scholarly journals Sustainable Perspective of Electric Vehicles and Its Future Prospects

2021 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Pawan Maske ◽  
◽  
Arvind Chel ◽  
Pradeep K. Gopal ◽  
Geetanjali Kaushik ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Electric Vehicle ◽  
Electric Vehicles ◽  
Electric Propulsion ◽  
Fossil Fuel ◽  
Hybrid Electric Vehicles ◽  
Li Ion Batteries ◽  
Indian Market ◽  
Propulsion Systems ◽  
Recent Trends ◽  
Li Ion

Vehicles running on fossil fuel are creating a threat to the environment by emitting pollutants such as carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide and sulfur and nitrogen oxides into the environment. Electric vehicles and hybrid electric vehicles provide a perennial solution to this problem and since the utilization of renewables for charging, the market is on verge of electric vehicle revolution. Electric propulsion systems can also be used in heavy transport vehicles, thus transitioning them to electric. This paper puts forth an overview of the electric vehicles for transportation of masses and freight across the globe and emphasis on the battery charging infrastructures. Recent trends and advancements in electric vehicle batteries are discussed briefly, along with sustainability in Li-ion batteries and its materials; moreover, a comparative study of different electric vehicles available in the Indian market is done. Similarly, the incentives offered by government, challenges faced by these vehicles and future development areas are conversed at the end of the paper.

scholarly journals On the Hybridization of Microcars with Hybrid UltraCapacitors and Li-Ion Batteries Storage Systems

Energies ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (12) ◽  
pp. 3230 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fernando Ortenzi ◽  
Natascia Andrenacci ◽  
Manlio Pasquali ◽  
Carlo Villante
Keyword(s):  
Energy Storage ◽  
Electric Vehicles ◽  
Hybrid Electric Vehicles ◽  
Storage Systems ◽  
Specific Power ◽  
Li Ion Batteries ◽  
Energy Storage Systems ◽  
Current Output ◽  
Hybrid Storage ◽  
Li Ion

The objective proposed by the EU to drastically reduce vehicular CO2 emission for the years up to 2030 requires an increase of propulsion systems’ efficiency, and accordingly, the improvement their technology. Hybrid electric vehicles could have a chance of achieving this, by recovering energy during braking phases, running in pure electric mode and allowing the internal combustion engine to operate under better efficiency conditions, while maintaining traditionally expected vehicle performances (mileage, weight, available on-board volume, etc.). The energy storage systems for hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs) have different requirements than those designed for Battery Electric Vehicles (BEVs); high specific power is normally the most critical issue. Using Li-ion Batteries (LiBs) in the designing of on-board Energy Storage Systems (ESS) based only on power specifications gives an ESS with an energy capacity which is sufficient for vehicle requirements. The highest specific power LiBs are therefore chosen among those technologically available. All this leads to an ESS design that is strongly stressed over time, because current output is very high and very rapidly varies, during both traction and regeneration phases. The resulting efficiency of the ESS is correspondingly lowered, and LiBs lifetime can be relevantly affected. Such a problem can be overcome by adopting hybrid storage systems, coupling LiBs and UltraCapacitors (UCs); by properly dimensioning and controlling the ESS’ components, in fact, the current output of the batteries can be reduced and smoothed, using UCs during transients. In this paper, a simulation model, calibrated and validated on an engine testbed, has been used to evaluate the performances of a hybrid storage HEV microcar under different operative conditions (driving cycles, environment temperature and ESS State of Charge). Results show that the hybridization of the powertrain may reduce fuel consumption by up to 27%, while LiBs lifetime may be more than doubled.

scholarly journals A Survey on Through-the-Road Hybrid Electric Vehicles

Electronics ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (5) ◽  
pp. 879
Author(s):  
Gianfranco Rizzo ◽  
Shayesteh Naghinajad ◽  
Francesco Tiano ◽  
Matteo Marino
Keyword(s):  
Electric Vehicles ◽  
Electric Propulsion ◽  
Hybrid Electric Vehicles ◽  
Heat Engine ◽  
Propulsion Systems ◽  
Hybrid Propulsion ◽  
The Road ◽  
Hybrid Electric ◽  
And Control ◽  
Driving Torque

Hybrid Electric Vehicles (HEVs) can be divided into three categories according to how the two propulsion systems (the thermal and the electric ones) supply the driving torque to the vehicle. When the torque is supplied only by an electric propulsion system, while the heat engine takes care of generating the electricity needed to operate the system, it is called a hybrid-series. Conversely, when both propulsion systems provide torque, the vehicle is identified with parallel hybrid wording. Among the parallel hybrids there is a particular configuration called Through-the-Road (TTR). In this configuration, the two propulsion systems are not mechanically connected to each other, but it is precisely the road that allows hybrid propulsion. This architecture, dating back to the early twentieth century, is still used by several manufacturers and carries with it peculiar configurations and control methods. It is also a configuration that fits well with the transformation of conventional vehicles into a hybrid. The paper presents a survey of the TTR HEV solution, evidencing applications, potentialities and limits.

Thermal Behavior of Two Commercial Li-Ion Batteries for Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicles

2014 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ehsan Samadani ◽  
Leo Gimenez ◽  
William Scott ◽  
Siamak Farhad ◽  
Michael Fowler ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Thermal Behavior ◽  
Electric Vehicles ◽  
Hybrid Electric Vehicles ◽  
Li Ion Batteries ◽  
Li Ion ◽  
Hybrid Electric

scholarly journals Li-Ion Battery Performance Degradation Modeling for the Optimal Design and Energy Management of Electrified Propulsion Systems

Energies ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (7) ◽  
pp. 1629 ◽  
Author(s):  
Li Chen ◽  
Yuqi Tong ◽  
Zuomin Dong
Keyword(s):  
Energy Management ◽  
Electric Vehicles ◽  
Hybrid Electric Vehicles ◽  
Performance Degradation ◽  
Power Demand ◽  
Li Ion Battery ◽  
Propulsion Systems ◽  
Degradation Model ◽  
Li Ion ◽  
Hybrid Electric

Heavy-duty hybrid electric vehicles and marine vessels need a sizeable electric energy storage system (ESS). The size and energy management strategy (EMS) of the ESS affects the system performance, cost, emissions, and safety. Traditional power-demand-based and fuel-economy-driven ESS sizing and energy management has often led to shortened battery cycle life and higher replacement costs. To consider minimizing the total lifecycle cost (LCC) of hybrid electric propulsion systems, the battery performance degradation and the life prediction model is a critical element in the optimal design process. In this work, a new Li-ion battery (LIB) performance degradation model is introduced based on a large set of cycling experiment data on LiFePO4 (LFP) batteries to predict their capacity decay, resistance increase and the remaining cycle life under various use patterns. Critical parameters of the semi-empirical, amended equivalent circuit model were identified using least-square fitting. The model is used to calculate the investment, operation, replacement and recycling costs of the battery ESS over its lifetime. Validation of the model is made using battery cycling experimental data. The new LFP battery performance degradation model is used in optimizing the sizes of the key hybrid electric powertrain component of an electrified ferry ship with the minimum overall LCC. The optimization result presents a 12 percent improvement over the traditional power demand-driven hybrid powertrain design method. The research supports optimal sizing and EMS development of hybrid electric vehicles and vessels to achieve minimum lifecycle costs.

Available Capacity Estimation of Electric Vehicle Batteries Based on Peukert Equation at Various Temperatures

2014 ◽  
Vol 535 ◽  
pp. 167-171 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xing Tao Liu ◽  
Ji Wu ◽  
Chen Bin Zhang ◽  
Zong Hai Chen
Keyword(s):  
Energy Consumption ◽  
Temperature Effect ◽  
Electric Vehicle ◽  
Electric Vehicles ◽  
Low Energy ◽  
Accurate Estimation ◽  
Li Ion Batteries ◽  
Capacity Estimation ◽  
Low Energy Consumption ◽  
Li Ion

Electric vehicles (EVs) are becoming widely used for its low energy consumption and low pollution. An accurate estimation of available capacity for Li-ion batteries has an important utility significance to optimize its performance in the applications of EVs. The Peukert equation is applied to estimate the available capacity of batteries. However, the fact that the available capacity of Li-ion batteries is dependent on battery temperatures can result in errors while using the Peukert equation. To address this problem, this paper proposes an extended Peukert equation to include temperature effect. This method considers battery temperature as an input variable into the Peukert equation. Experiments based on Li-ion batteries are carried out under various current and temperatures. The comparison of the estimated and the actual available capacity indicates that the proposed algorithm can provide a reliable and accurate estimation of the available capacity for Li-ion batteries.

Unsettled Technology Areas in Electric Propulsion Systems

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yuxiang Jiang ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Electric Vehicles ◽  
Electric Propulsion ◽  
Hybrid Electric Vehicles ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Dynamic Performance ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Propulsion Systems ◽  
Pros And Cons ◽  
Drive Systems ◽  
Noise Vibration

Electric vehicle (EV) transmission technology—crucial for battery electric vehicles (BEVs) and hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs)—is developing quickly and customers want good performance at a low cost. Single-speed gearboxes are popular in electric drive systems due to their simple and cost-effective configuration. However, multispeed gearboxes are being taken to market due to their higher low-speed torque, dynamic performance, and energy efficiency. Unsettled Technology Areas in Electric Propulsion Systems reviews the economic drivers, existing techniques, and current challenges of EV transmission technology—including torque interruption during shifting; thermal and sealing issues; and noise, vibration, and harshness (NVH). This report discusses the pros and cons for both single-speed and multispeed gearboxes with numerical analysis.

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