scholarly journals THE CHANGE OF PROPERTIES OF BROWN FOREST SOILS IN 10 YEARS ON THE TRACK “SKOLE − PARASHKA” (NPP “SKOLIVSKI BESKYDY”, UKRAINIAN CARPATHIANS)

2021 ◽  
pp. 105-128
Author(s):  
Oksana Lenevych ◽  
Zinoviy Pankiv
Keyword(s):  
Bulk Density ◽  
Forest Soils ◽  
Water Permeability ◽  
Soil Structure ◽  
Solid Phase ◽  
Forest Litter ◽  
Soil Bulk Density ◽  
Soil Reaction ◽  
Erosion Processes ◽  
Brown Forest Soils

Carry out monitoring of the track “Skole−Parashka” by the main five criteria of degradation of the natural environment: 1) width track (І category: to 0,5 m, “Unchanged track”; II category: to 1 m, “Little−changed track”; III category: 2−3 m “Endangered track”; IV category: to 5 m “Devastated track”; V category: over 5 m, “Strongly devastated track”); 2) presence of additional/parallel paths; 3) soil density; 4) quantitative and qualitative changes in vegetation (meadow ecosystems), presence/absence of forest litter (forest ecosystems); 5) the growth of erosion processes and the microrelief of the trail. It was found that for 10 years of exploitation by tourist track “Skole − Parashka” the width of the trail increased by 0,3–1,2 m. Reveal changes in soil over physical, water-physical, physicо-chemical and biotic properties of brown forest soils. The bulk density of soil structure on trails during 2012−2014 increased by approximately 32 % compared to the control, and after 10 years it increased − to 38 %. To reveal within the roadside an increase in soil bulk density from 1,07 to 1,17 g•cm-³ for 2019−2021 years. An increase in the density of the solid phase was recorded. The results of which are characteristic of the Hp horizon of brown forest soils. On the track porosity total to appraise “unsatisfactory”. For 10 years of recreational use of the track, the water permeability on the trails has not changed and was 0,07 and 0,06 mm•min-¹ according to the periods of the study (2012-2014 and 2019-2021). Within the roadside water permeability in 2012−2014 decreased by 60−80%, then in 2019−2021 years water permeability decreased by more than 90%. The actual water permeability of the soil during the downpour rains causes the intensification of surface runoff on the trail. On the track reveal abatement C organic. On the roadside track when lay to plane surface C organic unchanged within a years (2012−2014 and 2019−2021) and even was outstanding within a control. The increase C organic on the roadside is a result of “penetration” of the crushed fractions of forest litter into the H horizon during trampling and is not the result of biochemical processes. On the track increase of soil reaction (pH 5,0) while in the control pH 4,0. As to the biotic activity parameters, among the most significant are the catalase activity indices which are mostly determined by the density of the soil structure and water permeability. Key words: soil bulk density; water permeability; C organic; biotic activity; recreation influence; monitoring; NPP “Skolivski Beskydy”.

scholarly journals THE IMPACT OF RECREATION LOADING ON PHYSICAL AND WATER-PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF BROWN FOREST SOILS

2021 ◽  
pp. 311-328
Author(s):  
Oksana Lenevych
Keyword(s):  
Physical Properties ◽  
Bulk Density ◽  
Forest Soils ◽  
Water Permeability ◽  
Solid Phase ◽  
Forest Litter ◽  
Soil Bulk Density ◽  
Water Runoff ◽  
Soil Density ◽  
Brown Forest Soils

The article analyses the influence of recreational load on the physical and water-physical properties of brown forest soils. It is established that the complete or partial absence of litter on the pathway contributes to the rapid evaporation of moisture from the upper horizon (0−5 cm) of the soil, reducing the porosity total, increasing the density solid phase and buk density. It was found that with the increase of the buk density by 12,5 % the water permeability of the soil decreases 33 times in comparison with the control. A significant increase in the bulk density of the structure by 39−48 % was found on partway with a width of more than 2 m. On these pathway the surface runoff of water is formed. An increase in the density of the solid phase was recorded. The results of which are characteristic of the Hp horizon of brown forest soils. The overlapping of the trail with wooden flooring on the track “Stezhkamy lehendarnoyi Tustani” had a positive effect on the physical and water-physical properties of the soil. It was found that the indicators of soil bulk density and water permeability were close to the results obtained in the control and only the increase in the density of the solid phase indicates a significant recreational impact in the past. On the roadsides of the same revealed a significant increase in soil density of 1,5 times compared to the control and 1,3 times with the results obtained on the pathway, this indicates a recreational impact to date. It is proposed to use the following criteria for degradation of natural ecosystem: quantitative and qualitative changes in vegetation (meadow ecosystems), presence/absence of forest litter (forest ecosystems), soil density, presence of additional/parallel paths, path width, depth of erosion on the pathway. Establish category (stages) of recreational degression on the tracks the National Park “Skolivski Beskydy”. On the first stage/category (“Unchanged track”) of recreational degression includes trails 0,35−0,70 m wide with relatively close indicators of soil structure bulk density to control and the presence of forest litter on the pathway. The only negative aspect in this category is the insufficient water permeability of the soil. On heavy II category there is forest litter, although its redistribution is mainly traced between the trail and its roadside. In some sections of the trail, where there is no forest litter, it is fixed by increasing the bulk density of the structure to 27 %, the width of the pathway is 0,9−1,2 m and is classified as “Little-changed track”. On pathway with 2,15−3,40 m, there is a complete or partial absence of forest litter. Bulk density increased by 38−39 %, surface water runoff is formed. It is established presence distinct partway, visibled qualitative and quantitative changes in vegetation. The presented data correspond to the pathway of III category and are classified as “Endangered track”. Category IV (“Devastated track”) includes paths on which there is no forest litter, a significant increase in soil density up to 48 %, access to the surface of the root system and the width of the path is 2,60−4,90 m. Key words: recreation influence; soil bulk density; water permeable; pathway; NPP “Skolivski Beskydy”.

scholarly journals Estimation the impact of the linear form of recreation on the properties of brown forest soils (for example NPP «Skolivski Beskydy», Ukrainian Carpathians)

2020 ◽  
pp. 61-68
Author(s):  
Oksana Lenevych ◽  
Oksana Maryskevych ◽  
Iryna Shpakivska
Keyword(s):  
Soil Moisture ◽  
Forest Soils ◽  
Soil Structure ◽  
Humus Content ◽  
Forest Litter ◽  
Control Area ◽  
Field Soil ◽  
Laboratory Studies ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Brown Forest Soils

The article analyses the impact of recreational loading on brown forest soils by physical, water-physical, agrochemical and biotic properties. It was found that the density of soil structure on the trails increased by 1.1-1.9 times and field soil moisture decreases by 1.8-1.9 times. In the initial stages of recreational degression, the humus content is recorded slightly higher compared to the control area, while on trails with a higher recreational load, on the contrary, decreases by more than 50%. Indicators of biotic activity is catalase activity of soil and biomass of soil biota. Depending on the stage of recreational regression, the indicators of biotic activity decreased by 25-60% compared with the control. As the criteria for estimating the impact of recreation activities on the soil: the width of the trail, the parallels trails, the density of the soil structure and the forest litter. Аccording to the results of field and laboratory studies: trail «Starovikovi lisy» are included in the I category and the trail «Dolynoyu richky Kamyanka» to the IV category, route «Skole-Parashka» – ІІІ category.

scholarly journals A Comparison of Soil Compaction Associated with Four Ground-Based Harvesting Systems

2011 ◽  
Vol 28 (4) ◽  
pp. 194-198 ◽  
Author(s):  
Oscar Bustos ◽  
Andrew Egan
Keyword(s):  
Bulk Density ◽  
Forest Soils ◽  
Soil Compaction ◽  
Group Selection ◽  
Soil Bulk Density ◽  
Soil Productivity ◽  
Equipment Selection ◽  
Farm Tractor ◽  
Harvesting Systems

Abstract A study of soil compaction associated with four harvesting systems—a forwarder working with a mechanized harvester and a rubber-tired cable skidder, a farm tractor, and a bulldozer, each of them coupled with a chainsaw felling—was conducted in a group selection harvest of a mixed hardwood stand in Maine. The bulldozer system was associated with the highest percentage differences in soil bulk density measured in machine tracks (16.9%), trail centerlines (15.7%), and harvested group selection units (13.1%) versus adjacent untrafficked areas, whereas the forwarder system was associated with the lowest percentage differences in soil bulk density measured in machine tracks (3.5%), trail centerlines (1.2%), and harvested group selection units (6.3%) versus adjacent untrafficked areas. Results will help to inform loggers and foresters on equipment selection, harvest planning, and the conservation of forest soils and soil productivity.

scholarly journals Silage-corn harvesting machinery traffic effects on soil bulk density and water permeability

2013 ◽  
Vol 59 (No. 4) ◽  
pp. 136-140
Author(s):  
I. Ahmadi ◽  
H. Ghaur
Keyword(s):  
Bulk Density ◽  
Water Permeability ◽  
Soil Compaction ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Soil Bulk Density ◽  
Soil Sampling ◽  
Soil Porosity ◽  
Silty Clay ◽  
Water Permeability Coefficient ◽  
Loam Soil

Soil compaction caused by machinery traffic affects the growth of agricultural crops and also has environmental effects like soil damage and erosion. Field experiments were conducted to study the effects of repeated silage-corn harvesting machinery traffic on dry soil bulk density and porosity variations at three different sampling depths, moreover average water permeability coefficient of the examined silty clay loam soil was measured using the falling head method of water permeability test. The examined treatments which were applied while harvesting silage-corn with the combination of tractor, chopper and truck were the number of traffic passes and depths of soil sampling. Significant differences between soil compaction treatments were observed in bulk density and porosity of soil. Numerically, 22% increase in soil bulk density and 19% reduction in soil porosity were recorded due to the effect of two passes of the examined machineries over the field terrain comparing to the non-traffic treatment. Moreover; soil sampling at 0–10 cm and 20–30 cm depths resulted in the highest and the lowest soil porosity respectively.

Micro-morphological analysis of the effect of sampling by the volumetric ring method on soil structure

2007 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-19
Author(s):  
Luiz Pires ◽  
Miguel Cooper ◽  
Nivea Dias ◽  
Osny Bacchi ◽  
Klaus Reichardt
Keyword(s):  
Image Analysis ◽  
Bulk Density ◽  
Size Distribution ◽  
Soil Structure ◽  
Soil Bulk Density ◽  
Soil Samples ◽  
Pore Shape ◽  
Sampling Device ◽  
Structure Changes ◽  
Ring Method

This report investigates the effect of sampling by the volumetric ring method on pore size number and shape distributions. Soil porosity was analyzed using the micromorphological image analysis technique, which helped to explain soil structure changes near the border of samples collected in cylinders and provided detailed information about pore shape, number, and size distribution variations along the samples. Compaction due to sampling affects mainly large irregular and rounded pores of the soils utilized in this study. When evaluating inaccuracies in density measurements due to the compacted regions caused by the sampling device the average soil bulk density for each soil resulted in the ranges of 1.72 ± 0.05 g.cm −3 for Geric Ferralsol soil, 1.66 ± 0.03 g.cm −3 for Eutric Nitosol soil and 1.33 ± 0.05 g.cm −3 for Rhodic Ferralsol soil, respectively. When calculating the average soil bulk density over smaller regions, e.g. in the center of each sample (area of 17.14 mm 2 ) results reduced to 1.64 ± 0.05 g.cm −3 with Geric Ferralsol soil, 1.56 ± 0.03 g.cm −3 with Eutric Nitosol soil and 1.29 ± 0.10 g.cm −3 with Rhodic Ferralsol soil, respectively. These results clearly indicate the effect of sampling by the volumetric ring method. The use of image analysis was essential to explain compaction differences close to the border of the samples collected using cylinders (volumetric ring method) and provided detailed information about pore shape and size distribution variations within soil samples. The results are useful as indicators of the consequences of sampling on the quality of soil samples.

Sample Sizes to Control Error Estimates in Determining Soil Bulk Density in California Forest Soils

2016 ◽  
Vol 80 (3) ◽  
pp. 756-764 ◽  
Author(s):  
Youzhi Han ◽  
Jianwei Zhang ◽  
Kim G. Mattson ◽  
Weidong Zhang ◽  
Thomas A. Weber
Keyword(s):  
Bulk Density ◽  
Error Estimates ◽  
Forest Soils ◽  
Soil Bulk Density ◽  
Sample Sizes ◽  
Control Error

scholarly journals Possibilities of using the portable falling weight deflectometer to measure the bearing capacity and compaction of forest soils

2010 ◽  
Vol 56 (No. 3) ◽  
pp. 130-136 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Klvač ◽  
P. Vrána ◽  
R. Jiroušek
Keyword(s):  
Reaction Time ◽  
Bearing Capacity ◽  
Forest Soils ◽  
Soil Compaction ◽  
Extreme Values ◽  
Forest Litter ◽  
Soil Reaction ◽  
Falling Weight Deflectometer ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Falling Weight

The paper discusses possibilities of using the portable falling weight deflectometer to measure the bearing capacity and compaction of forest soils.<B> </B>Within the study, measurements were made using manual penetrometer and Loadman II portable falling weight deflectometer. To eliminate the extreme values, Grubbs’s test was used. The results indicate that Loadman II deflectometer may be used to measure both the bearing capacity and compaction of forest soils under the canopy as well as in transport lines. A significant difference was found between deflection of water-unaffected sites and water-affected sites (12.08 and 2.31 mm, respectively). Measurements of bearing capacity after removal of forest litter give far more precise details; however, the authors do not refuse the measurements without litter removal, either. To determine the degrees of soil compaction, it is useful to measure the soil reaction time; to measure the bearing capacity it is vital to measure deflection. <B></B>

scholarly journals Soil Compaction after Increasing the Number of Wheeled Tractors Passes on Forest Soils in West Carpathians

Forests ◽  
2022 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 109
Author(s):  
Michal Allman ◽  
Zuzana Dudáková ◽  
Martin Jankovský ◽  
Mária Vlčková ◽  
Vladimír Juško ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Bulk Density ◽  
Forest Soils ◽  
Penetration Resistance ◽  
Soil Bulk Density ◽  
Soil Disturbance ◽  
Forest Harvesting ◽  
Soil Conditions ◽  
Surface Layers ◽  
Technical Parameters ◽  
West Carpathians

Soil disturbance and compaction are inherent in ground-based harvesting operations. These changes are affected by numerous factors, related mainly to the technical parameters of the machines, soil conditions, and the technology used. This study aimed to analyze the changes of surface layers of soil caused by skidder traffic without loads on the Cambisols of Western Carpathians. We observed changes in the soil bulk density and penetration resistance. The results showed that only machine traffic caused a 0.32 to 0.35 (g cm−3) increase in soil bulk density. Besides machine traffic, bulk density was affected by soil moisture content. Penetration resistance of soil increased by 0.15 to 1.04 (MPa) after traffic of 40 machines. Penetration resistance showed a lower increase after traffic, and regression and correlation analysis proved a relationship between penetration resistance, skeleton content, and penetration depth, besides the number of machine passes (r = 0.33–0.55). Observing the changes in the physical properties of soils caused by machine traffic allows for a more detailed view of the effects of forest harvesting machinery on forest soils.

scholarly journals Forest Soils—What’s Their Peculiarity?

Soil Systems ◽  
2022 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 5
Author(s):  
Klaus von Wilpert
Keyword(s):  
Ecosystem Services ◽  
Forest Soil ◽  
Forest Soils ◽  
Soil Structure ◽  
Management Strategies ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Soil Reaction ◽  
High Porosity ◽  
Soil Functions ◽  
High Biological Activity

Mankind expects from forests and forest soils benefits like pure drinking water, space for recreation, habitats for nature-near biocenoses and the production of timber as unrivaled climate-friendly raw material. An overview over 208 recent articles revealed that ecosystem services are actually the main focus in the perception of forest soil functions. Studies on structures and processes that are the basis of forest soil functions and ecosystem services are widely lacking. Therefore, additional literature was included dealing with the distinct soil structure and high porosity and pore continuity of forest soils, as well as with their high biological activity and chemical soil reaction. Thus, the highly differentiated, hierarchical soil structure in combination with the ion exchange capacity and the acid buffering capacity could be described as the main characteristics of forest soils confounding the desired ecosystem services. However, some of these functions of forest soils are endangered under the influence of environmental change or even because of forest management, like mono-cultures or soil compaction through forest machines. In the face of the high vulnerability of forest soils and increased threads, e.g., through soil acidification, it is evident that active soil management strategies must be implemented with the aim to counteract the loss of soil functions or to recover them.

scholarly journals Impacts of Logging-Associated Compaction on Forest Soils: A Meta-Analysis

2021 ◽  
Vol 4 ◽  
Author(s):  
Meisam Nazari ◽  
Mohammad Eteghadipour ◽  
Mohsen Zarebanadkouki ◽  
Mohammad Ghorbani ◽  
Michaela A. Dippold ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Forest Management ◽  
Bulk Density ◽  
Ecosystem Function ◽  
Forest Soils ◽  
Sustainable Forest Management ◽  
Microbial Biomass Carbon ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Total Porosity ◽  
Soil Bulk Density ◽  
The Impact

Soil compaction associated with mechanized wood harvesting can long-lastingly disturb forest soils, ecosystem function, and productivity. Sustainable forest management requires precise and deep knowledge of logging operation impacts on forest soils, which can be attained by meta-analysis studies covering representative forest datasets. We performed a meta-analysis on the impact of logging-associated compaction on forest soils microbial biomass carbon (MBC), bulk density, total porosity, and saturated hydraulic conductivity (Ksat) affected by two management factors (machine weight and passage frequency), two soil factors (texture and depth), and the time passed since the compaction event. Compaction significantly decreased soil MBC by −29.5% only in subsoils (&gt;30 cm). Overall, compaction increased soil bulk density by 8.9% and reduced total porosity and Ksat by −10.1 and −40.2%, respectively. The most striking finding of this meta-analysis is that the greatest disturbance to soil bulk density, total porosity, and Ksat occurs after very frequent (&gt;20) machine passages. This contradicts the existing claims that most damage to forest soils happens after a few machine passages. Furthermore, the analyzed physical variables did not recover to the normal level within a period of 3–6 years. Thus, altering these physical properties can disturb forest ecosystem function and productivity, because they play important roles in water and air supply as well as in biogeochemical cycling in forest ecosystems. To minimize the impact, we recommend the selection of suitable logging machines and decreasing the frequency of machine passages as well as logging out of rainy seasons especially in clayey soils. It is also very important to minimize total skid trail coverage for sustainable forest management.

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