scholarly journals Climate Change and Rural Livelihoods -adaptation and vulnerability in Rajasthan

2015 ◽  
Vol 17 (1) ◽  
pp. 41-49 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Rural Communities ◽  
Crop Yields ◽  
Rural Livelihoods ◽  
Alternative Methods ◽  
Ecosystem Goods And Services ◽  
Goods And Services ◽  
The People ◽  
Pest Outbreaks ◽  
Weather Changes

<p>natural resources, is already experiencing the effects of climate change. The region&rsquo;s climate is projected to become harsher, with increased average temperatures, intensity of rainfall events, and increased variability in space &amp; time of monsoon rains being consistently projected for the region. Without action in the form of adaptation of social, human, economic, and natural resource management systems, these weather changes are predicted to result in decreasing surface and ground water availability, flash floods, degradation of soil resources, decrease in crop yields, greater vulnerability to crop pest outbreaks, and declines in forest and pastureland ecosystem goods and services, thus rendering agricultural and herding communities extremely vulnerable to weather related losses of life, livelihood, and food security.</p> <p>In Rajasthan, government is focussing for sustainable development and climate change adaptation by finding and administering alternative methods to deal with issues of poverty and environmental degradation in context of linkage between livelihood and the immediate environment of the people. The livelihoods of the rural poor are directly dependent on environmental resources like land, water, forests &mdash; and are vulnerable to weather and climate variability. Climate change affects every aspect of society, environment and economy requiring adjustments in behaviour, livelihoods, infrastructure, laws, policies and institutions in response to experienced based expected climatic events. However, it was found that local coping strategies and traditional knowledge need to be used in synergy with government and local interventions. Solutions must be integrated to address the interrelationships between water, agriculture, forests and pastures, livestock. Finally, there is great potential for existing policies and schemes to be employed synergistically towards building true adaptive capacity for the rural communities. However, adapting to climate change will entail adjustments and implementation at every level &ndash; from community to national and international.</p>

scholarly journals Climate Change and Rural Livelihoods in the Lawra District of Ghana. A Qualitative Based Study

2017 ◽  
Vol 13 (11) ◽  
pp. 160
Author(s):  
Abdul-Rahim Abdulai ◽  
Marshal K. Ziemah ◽  
Paul Boniface Akaabre
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Rural Communities ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Rural Livelihoods ◽  
Community Members ◽  
Adaptation Measures ◽  
The People ◽  
Development Programming ◽  
And Coping ◽  
Impacts Of Climate Change

Climate change is a growing threat to the world's poorest and most vulnerable living in rural areas. The impacts of climate change challenge efforts to reducing poverty and hence, will require new approaches to focus development programming on the changing realities of the world. Understanding how the impacts of climate change affect the people, and their knowledge and experience in coping with it will assist in identifying appropriate strategies for adaptation to it. This paper thus examined the impacts of climate change on livelihoods of rural communities in the Upper West region of Ghana and the challenges posed to efforts at reducing poverty in the area. Discussions on vulnerability to climate variability and adaptation issues in this paper focused on evidence observed by 10 communities in the Lawra District. Adopting a qualitative approach, ten focused group discussions were organized to gather data. Specific issues discussed surrounded evidence of climate change in the communities, its impacts, underlying causes of vulnerability to climate and coping strategies employed by community members. Based on the discussions, the paper recommends the need to develop and intensify effective institutional mechanisms to facilitate community adaptation measures, awareness raising (creation) on anti-environments practices in communities, institution of bye and customary laws to regulate human anti-environmental activities, and the implementation of adaptation projects to aid communities cope with the major impacts of climate change in the district and world at large.

Biodiversity, Distributions, and Extinction

2013 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eric Post
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Species Diversity ◽  
Time Scales ◽  
Upper And Lower Bounds ◽  
Ecosystem Goods And Services ◽  
Goods And Services ◽  
Local Diversity ◽  
Rapid Climate Change ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The Relationship

This chapter examines the relationship between species diversity and ecosystem function and stability. This subject is currently one of the most intensely studied topics in ecology. It is also of paramount importance in the study of the ecological consequences of climate change, most probably because of its obvious relevance to ecosystem goods and services. More classically, however, the subject of biodiversity response to climate change relates to what factors set limits to the upper and lower bounds of species diversity and how those factors might be altered by rapid climate change. Of the two processes generating diversity—speciation and immigration—the latter obviously operates at shorter time scales and is likely to respond more immediately to climate change. Of the processes reducing local diversity—extinction and emigration—the latter is, again, likely to operate at shorter time scales, but both processes are likely to be influenced by climate change, although at potentially different timescales.

Rural household participation in markets for non-timber forest products in Zambia

2013 ◽  
Vol 19 (4) ◽  
pp. 487-504 ◽  
Author(s):  
Brian P. Mulenga ◽  
Robert B. Richardson ◽  
Gelson Tembo ◽  
Lawrence Mapemba
Keyword(s):  
Rural Communities ◽  
Household Income ◽  
Sustainable Forest Management ◽  
Crop Yields ◽  
Rural Livelihoods ◽  
Forest Products ◽  
Safety Net ◽  
Rural Household ◽  
Development Policies ◽  
Non Timber Forest Products

AbstractNon-timber forest products (NTFPs) support livelihoods in rural communities through provision of food, fuel, materials, medicines and income from sales. We estimated the contribution of NTFPs to rural household income in Zambia, and used a two-stage tobit alternative model to identify the factors associated with participation in NTFP markets. NTFPs accounted for 35 per cent of household income for participating households, second only to trading. Human capital variables and the value of assets were found to be significant determinants of both participation in business activities related to NTFPs and the associated household income, and the poor were more dependent on NTFPs than wealthier households. The effect of average rainfall underscores the role that NTFPs play in providing a safety net during periods of low crop yields. Rural development policies should recognize the role played by NTFPs in rural livelihoods and the need to balance welfare improvement and sustainable forest management.

scholarly journals The Occurrence of Drought in Mopani District Municipality, South Africa: Impacts, Vulnerability and Adaptation

Climate ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (4) ◽  
pp. 61
Author(s):  
Ndamulelo Nembilwi ◽  
Hector Chikoore ◽  
Edmore Kori ◽  
Rendani B. Munyai ◽  
Tshilidzi C. Manyanya
Keyword(s):  
South Africa ◽  
Rural Communities ◽  
Crop Yields ◽  
Rural Livelihoods ◽  
Vulnerability Index ◽  
Water Levels ◽  
Climate Data ◽  
Climate Risks ◽  
Drought Hazard ◽  
Dry Conditions

Mopani District Municipality in the northeast of South Africa is largely semi-arid and frequently affected by meteorological droughts. The recent 2015/16 event had devastating impacts on water levels, crop yields, livestock herds and rural livelihoods. We investigated the nature of the drought hazard; its impacts, including vulnerability of rural communities in Mopani District and adaptation strategies they have employed to cope with drought. A mixed methods approach with both quantitative and qualitative datasets was used. The district was divided into two distinct climatic areas: the drier eastern lowveld and the wetter western bushveld. Questionnaires were administered among community members whilst key informant interviews were conducted among relevant government and municipal officials. Climate data was used to characterize historical drought using a Standardized Precipitation and Evapotranspiration Index whilst vegetation anomaly maps were used to demonstrate impacts. Spatially distinct patterns of drought conditions were evident with harsh and dry conditions towards the east. It was found that nearly half the time there is some form of drought or another in the district mostly linked to the remote El Nino phenomenon. In several areas, rain-fed agriculture is no longer tenable, with a direct impact on rural livelihoods. A Household Vulnerability Index determined variable levels of vulnerability such that different strategies are employed to adapt to drought some of which cause environmental problems. Local government intervention strategies include supply of seeds and fertilisers, providing cheap fodder and supplying water using trucks. The findings of this study contribute to disaster risk reduction efforts in a region that is highly vulnerable to current and future climate-risks.

scholarly journals Linking rural community livelihoods to resilience building in flood risk reduction in Zimbabwe

2009 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Patrick Gwimbi
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Rural Communities ◽  
Rural Community ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Flood Risk ◽  
Risk Mitigation ◽  
Property Values ◽  
Rural Livelihoods ◽  
Flood Hazards ◽  
Flooding Events

The increasing occurrence of disastrous flooding events and the mounting losses in both life and property values in Zimbabwe have drawn attention to the flooding situation in the country, especially the rural areas. This article explores the resilience of vulnerable rural communities to flood risks associated within increasingly frequent and severe events linked to climate change. Starting by reviewing the current literature on rural livelihoods, resilience and vulnerability research, the paper argues for a coordinated teamwork approach in flood risk mitigation in rural areas. The paper concludes with several recommendations for enhanced resilience to flood hazards.

Assessing vulnerability of rural communities to climate change

2017 ◽  
Vol 9 (03) ◽  
pp. 374-386 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chidiebere Ofoegbu ◽  
Paxie Chirwa ◽  
Joseph Francis ◽  
Folaranmi Babalola
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
South Africa ◽  
Rural Communities ◽  
Climate Variability ◽  
Climate Change Adaptation ◽  
Educational Status ◽  
Climate Variability And Change ◽  
Content Type ◽  
The People ◽  
Forest Use

Purpose The paper aims to enhance the understanding of the impacts of climate change on rural communities in Africa, including people’s livelihoods, their adaptive capacity, coping practice and ability to engage in sustainable forest use and management of climate change adaptation. Design/methodology/approach The paper opted for a desktop review approach, using the forest-based rural communities of South Africa as a case study. Findings This review shows that climate variability and change are affecting rural people and their livelihoods negatively. Forest-based livelihoods are particularly vulnerable. Nevertheless, the people have developed coping mechanisms to cushion the effects of climate variability and change. However, the effectiveness and efficiency of these strategies are greatly constrained by factors that are related mostly to their socioeconomic characteristics (for example, skill level, educational status and health) and the functionalities of infrastructures and services in their communities. Research limitations/implications Given that the study focused on forest-based rural communities and livelihoods, the results may be limited in generalizability. This may have particular implications for other categories of rural communities and livelihoods in Africa and developing countries in other continents. Practical implications The study showed that opportunities for planning and implementing effective climate change adaptation at rural community level in South Africa are reliant on effective strategies to overcome the constraints identified by the study. The authors thus recommend that climate change adaptation initiatives in rural communities of Africa should focus on improving people’s socioeconomic conditions and the overall sustainable development of the community. Originality/value This paper fulfils an identified need to study how climate change affects rural forest-based communities and livelihoods.

scholarly journals Ecosystem-based Adaptation to Climate Change – Policy Making and Institutional Framework in Kenya’s Mt. Elgon Forest Ecosystem

2019 ◽  
pp. 682-690
Author(s):  
Jusper Maranga Omwenga ◽  
Paul Omondi ◽  
Fatuma Daudi
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Civil Society ◽  
Ecosystem Health ◽  
Climate Change Policy ◽  
Climate Change Impacts ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Adaptation To Climate Change ◽  
Adaptation Measures ◽  
Ecosystem Goods And Services ◽  
Goods And Services

Ecosystem-based Adaptation (EbA) is a strategy that relies on forest landscape’s biodiversity management and restoration to enhance the sustainable production and supply of ecosystem goods and services as alternative livelihoods to cushion the society against the negative impacts of climate change. As climate change becomes a reality, adaptation measures which are cost effective and economically beneficial are urgently required. Mount Elgon ecosystem in the western region of Kenya has EbA characteristics which could offer longer term solutions to adaptation to climate change impacts while providing a range of other benefits in terms of ecosystem goods and services. This paper established the existing capacities for Ecosystem based adaptation inclusion in the sub-national adaptation plans and policies in order to improve resilience to climate change impacts in the Mt. Elgon ecosystem. To achieve this, a descriptive survey was carried involving 405 household and 51 government and civil society respondent drawn from Saboti, Kiminini, Endebess and Kwanza sub-counties, Transnzoia County in Kenya. Results showed that there were good institutional representations in Mt. Elgon ecosystem with line ministries largely being responsible (63.4%) for the management of the individual natural resources that occur in the Mt. Elgon ecosystem while a few others were either co-managed (9.7%) or managed by the County Government of Transnzoia (9.7%). Majority (77%) of household respondents observed uncoordinated approach in ecosystem management. This should be addressed in order to increase ecosystem health which eventually leads to enhanced EbA services. Majority (73.2%) of government and civil society respondents cite inter-sectoral policy inconsistencies and conflicts as contributors to degradation of ecosystem health in the study area. This too has impacted negatively on EbA. A major conclusion in the study was that consolidation and harmonization of ecosystem policies in the Mt. Elgon’s ecosystem will lead to a healthy landscape that provides sustainable EbA services.

scholarly journals Understanding How Local-level Environment Stewardship Initiatives Increase Livelihood Resilience to Climate Change

2021 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Tenzin Chorran ◽  
Bhavana Rao Kuchimanchi ◽  
Shreya Karmakar ◽  
Himani Sharma ◽  
Debarupa Ghosh ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Rural Communities ◽  
Common Property ◽  
Local Level ◽  
Rural Livelihoods ◽  
Local Environment ◽  
Adaptation To Climate Change ◽  
The Face ◽  
Livelihood Resilience ◽  
Over Exploitation

Common property resources (CPR) are central for the sustenance of biodiversity and rural communities in India. Weak institutional governance and the lack of tenure rights for local communities over CPRs is resulting in degradation and over-exploitation of resources making rural communities vulnerable across India. Climatic variabilities further exacerbate existing socio-ecological imbalances multifold. Within the broader area of vulnerability and adaptation to climate change, this paper explores how restoration of CPRs through local environment stewardship initiatives contributes to the resilience of rural livelihoods in the face of climate change. A mixed-methods approach was employed to study this aspect in six villages in two districts in Rajasthan. It was found that secure property rights and collective management of CPRs enhances household resilience and improves ecological health. It concludes that processes supporting local self-governance need to be central to local adaptation to climate change, as they naturally create resilient and sustainable rural livelihoods.

Climate change impacts on crop yields in Ethiopia

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI)
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Crop Yields ◽  
Climate Change Impacts

GST - Sway On Small Scale Industries

2019 ◽  
Vol 118 (10) ◽  
pp. 365-372
Author(s):  
Jayanti.G ◽  
Dr. V.Selvam
Keyword(s):  
State Government ◽  
Tax Reform ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Tax Revenue ◽  
Tax System ◽  
Goods And Services ◽  
Single Tax ◽  
The People ◽  
Indirect Taxes ◽  
The Government

India being a democratic and republic country, has witnessed the biggest indirect tax reform after much exploration, GST bill roll out on 1 April 2017.  The concept of this reform is for a unified country-wide tax reform system.  Enterprises particularly SMEs are caught in a state of instability.  Several taxes such s excise, service tax etc., have been subsumed with a single tax structure. it is the responsibilities of both centre and state government to shoulder the important responsibility to cater the needs of the people and the nation as a whole.  The main basis of income to the government is through levy of taxes.  To meet the so called socio-economic needs and economic growth, taxes are considered as a main source of revenue for the government.  As per Wikipedia “A tax is a mandatory financial charge or some other type of levy imposed upon tax payer by the government in order to fund various public expenditure”   it is said that tax payment is mandatory, failure to pay such taxes will be punishable under the law.   The Indian tax system is classified as direct and indirect tax.   The indirect taxes are levied on purchase, sale, and manufacture of goods and provision of service.  The indirect tax on goods and services increases its price, this can lead to inflationary trend.  Contribution of indirect taxes to total tax revenue is more than 50% in India, therefore, indirect tax is considered as a major source of tax revenue for the government, which in turn is one of source for GDP growth.  Though indirect tax is a major source of revenue, it had lot of hassles.  To overcome the major issues of indirect tax system the government of India subsumed most of the indirect tax which in turn gave birth to the concept called Goods and Service Tax.

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