotated autophagy-related genes (ATGs) from the potato psyllid transcriptome and evaluated their expression in response to Lso infection at the gut interface. In total, 19 ATGs belonging to 17 different families were identified. The comprehensive expression profile analysis revealed that the majority of the ATGs were regulated in the psyllid gut following the exposure or infection to each Lso haplotype, LsoA and LsoB, suggesting a potential role of autophagy in response to Lso at the psyllid gut interface.

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Susceptibility of Physalis longifolia (Solanales: Solanaceae) to Bactericera cockerelli (Hemiptera: Triozidae) and ‘Candidatus Liberibacter solanacearum’

Journal of Economic Entomology ◽

10.1093/jee/toaa210 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 113 (6) ◽

pp. 2595-2603

Author(s):

Cesar A Reyes Corral ◽

W Rodney Cooper ◽

David R Horton ◽

Alexander V Karasev

Keyword(s):

Solanum Tuberosum L ◽

Field Trials ◽

Egg Laying ◽

Western United States ◽

Potato Psyllid ◽

Bactericera Cockerelli ◽

Zebra Chip ◽

Candidatus Liberibacter Solanacearum ◽

Candidatus Liberibacter ◽

Major Pest

Abstract The potato psyllid, Bactericera cockerelli (Šulc), is a major pest of potato (Solanum tuberosum L.; Solanales: Solanaceae) as a vector of ‘Candidatus Liberibacter solanacearum’, the pathogen that causes zebra chip. Management of zebra chip is challenging in part because the noncrop sources of Liberibacter-infected psyllids arriving in potato remain unknown. Adding to this challenge is the occurrence of distinct genetic haplotypes of both potato psyllid and Liberibacter that differ in host range. Longleaf groundcherry (Physalis longifolia Nutt.) has been substantially overlooked in prior research as a potential noncrop source of Liberibacter-infected B. cockerelli colonizing fields of potato. The objective of this study was to assess the suitability of P. longifolia to the three common haplotypes of B. cockerelli (central, western, and northwestern haplotypes), and to two haplotypes of ‘Ca. L. solanacearum’ (Liberibacter A and B haplotypes). Greenhouse bioassays indicated that B. cockerelli of all three haplotypes produced more offspring on P. longifolia than on potato and preferred P. longifolia over potato during settling and egg-laying activities. Greenhouse and field trials showed that P. longifolia was also highly susceptible to Liberibacter. Additionally, we discovered that infected rhizomes survived winter and produced infected plants in late spring that could then be available for psyllid colonization and pathogen acquisition. Results show that P. longifolia is susceptible to both B. cockerelli and ‘Ca. L. solanacearum’ and must be considered as a potentially important source of infective B. cockerelli colonizing potato fields in the western United States.

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Prevalence of ‘CandidatusLiberibacter solanacearum’ Haplotypes in Potato Tubers and Psyllid Vectors in Idaho From 2012 to 2018

Plant Disease ◽

10.1094/pdis-11-18-2113-re ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 103 (10) ◽

pp. 2587-2591 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Jennifer Dahan ◽

Erik J. Wenninger ◽

Brandon D. Thompson ◽

Sahar Eid ◽

Nora Olsen ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Potato Psyllid ◽

Bactericera Cockerelli ◽

Potato Tubers ◽

Zebra Chip ◽

Sticky Traps ◽

Candidatus Liberibacter Solanacearum ◽

Low Level ◽

Haplotype Distribution ◽

Candidatus Liberibacter ◽

Tuber Disease

‘Candidatus Liberibacter solanacearum’ (Lso) is an uncultured, phloem-associated bacterium causing a severe tuber disease in potato called zebra chip (ZC). Seven haplotypes of Lso have been described in different hosts, with haplotypes A and B found associated with infections in potato and tomato. In the field, Lso is transmitted by the potato psyllid (Bactericera cockerelli), and between 2011 and 2015, a significant change in Lso haplotype prevalence was previously reported in Idaho: from exclusively A haplotype found in tested psyllids in 2012 to mainly B haplotype found in collected psyllids in 2015. However, prevalence of Lso haplotypes in Idaho was not analyzed in potato tubers exhibiting symptoms of ZC. To fill in this knowledge gap, prevalence of Lso haplotypes was investigated in potato tubers harvested in southern Idaho between 2012 and 2018, and it was found to change from exclusively A haplotype in the 2012 season to an almost equal A and B haplotype distribution during the 2016 season. During the same period, haplotype distribution of Lso in psyllid vectors collected using yellow sticky traps also changed, but in psyllids, the shift from A haplotype of Lso to B haplotype was complete, with no A haplotype detected in 2016 to 2018. The changes in the haplotype prevalence of the Lso circulating in potato fields in southern Idaho may be, among other factors, responsible for a decrease in the ZC incidence in Idaho potato fields between an outbreak of the disease in 2012 and a very low level of ZC afterward.

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Relative Abundance of Potato Psyllid Haplotypes in Southern Idaho Potato Fields During 2012 to 2015, and Incidence of ‘Candidatus Liberibacter solanacearum’ Causing Zebra Chip Disease

Plant Disease ◽

10.1094/pdis-05-16-0668-re ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 101 (5) ◽

pp. 822-829 ◽

Cited By ~ 11

Author(s):

Jennifer Dahan ◽

Erik J. Wenninger ◽

Brandon Thompson ◽

Sahar Eid ◽

Nora Olsen ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Potato Industry ◽

Potato Psyllid ◽

Bactericera Cockerelli ◽

Zebra Chip ◽

Spatial And Temporal Patterns ◽

Candidatus Liberibacter Solanacearum ◽

South Central ◽

Zebra Chip Disease ◽

Four Seasons ◽

Candidatus Liberibacter

Zebra chip (ZC) disease, a serious threat to the potato industry, is caused by the bacterium ‘Candidatus Liberibacter solanacearum’ (Lso). Five haplotypes (hapA to hapE) of this pathogen have been described so far in different crops, with only hapA and hapB being associated with ZC in potato. Both haplotypes are vectored and transmitted to a variety of solanaceaeous plants by the tomato/potato psyllid, Bactericera cockerelli (Šulc). Psyllids are native to North America, and four haplotypes have been identified and named based on their predominant geographic association: Northwestern, Central, Western, and Southwestern. Although all psyllid haplotypes have been found in southern Idaho potato fields, data on relative haplotype abundances and dynamic changes in the fields over time have not previously been reported. Here, psyllid samples collected in Idaho potato fields from 2012 to 2015 were used to clarify spatial and temporal patterns in distribution and abundance of psyllid and Lso haplotypes. A shift from hapA toward hapB population of Lso was revealed during these four seasons, indicating possible evolution of Lso in Idaho fields. Although we confirmed that Western psyllids were the most abundant by far during the four seasons of observation, we also observed changes in abundance of other haplotypes, including increased diversity of psyllid haplotypes during 2015. Seasonal changes observed for the Northwestern and Central haplotypes could potentially be linked to psyllid migration and/or habitat changes. South-central Idaho exhibited more diversity in psyllid haplotypes than southwestern Idaho.

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Colonization and Intrusive Invasion of Potato Psyllid by ‘Candidatus Liberibacter solanacearum’

Phytopathology ◽

10.1094/phyto-03-16-0149-r ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 107 (1) ◽

pp. 36-49 ◽

Cited By ~ 18

Author(s):

Joseph M. Cicero ◽

Tonja W. Fisher ◽

Jawwad A. Qureshi ◽

Philip A. Stansly ◽

Judith K. Brown

Keyword(s):

Digestive System ◽

Potato Psyllid ◽

Bactericera Cockerelli ◽

Candidatus Liberibacter Solanacearum ◽

Mature Adults ◽

Candidatus Liberibacter ◽

Cell Cytosol ◽

Temporal And Spatial ◽

Bacterial Plant Pathogen ◽

Successive Developmental Stage

Previous studies have shown that the fastidious bacterial plant pathogen ‘Candidatus Liberibacter solanacearum’ (CLso) is transmitted circulatively and propagatively by the potato psyllid (PoP) Bactericera cockerelli. In this study, the temporal and spatial interrelationships between CLso PoP were investigated by scanning electron microscopy of the digestive system of PoP immature and adult instars and salivary glands of adults post CLso ingestion. CLso biofilms were not detectable on the outer midgut surface of the first and second instars; however, for third to fifth instars and teneral and mature adults, biofilms were observed in increasing numbers in each successive developmental stage. In adult PoP midguts, CLso cells were observed between the basal lamina and basal epithelial cell membranes; in basal laminar perforations, on the outer basal laminar surface, and in the ventricular lumen, epithelial cytosol, and filter chamber periventricular space. CLso were also abundantly visible in the salivary gland pericellular spaces and in the epidermal cell cytosol of the head. Collectively, these results point to an intrusive, systemic invasion of PoP by CLso that employs an endo/exocytosis-like mechanism, in the context of a propagative, circulative mode of transmission.

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Sulphur reduces egglaying in laboratory trials with tomato potato psyllid (Bactericera cockerelli)

New Zealand Plant Protection ◽

10.30843/nzpp.2013.66.5700 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 66 ◽

pp. 386-386

Author(s):

R. Gardner-Gee

Keyword(s):

New Zealand ◽

Settlement Patterns ◽

Insect Pests ◽

Pest Species ◽

Potato Psyllid ◽

Bactericera Cockerelli ◽

Laboratory Studies ◽

Candidatus Liberibacter ◽

Assay Design ◽

Whole Plants

Sulphur is mainly used as a fungicide but is known to have insecticidal properties against some insect pests A series of laboratory studies was conducted to assess its effect on the tomato potato psyllid (Bactericera cockerelli; TPP) a recently established pest species in New Zealand that transmits the bacterium Candidatus Liberibacter solanacearum (Lso) Short assays (8805; 24 h) using dipped leaves indicated that fresh sulphur residues had no discernible impact on TPP settlement patterns or onleaf behaviour However longer assays (8805; 72 h) using whole plants indicated that sulphur residues can disrupt egglaying behaviour but the effect was dependent on the assay design In 72 h choice assays TPP laid fewer eggs on plants sprayed with sulphur compared with control plants In nochoice assays sulphur residues did not consistently reduce egglaying Together these results suggest that sulphur may slow the buildup of TPP populations within crops by deterring egglaying However the lack of repellence or antifeeding properties means that sulphur treatments alone may not be sufficient to prevent the transmission of Lso by TPP

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Noncrop host plants prime real estate for the tomato potato psyllid in New Zealand

New Zealand Plant Protection ◽

10.30843/nzpp.2015.68.5844 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 68 ◽

pp. 441-441 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

A.M. Barnes ◽

N.M. Taylor ◽

J. Vereijssen

Keyword(s):

New Zealand ◽

Pilot Study ◽

Host Plants ◽

Economic Losses ◽

Potato Psyllid ◽

Life Stages ◽

Bactericera Cockerelli ◽

Vegetation Surveys ◽

Candidatus Liberibacter ◽

Solanaceae Family

The tomato potato psyllid Bactericera cockerelli (TPP) and the bacterium it vectors Candidatus Liberibacter solanacearum (CLso) are collectively responsible for significant economic losses across New Zealands horticulture industry Crop host plants of TPP include potatoes tomatoes capsicums/ chilli peppers tamarillos and tobacco along with lessobvious species outside the Solanaceae family such as kumara (Convolvulaceae) Most of these plants are shortlived summer annuals which raises the question what happens to TPP when crops are absent Many less conspicuous noncrop plants also play host to TPP some of which are perennial and therefore present yearround potentially acting as reservoirs of both TPP and CLso in the absence of a crop A pilot study in 2012 and subsequent vegetation surveys in Canterbury and Hawkes Bay in 201314 confirmed the presence of all TPP life stages on multiple noncrop species yearround in both areas despite adverse climatic events such as winter frosts and snowfall These results have farreaching impacts on the way growers should manage the borders surrounding their crops and their land in the offseason

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