"Integrated Weed Management in Crops and Cropping Systems: Concept, Needs and Challenges"

AbstractDwarf amaranth (Amaranthus macrocarpus Benth.) is a problematic broadleaf weed in many crops in Australia; however, no information is available on the germination ecology of this species. Seeds from two populations of this species were collected from Hillston, NSW, Australia (D-P-01), and Yandilla, QLD, Australia (D-P-02). Seeds were germinated at a range of constant (20 to 45 C) and alternating temperatures (30/20, 35/25, 40/30, and 45/35 C day/night). For the constant temperature treatments, the highest germination occurred at 35 C for D-P-01 (89%) and D-P-02 (82%). Germination was higher at the alternating day/night temperature of 40/30 C for both populations D-P-01 (91%) and D-P-02 (85%). Seed germination of both populations was stimulated by light, which indicates a great amount of emergence of A. macrocarpus can occur on bare ground such as crop seed beds. Results also revealed that this species tolerates a moderate level of salinity and can germinate in slightly alkaline soil conditions. The emergence of this species was highest (47%) for the seed buried at 0.5-cm depth in grey cracking alkaline soil compared with seed buried at the same depth in acidic red soils. These results suggest that soil inversion by tillage to bury weed seeds below their maximum emergence depth could serve as an important tool for managing A. macrocarpus. The results from this study will help in developing more sustainable and effective integrated weed management tactics for the control of this weed and weeds with similar responses in summer cropping systems.

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Near-saturated hydraulic conductivity measured on a swelling silty clay loam for three integrated weed management based cropping systems

Soil and Tillage Research ◽

10.1016/j.still.2015.02.003 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 150 ◽

pp. 192-200 ◽

Cited By ~ 9

Author(s):

C.C. Ugarte Nano ◽

B. Nicolardot ◽

M. Ubertosi

Keyword(s):

Hydraulic Conductivity ◽

Weed Management ◽

Cropping Systems ◽

Saturated Hydraulic Conductivity ◽

Integrated Weed Management ◽

Silty Clay ◽

Clay Loam ◽

Silty Clay Loam

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Weed Management Practice Selection Among Midwest U.S. Organic Growers

Weed Science ◽

10.1614/ws-d-13-00138.1 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 62 (3) ◽

pp. 520-531 ◽

Cited By ~ 22

Author(s):

James J. DeDecker ◽

John B. Masiunas ◽

Adam S. Davis ◽

Courtney G. Flint

Keyword(s):

Weed Management ◽

Information Seeking ◽

Management Practices ◽

Management Practice ◽

Cropping Systems ◽

Organic Production ◽

Integrated Weed Management ◽

Organic Farmers ◽

Organic Weed Management ◽

Selection Of

Organic agricultural systems increase the complexity of weed management, leading organic farmers to cite weeds as one of the greatest barriers to organic production. Integrated Weed Management (IWM) systems have been developed to address the ecological implications of weeds and weed management in cropping systems, but adoption is minimal. Organic agriculture offers a favorable context for application of IWM, as both approaches are motivated by concern for environmental quality and agricultural sustainability. However, adoption of IWM on organic farms is poorly understood due to limited data on weed management practices used, absence of an IWM adoption metric, and insufficient consideration given to the unique farming contexts within which weed management decisions are made. Therefore, this study aimed to (1) characterize organic weed management systems; (2) identify motivations for, and barriers to, selection of weed management practices; and (3) generate guiding principles for effective targeting of weed management outreach. We surveyed Midwestern organic growers to determine how specified psychosocial, demographic, and farm structure factors influence selection of weed management practices. Cluster analysis of the data detected three disparate, yet scaled, approaches to organic weed management. Clusters were distinguished by perspective regarding weeds and the number of weed management practices used. Categorization of individual farms within the identified approaches was influenced by primary farm products as well as farmer education, years farming, and information-seeking behavior. The proposed conceptual model allows weed management educators to target outreach for enhanced compatibility of farming contexts and weed management technologies.

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Response of soybean and corn to halauxifen-methyl

Weed Technology ◽

10.1017/wet.2020.22 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 34 (4) ◽

pp. 613-618

Author(s):

Jessica Quinn ◽

Nader Soltani ◽

Jamshid Ashigh ◽

David C. Hooker ◽

Darren E. Robinson ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Weed Management ◽

Cropping Systems ◽

Field Trials ◽

Integrated Weed Management ◽

Corn Yield ◽

Current Application ◽

Crop Tolerance ◽

Weed Interference ◽

No Till ◽

Lower Biomass

AbstractPreplant (PP) herbicide applications are an important tool within an integrated weed management system, specifically in no-till production. An understanding of crop tolerance regarding PP applications is important for effectively integrating a new herbicide into no-till cropping systems. Twelve field trials (six in corn and six in soybean) were conducted over a 2-yr period (2018 and 2019) near Exeter and Ridgetown, ON. The purpose of these studies was to evaluate the tolerance of soybean and corn to halauxifen-methyl applied PP, PRE, or POST at the registered rate (5 g a.i. ha−1) and twice the registered rate (10 g a.i. ha−1), hereafter referred to as the 1× and 2× rate, respectively. All trials were kept weed-free throughout the growing season to remove the confounding effect of weed interference. Halauxifen-methyl applied 14 d preplant (DPP), 7 DPP, 1 DPP, and 5 d after seeding (DAS) at the 1× and 2× rates caused ≤10% visible soybean injury. In contrast, halauxifen-methyl applied POST (cotyledon–unifoliate stage, VE-VC) caused 67% to 87% visible soybean injury, a 50% to 53% reduction in height, 65% to 81% decrease in population, 56% to 67% lower biomass, and 53% to 63% decline in yield. Halauxifen-methyl applied 10 DPP, 5 DPP, 1 DPP, 5 DAS, and POST (spike–one leaf stage, VE-V1) at the 1× and 2× rate caused ≤3% visible corn injury and caused no effect on corn height or biomass. Halauxifen-methyl applied at VE-V1 at the 2× rate reduced corn yield 10%. Based on these studies, the current application restriction of 7 DPP in soybean and 5 DPP in corn is conservative and could be expanded. Expanding the application window of halauxifen-methyl would increase the utility of this herbicide for producers.

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Assessing nitrate leaching in cropping systems based on integrated weed management using the STICS soil–crop model

European Journal of Agronomy ◽

10.1016/j.eja.2014.09.005 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 62 ◽

pp. 46-54 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

C. Bécel ◽

N.M. Munier-Jolain ◽

B. Nicolardot

Keyword(s):

Nitrate Leaching ◽

Weed Management ◽

Cropping Systems ◽

Crop Model ◽

Integrated Weed Management

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The Remarkable Journey of a Weed: Biology and Management of Annual Ryegrass (Lolium rigidum) in Conservation Cropping Systems of Australia

Plants ◽

10.3390/plants10081505 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 10 (8) ◽

pp. 1505

Author(s):

Ali Ahsan Bajwa ◽

Sajid Latif ◽

Catherine Borger ◽

Nadeem Iqbal ◽

Md Asaduzzaman ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Weed Management ◽

Production Systems ◽

Conservation Tillage ◽

Cropping Systems ◽

Integrated Weed Management ◽

Annual Ryegrass ◽

Grain Production ◽

Competitive Growth ◽

Lolium Rigidum ◽

Negative Impacts

Annual ryegrass (Lolium rigidum Gaud.), traditionally utilised as a pasture species, has become the most problematic and difficult-to-control weed across grain production regions in Australia. Annual ryegrass has been favoured by the adoption of conservation tillage systems due to its genetic diversity, prolific seed production, widespread dispersal, flexible germination requirements and competitive growth habit. The widespread evolution of herbicide resistance in annual ryegrass has made its management within these systems extremely difficult. The negative impacts of this weed on grain production systems result in annual revenue losses exceeding $93 million (AUD) for Australian grain growers. No single method of management provides effective and enduring control hence the need of integrated weed management programs is widely accepted and practiced in Australian cropping. Although annual ryegrass is an extensively researched weed, a comprehensive review of the biology and management of this weed in conservation cropping systems has not been conducted. This review presents an up-to-date account of knowledge on the biology, ecology and management of annual ryegrass in an Australian context. This comprehensive account provides pragmatic information for further research and suitable management of annual ryegrass.

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Herbicide-Resistant Weeds: Management Tactics and Practices

Weed Technology ◽

10.1614/wt-05-084r1.1 ◽

2006 ◽

Vol 20 (3) ◽

pp. 793-814 ◽

Cited By ~ 205

Author(s):

Hugh J. Beckie

Keyword(s):

Herbicide Resistance ◽

Weed Management ◽

Management Practices ◽

Cropping Systems ◽

Integrated Weed Management ◽

Weed Species ◽

Herbicide Resistant ◽

Application Rates ◽

Selection For ◽

Reactive Management

In input-intensive cropping systems around the world, farmers rarely proactively manage weeds to prevent or delay the selection for herbicide resistance. Farmers usually increase the adoption of integrated weed management practices only after herbicide resistance has evolved, although herbicides continue to be the dominant method of weed control. Intergroup herbicide resistance in various weed species has been the main impetus for changes in management practices and adoption of cropping systems that reduce selection for resistance. The effectiveness and adoption of herbicide and nonherbicide tactics and practices for the proactive and reactive management of herbicide-resistant (HR) weeds are reviewed. Herbicide tactics include sequences and rotations, mixtures, application rates, site-specific application, and use of HR crops. Nonherbicide weed-management practices or nonselective herbicides applied preplant or in crop, integrated with less-frequent selective herbicide use in diversified cropping systems, have mitigated the evolution, spread, and economic impact of HR weeds.

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Separating the effects of crop rotation from weed management on weed density and diversity

Weed Science ◽

10.1017/s0043174500091402 ◽

1999 ◽

Vol 47 (6) ◽

pp. 729-735 ◽

Cited By ~ 83

Author(s):

Colleen Doucet ◽

Susan E. Weaver ◽

Allan S. Hamill ◽

Jianhua Zhang

Keyword(s):

Crop Rotation ◽

Weed Management ◽

Management Practices ◽

Cropping Systems ◽

Management Strategies ◽

Integrated Weed Management ◽

Direct Result ◽

Weed Density ◽

Richness Index ◽

Rotation Study

Crop rotation is thought to reduce weed density and maintain species diversity, thus preventing the domination of a few problem weeds. Because cropping sequence dictates other agricultural management practices, variations in weed populations between cropping systems may be the direct result of crop rotation, the result of different weed management practices associated with crop rotation, or both. Studies that fail to separate the effects of crop rotation from weed management may generate misleading results. A 10-yr crop rotation study was undertaken to study the dynamics of the standing weed vegetation inZea maysL.,Glycine maxL., andTriticum aestivumL. The present paper compared total weed density and diversity between monocultures and rotations under three levels of weed management. Weed management accounted for 37.9% of the variation in total weed density, whereas crop rotation accounted for only 5.5%. Weed density varied between monocultures and rotations in plots where herbicides were applied. The effectiveness of rotations in reducing weed density was dependent upon the crop. Margalef's species richness index (DMG), a measure of diversity, varied among weed management strategies, with 38.4% of the variance attributed to this factor. In the 10th year, when all plots were sown withZ. mays, few cumulative effects of crop rotation were apparent, with two exceptions. In weedy and herbicide-treated plots, weed density was higher on plots cropped withZ. maysthe previous year. Also, under these weed management treatments, including a cereal in the crop rotation reduced weed density. Crop rotation, when used in combination with herbicides, provides additional weed control and is therefore an effective tool in integrated weed management.

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Integrated Weed Management Systems Identified for Jointed Goatgrass (Aegilops cylindrica) in the Pacific Northwest

Weed Technology ◽

10.1614/wt-d-10-00046.1 ◽

2010 ◽

Vol 24 (4) ◽

pp. 430-439 ◽

Cited By ~ 8

Author(s):

Frank L. Young ◽

Daniel A. Ball ◽

Donn C. Thill ◽

J. Richard Alldredge ◽

Alex G. Ogg ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Winter Wheat ◽

Pacific Northwest ◽

Weed Management ◽

Cropping Systems ◽

Wheat Variety ◽

Integrated Weed Management ◽

Weed Density ◽

Jointed Goatgrass ◽

F Region ◽

The Pacific

Jointed goatgrass is an invasive winter annual grass weed that is a particular problem in the low to intermediate rainfall zones of the Pacific Northwest (PNW). For the most part, single-component research has been the focus of previous jointed goatgrass studies. In 1996, an integrated cropping systems study for the management of jointed goatgrass was initiated in Washington, Idaho, and Oregon in the traditional winter wheat (WW)–fallow (F) region of the PNW. The study evaluated eight integrated weed management (IWM) systems that included combinations of either a one-time stubble burn (B) or a no-burn (NB) treatment, a rotation of either WW–F–WW or spring wheat (SW)–F–WW, and either a standard (S) or an integrated (I) practice of planting winter wheat. This study is the first, to our knowledge, to evaluate and identify complete IWM systems for jointed goatgrass control in winter wheat. At the Idaho location, in a very low weed density, no IWM system was identified that consistently had the highest yield, reduced grain dockage, and reduced weed densities. However, successful IWM systems for jointed goatgrass management were identified as weed populations increased. At the Washington location, in a moderate population of jointed goatgrass, the best IWM system based on the above responses was the B:SW–F–WW:S system. At the Washington site, this system was better than the integrated planting system because the competitive winter wheat variety did not perform well in drought conditions during the second year of winter wheat. At the Oregon site, a location with a high weed density, the system B:SW–F–WW:I produced consistently higher grain yields, reduced grain dockage, and reduced jointed goatgrass densities. These integrated systems, if adopted by PNW growers in the wheat–fallow area, would increase farm profits by decreasing dockage, decreasing farm inputs, and reducing herbicide resistance in jointed goatgrass.

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