Differences in insect anatomy may affect tolerance to the fumigant ethanedinitrile

Ethanedinitrile (EDN) is a potential alternative fumigant to methyl bromide for the phytosanitary treatment of timber and logs. Previously, adult golden-haired bark beetles (Hylurgus ligniperda) have shown high rates of tolerance to EDN, while all life stages of burnt-pine longhorn beetles (Arhopalus ferus) were highly susceptible. These results suggest that the fumigant mode of action might be species-specific and more complex than previously thought. Therefore, the anatomy of these beetles was examined to investigate potential differences in EDN toxicity related to these insect traits. The mesothoracic and fourth abdominal cuticles of 20 individuals were measured and compared across the two species. Spiracle sizes of 20 adult insects were also measured and compared across and within species. Of the two species, A. ferus had the thicker dorsal thoracic and abdominal cuticle. Adults of A. ferus had also the larger total spiracle area. These results provide important information to help explain the observed differences in EDN tolerance across the two species. Further work will test the main route of entry of EDN into the bodies of target insects and additional effects on EDN on insect behaviour.

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Developing new fumigation schedules for the phytosanitary treatment of New Zealand export logs comparative toxicity of two fumigants to the burnt pine longhorn beetle Arhopalus ferus

New Zealand Plant Protection ◽

10.30843/nzpp.2015.68.5793 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 68 ◽

pp. 19-25 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

A.J. Najar-Rodriguez ◽

M.K.D. Hall ◽

A.R. Adlam ◽

A.J. Hall ◽

S.B. Burgess ◽

...

Keyword(s):

New Zealand ◽

Methyl Bromide ◽

Life Stages ◽

Comparative Toxicity ◽

Longhorn Beetle ◽

Phytosanitary Treatment

Ethanedinitrile (EDN) has been identified as a possible alternative fumigant to methyl bromide (MB) as a phytosanitary treatment for New Zealand export logs A review of MB phytosanitary schedules has indicated that the treatment rates used in New Zealand may be able to be significantly reduced The toxicity of EDN was compared in the laboratory to that of reduced rates of MB using different life stages of the burnt pine longhorn beetle Arhopalus ferus Naked insects were fumigated with MB at 10C and 20C for 4 h or with EDN at the same temperatures for 3 h The mortalities achieved and the CT products calculated indicate that (1) a reduction in MB usage may be possible for the treatment of logs exported from New Zealand and that (2) EDN has potential as a phytosanitary alternative to MB for the treatment of logs

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Multiple-Lure Surveillance Trapping for Ips Bark Beetles, Monochamus Longhorn Beetles, and Halyomorpha halys (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae)

Journal of Economic Entomology ◽

10.1093/jee/toy190 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 111 (5) ◽

pp. 2255-2263 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Kevin D Chase ◽

Lloyd D Stringer ◽

Ruth C Butler ◽

Andrew M Liebhold ◽

Daniel R Miller ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Bark Beetles ◽

Halyomorpha Halys ◽

Longhorn Beetles

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Interspecific differences of stridulatory signals in three species of bark beetles from the genus Polygraphus Er. (Coleoptera: Curculionidae, Scolytinae) inhabiting the island of Sakhalin

10.7287/peerj.preprints.27697 ◽

2019 ◽

Author(s):

Ivan Andreevich Kerchev

Keyword(s):

Host Plant ◽

Plant Species ◽

Bark Beetles ◽

Acoustic Signals ◽

Interval Number ◽

Host Plant Species ◽

Interspecific Differences ◽

Species Specific ◽

Conspecific Interactions

Stridulatory signals are involved in conspecific interactions between bark beetles (Coleoptera: Curculionidae, Scolytinae). In this study, we compared the qualitative profiles of acoustic signals in three species from the genus Polygraphus Er. Sympatry can be periodically observed in two of them – P. proximus and P. subopacus. Sporadically they occur on the same plants. P. nigrielytris colonize distinctly different host plant species; however, on the island of Sakhalin it inhabits the same biotopes. The purpose of the study is to identify species-specific parameters and the extent of differences in stridulatory signals of these species. Airborne signals produced during the contact of males of the same species were experimentally recorded. Among tested parameters of stridulatory signals, as the most species-specific were noted: chirp duration, interchirp interval, number of tooth-strikes per chirp, and intertooth-strike interval.

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Rapid diagnosis of the economically important fruit fly, Bactrocera correcta (Diptera: Tephritidae) based on a species-specific barcoding cytochrome oxidase I marker

Bulletin of Entomological Research ◽

10.1017/s0007485312000806 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 103 (3) ◽

pp. 363-371 ◽

Cited By ~ 23

Author(s):

F. Jiang ◽

Z.H. Li ◽

Y.L. Deng ◽

J.J. Wu ◽

R.S. Liu ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Cytochrome Oxidase ◽

Fruit Fly ◽

Cytochrome Oxidase I ◽

Invasive Pest ◽

Molecular Technique ◽

Life Stages ◽

Specific Primer ◽

Mtdna Coi ◽

Bactrocera Correcta ◽

Species Specific

AbstractThe guava fruit fly, Bactrocera correcta (Bezzi) (Diptera: Tephritidae), is an invasive pest of fruit and vegetable crops that primarily inhabits Southeast Asia and which has the potential to become a major threat within both the Oriental and Australian oceanic regions as well as California and Florida. In light of the threat posed, it is important to develop a rapid, accurate and reliable method to identify B. correcta in quarantine work in order to provide an early warning to prevent its widespread invasion. In the present study, we describe a species-specific polymerase chain reaction assay for the diagnosis of B. correcta using mitochondrial DNA cytochrome oxidase I (mtDNA COI) barcoding genes. A B. correcta-specific primer pair was designed according to variations in the mtDNA COI barcode sequences among 14 fruit fly species. The specificity and sensitivity of the B. correcta-specific primer pair was tested based on the presence or absence of a band in the gel profile. A pair of species-specific B. correcta primers was successfully designed and named BCOR-F/BCOR-R. An ∼280 bp fragment was amplified from specimens belonging to 17 geographical populations and four life stages of B. correcta, while no such diagnostic bands were present in any of the 14 other related fruit fly species examined. Sensitivity test results demonstrated that successful amplification can be obtained with as little as 1 ng μl−1 of template DNA. The species-specific PCR analysis was able to successfully diagnose B. correcta, even in immature life stages, and from adult body parts. This method proved to be a robust single-step molecular technique for the diagnosis of B. correcta with respect to potential plant quarantine.

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The fauna of cambioxylophagous insects on Scots pine trees declined after spells of drought in 2003

Journal of Forest Science ◽

10.17221/2079-jfs ◽

2008 ◽

Vol 53 (No. 7) ◽

pp. 334-339 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

J. Foit

Keyword(s):

Scots Pine ◽

Bark Beetles ◽

Natural Occurrence ◽

Left Bank ◽

Potential Importance ◽

Dominant Group ◽

Longhorn Beetles ◽

Standing Trees ◽

Pine Trees ◽

Steep Slopes

The paper deals with cambioxylophagous insects on Scots pine (<i>Pinus sylvestris</i> L.) trees. Research was conducted in forest stands growing on steep slopes on the left bank of the Otava River about 1 km north of PÃsek. These are nearly unmanaged stands of a special-purpose function with the natural occurrence of Scots pine. In total, twenty standing trees at 60 to 160 years of age that died after the spell of drought in 2003 were analysed. The composition of the community of cambioxylophagous insects was recorded in detail. The frequencies of occurrence of particular insect species were determined. In total, 34 species of cambioxylophagous insects were recorded. The order Coleoptera was quite a dominant group and within the order bark beetles (Scolytidae) and longhorn beetles (Cerambycidae) prevailed. The median of the species developing on one tree was 11. <i>Tomicus piniperda</i> (L.) was markedly the most frequent species with the frequency of occurrence 90%. Based on the composition of the communities of cambioxylophagous insects the potential importance of the insect in the decline of the analysed Scots pine trees was evaluated. Cambioxylophagous insects probably played a secondary role there.

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Variability of Echiniscus tristis Gąsiorek & Kristensen, 2018—is morphology sufficient for taxonomic differentiation of Echiniscidae?

Zootaxa ◽

10.11646/zootaxa.4701.1.1 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 4701 (1) ◽

pp. 1-24 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

TOMASZ BARTYLAK ◽

ADAM KULPA ◽

DARIA GROBYS ◽

MARTA KEPEL ◽

ANDRZEJ KEPEL ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Dna Sequences ◽

28S Rrna ◽

Life Stages ◽

Significant Genetic Differentiation ◽

Wide Range ◽

Microscope Images ◽

Different Types ◽

Taxonomic Confusion ◽

Species Specific ◽

Range Of Variation

The majority of species in the genus Echiniscus (Heterotardigrada) have been described based on differences in the chaetotaxy or dorsal sculpture. Dorsal sculpture is, in general, considered to be species-specific and not very variable; however, many problems have arisen due to various interpretations of microscope images, which has led to taxonomic confusion in the genus Echiniscus. Conversely, chaetotaxy is generally much easier to interpret, even using low-quality microscope optics. In this study, we emended the description of Madagascan population of Echiniscus tristis Gąsiorek & Kristensen, 2018 that exhibits several different types of chaetotaxy and dorsal sculpture. The analysed specimens were characterised by two types of chaetotaxy, A-C-Dd-E and A-Dd-E, but we also found a wide range of variation in appendage number, shape and length. The observed differences are partly correlated with life stages. Additionally, we analysed DNA sequences of 28S rRNA, ITS-2 and COI of the two main morphotypes, and did not find significant genetic differentiation of the two morphotypes. This highlights the importance of analysing the morphology of both immature stages and adults, as well as of DNA markers in tardigrade species identification.

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Control of onion thrips (Thrips tabaci) adults and eggs with phosphine

New Zealand Plant Protection ◽

10.30843/nzpp.2009.62.4840 ◽

2009 ◽

Vol 62 ◽

pp. 400-400

Author(s):

C.W. Van_Epenhuijsen ◽

S.K. Wimalaratne ◽

K.G. Somerfield ◽

D.I. Hedderley ◽

B.B.C. Page ◽

...

Keyword(s):

New Zealand ◽

Short Duration ◽

Methyl Bromide ◽

Treatment Protocol ◽

Thrips Tabaci ◽

Life Stages ◽

Onion Thrips ◽

Complete Control ◽

Major Pest ◽

Mean Concentration

Onion thrips are a major pest of New Zealand onion and asparagus exports Onions are generally treated with methyl bromide if export shipments are contaminated with thrips Phosphine is a possible alternative fumigant for disinfestation particularly as it is less likely to have phytotoxic effects on onions than methyl bromide This research aimed to identify a short duration (23 day) phosphine treatment protocol using cylinderised phosphine that gave complete control of onion thrips adults and eggs without causing a decline in onion bulb quality Adults and egg life stages of onion thrips were treated with two concentrations of phosphine (700 and 1100 ppm) for either 48 or 72 h at a mean temperature of 20C Phosphine was applied directly to adult thrips that had been collected and held in jars as well as to infested onions None of the treated adults survived and none of the treated eggs hatched and survived after 48 h exposure to phosphine fumigation at a mean concentration of 706 ppm There were no visible signs of phytotoxicity following phosphine treatment It is recommended that this treatment regime is tested at a larger scale on stored onions infested with onion thrips

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Weed Control in Strawberry Provided by Shank- and Drip-applied Methyl Bromide Alternative Fumigants

HortScience ◽

10.21273/hortsci.38.1.55 ◽

2003 ◽

Vol 38 (1) ◽

pp. 55-61 ◽

Cited By ~ 33

Author(s):

S.A. Fennimore ◽

M.J. Haar ◽

H.A. Ajwa

Keyword(s):

Weed Control ◽

Methyl Bromide ◽

Weed Management ◽

Drip Irrigation ◽

Irrigation System ◽

Drip Irrigation System ◽

Weed Seed ◽

Metam Sodium ◽

Polygonum Aviculare ◽

Potential Alternative

The loss of methyl bromide (MB) as a soil fumigant has created the need for new weed management systems for crops such as strawberry (Fragaria ×ananassa Duchesne). Potential alternative chemicals to replace methyl bromide fumigation include 1,3-D, chloropicrin (CP), and metam sodium. Application of emulsified formulations of these fumigants through the drip irrigation system is being tested as an alternative to the standard shank injection method of fumigant application in strawberry production. The goal of this research was to evaluate the weed control efficacy of alternative fumigants applied through the drip irrigation system and by shank injection. The fumigant 1,3-D in a mixture with CP was drip-applied as InLine (60% 1,3-D plus 32% CP) at 236 and 393 L·ha-1 or shank injected as Telone C35 (62% 1,3-D plus 35% CP) at 374 L·ha-1. Chloropicrin (CP EC, 95%) was drip-applied singly at 130 and 200 L·ha-1 or shank injected (CP, 99%) at 317 kg·ha-1. Vapam HL (metam sodium 42%) was drip-applied singly at 420 and 700 L·ha-1. InLine was drip-applied at 236 and 393 L·ha-1, and then 6 d later followed by (fb) drip-applied Vapam HL at 420 and 700 L·ha-1, respectively. CP EC was drip-applied simultaneously with Vapam HL at 130 plus 420 L·ha-1 and as a sequential application at 200 fb 420 L·ha-1, respectively. Results were compared to the commercial standard, MB : CP mixture (67:33) shank-applied at 425 kg·ha-1 and the untreated control. Chloropicrin EC at 200 L·ha-1 and InLine at 236 to 393 L·ha-1 each applied singly controlled weeds as well as MB : CP at 425 kg·ha-1. Application of these fumigants through the drip irrigation systems provided equal or better weed control than equivalent rates applied by shank injection. InLine and CP EC efficacy on little mallow (Malva parviflora L.) or prostrate knotweed (Polygonum aviculare L.) seed buried at the center of the bed did not differ from MB : CP. However, the percentage of weed seed survival at the edge of the bed was often higher in the drip-applied treatments than in the shank-applied treatments, possibly due to the close proximity of the shank-injected fumigant to the edge of the bed. Vapam HL was generally less effective than MB : CP on the native weed population or on weed seed. The use of Vapam HL in combination with InLine or CP EC did not provide additional weed control benefit. Chemical names used: 1,3-dichloropropene (1,3-D); sodium N-methyldithiocarbamate (metam sodium); methyl bromide; trichloro-nitromethane (chloropicrin).

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