scholarly journals The immune system and endometriosis

2021 ◽  
Vol 5-6 (215-216) ◽  
pp. 71-77
Author(s):  
Leila Appazova ◽  
◽  
Lyudmila Akhmaltdinova ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Immune System ◽  
Cohort Studies ◽  
Therapeutic Target ◽  
Immunological Markers ◽  
Immune System Dysfunction ◽  
Keywords Endometriosis ◽  
Meta Analyses ◽  
Potential Origin

The article analyzes the literature data on the immune system and endometriosis. The features of the immune system, as well as the mechanisms of endometriosis development in the case of immune system dysfunction, are considered. Aim. To study the role of the immune system in the pathogenesis of endometriosis. Material and methods. To analyze the literature, we searched for information about this problem up to 10 years deep in PubMed/MEDLINE, PMC, and Web of Sсiеnce. The following terms were used individually or in combination: "genital endometriosis", "immune system", "cytokines", "autoantibodies". The search criteria were key studies related to genital endometriosis and the immune system: meta-analyses, original studies, retrospective and cohort studies. Results and discussion. There is a need to improve understanding of the potential origin of the General immunopathophysiology of endometriosis in order to identify therapeutic target areas that may allow relief or, ultimately, prevention of this disease. Immunological markers in this aspect have certain prospects. Conclusion. Although the role of cytokines in the development of endometriosis has been determined, it is not well understood. In this regard, it is difficult to clearly determine how they affect the pathogenesis of endometriosis. Keywords: endometriosis, immune system, cytokines, autoantibodie.

scholarly journals The trace aminergic system: a gender-sensitive therapeutic target for IBS?

2020 ◽  
Vol 27 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Lesha Pretorius ◽  
Carine Smith
Keyword(s):  
Immune System ◽  
Therapeutic Target ◽  
Symptomatic Relief ◽  
Reproductive Hormones ◽  
Immune System Dysfunction ◽  
Dietary Nutrients ◽  
Additional Level ◽  
Irritable Bowel ◽  
Almost All ◽  
Leukocyte Populations

Abstract Due to a lack of specific or sensitive biomarkers, drug discovery advances have been limited for individuals suffering from irritable bowel syndrome (IBS). While current therapies provide symptomatic relief, inflammation itself is relatively neglected, despite the presence of chronic immune activation and innate immune system dysfunction. Moreover, considering the microgenderome concept, gender is a significant aetiological risk factor. We believe that we have pinpointed a “missing link” that connects gender, dysbiosis, diet, and inflammation in the context of IBS, which may be manipulated as therapeutic target. The trace aminergic system is conveniently positioned at the interface of the gut microbiome, dietary nutrients and by-products, and mucosal immunity. Almost all leukocyte populations express trace amine associated receptors and significant amounts of trace amines originate from both food and the gut microbiota. Additionally, although IBS-specific data are sparse, existing data supports an interpretation in favour of a gender dependence in trace aminergic signalling. As such, trace aminergic signalling may be altered by fluctuations of especially female reproductive hormones. Utilizing a multidisciplinary approach, this review discusses potential mechanisms of actions, which include hyperreactivity of the immune system and aberrant serotonin signalling, and links outcomes to the symptomology clinically prevalent in IBS. Taken together, it is feasible that the additional level of regulation by the trace aminergic system in IBS has been overlooked, until now. As such, we suggest that components of the trace aminergic system be considered targets for future therapeutic action, with the specific focus of reducing oxidative stress and inflammation.

scholarly journals Intracellular and Extracellular Roles of Granzyme K

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Annemieke C. Bouwman ◽  
Kim R. van Daalen ◽  
Sandra Crnko ◽  
Toine ten Broeke ◽  
Niels Bovenschen
Keyword(s):  
Immune System ◽  
Therapeutic Target ◽  
Serine Proteases ◽  
Bacterial Infections ◽  
Thermal Injury ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Endothelial Activation ◽  
Potential Therapeutic Target ◽  
Cytotoxic Cells

Granzymes are a family of serine proteases stored in granules inside cytotoxic cells of the immune system. Granzyme K (GrK) has been only limitedly characterized and knowledge on its molecular functions is emerging. Traditionally GrK is described as a granule-secreted, pro-apoptotic serine protease. However, accumulating evidence is redefining the functions of GrK by the discovery of novel intracellular (e.g. cytotoxicity, inhibition of viral replication) and extracellular roles (e.g. endothelial activation and modulation of a pro-inflammatory immune cytokine response). Moreover, elevated GrK levels are associated with disease, including viral and bacterial infections, airway inflammation and thermal injury. This review aims to summarize and discuss the current knowledge of i) intracellular and extracellular GrK activity, ii) cytotoxic and non-cytotoxic GrK functioning, iii) the role of GrK in disease, and iv) GrK as a potential therapeutic target.

scholarly journals Mouse models of immune dysfunction: Their neuroanatomical differences reflect their anxiety-behavioural phenotype

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Darren J Fernandes ◽  
Shoshana Spring ◽  
Christina Corre ◽  
Andrew Tu ◽  
Lily Qiu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune System ◽  
Mouse Models ◽  
Immune Dysfunction ◽  
Lateral Septum ◽  
Bayesian Hierarchical ◽  
Immune System Dysfunction ◽  
Immune Mediated ◽  
Magnetic Resonance Imaging Mri ◽  
Heterogeneous Effect

Extensive evidence supports the role of the immune system in modulating brain function and behaviour. However, past studies have revealed striking heterogeneity in behavioural phenotypes produced from immune system dysfunction. Using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), we studied the neuroanatomical differences among 11 distinct genetically-modified mouse lines (n=371), each deficient in a different element of the immune system. We found a significant and heterogeneous effect of immune dysfunction on the brains of both male and female mice. However, by imaging the whole brain and using bayesian hierarchical modelling, we were able to identify patterns within the heterogeneous phenotype. Certain structures -- such as the corpus callosum, midbrain, and thalamus -- were more likely to be affected by immune dysfunction. A notable brain-behaviour relationship was identified with neuroanatomy endophenotypes across mouse models clustering according to anxiety-like behaviour phenotypes reported in literature, such as altered volume in brains regions associated with promoting fear response (e.g., the lateral septum and cerebellum). Interestingly, genes with preferential spatial expression in the most commonly affected regions are also associated with multiple sclerosis and other immune-mediated diseases. In total, our data suggest that the immune system modulates anxiety behaviour through well-established brain networks.

scholarly journals Crosstalk Between microRNAs and the Pathological Features of Secondary Lymphedema

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Khairunnisa’ Md Yusof ◽  
Kira Groen ◽  
Rozita Rosli ◽  
Kelly A. Avery-Kiejda
Keyword(s):  
Immune System ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Metabolic Diseases ◽  
Lymphatic Vessels ◽  
Pathological Features ◽  
Secondary Lymphedema ◽  
Immune System Dysfunction ◽  
Lymphatic Fluid

Secondary lymphedema is characterized by lymphatic fluid retention and subsequent tissue swelling in one or both limbs that can lead to decreased quality of life. It often arises after loss, obstruction, or blockage of lymphatic vessels due to multifactorial modalities, such as lymphatic insults after surgery, immune system dysfunction, deposition of fat that compresses the lymphatic capillaries, fibrosis, and inflammation. Although secondary lymphedema is often associated with breast cancer, the condition can occur in patients with any type of cancer that requires lymphadenectomy such as gynecological, genitourinary, or head and neck cancers. MicroRNAs demonstrate pivotal roles in regulating gene expression in biological processes such as lymphangiogenesis, angiogenesis, modulation of the immune system, and oxidative stress. MicroRNA profiling has led to the discovery of the molecular mechanisms involved in the pathophysiology of auto-immune, inflammation-related, and metabolic diseases. Although the role of microRNAs in regulating secondary lymphedema is yet to be elucidated, the crosstalk between microRNAs and molecular factors involved in the pathological features of lymphedema, such as skin fibrosis, inflammation, immune dysregulation, and aberrant lipid metabolism have been demonstrated in several studies. MicroRNAs have the potential to serve as biomarkers for diseases and elucidation of their roles in lymphedema can provide a better understanding or new insights of the mechanisms underlying this debilitating condition.

scholarly journals Immunological aspects of the treatment of depression and schizophrenia

2017 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
pp. 55-63 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Immune System ◽  
Therapeutic Benefit ◽  
Immune Reactivity ◽  
Altered Level ◽  
Immune System Dysfunction ◽  
Treatment Of Depression ◽  
Inflammatory Processes ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Anti Inflammatory ◽  
Meta Analyses

Schizophrenia and major depression (MD) have been associated with immune system dysfunction. One example of this is the altered level of cytokines—important inflammatory mediators—in blood, and a proinflammatory immune state has been described in some subgroups of patients. A knock to the immune system in early life might trigger a life-long increased immune reactivity, and infections and autoimmune disorders are now known to be risk factors for development of schizophrenia and MD. Pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines mediate indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase activity; this enzyme drives metabolism of tryptophan and kynurenin in the central nervous system and degrades serotonin. Alterations of serotonergic, noradrenergic, and glutamatergic neurotransmission have been associated with low-level neuroinflammation, and anti-inflammatory compounds have a therapeutic benefit in MD and schizophrenia, as shown in meta-analyses. Moreover, antidepressants and antipsychotics have intrinsic immunomodulatory effects. With evidence pointing to the role inflammatory processes play in the pathogenesis of major psychiatric disorders, this review will look at various immunological aspects of treatment of such disorders.

scholarly journals Toll-like Receptors Signaling Pathways as a Potential Therapeutic Target in Cardiovascular Disease

2018 ◽  
Vol 24 (17) ◽  
pp. 1887-1898 ◽  
Author(s):  
Seyed Mostafa Parizadeh ◽  
Maryam Ghandehari ◽  
Motahareh Heydari-majd ◽  
Sima Seifi ◽  
Ramin Mardani ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Myocardial Infarction ◽  
Cardiovascular Disease ◽  
Immune System ◽  
Signaling Pathways ◽  
Cardiac Remodeling ◽  
Therapeutic Target ◽  
Good Evidence ◽  
Toll Like Receptors ◽  
Potential Therapeutic Target

Cardiovascular Disease (CVD) is one of the most important causes of morbidity and mortality, and associated with an important economic burden globally. Over the last decade, the prevalence of CVD has been rising globally, and is now associated with millions of death annually in both developed and developing countries. There is good evidence that the immune system is involved in the pathophysiology of CVD. Toll-like receptors (TLRs) and their down-stream signaling pathways play an important role in the immune system. Recent studies have suggested that the TLRs are involved in atherogenesis, including stroke, myocardial infarction, ischemiareperfusion injury, cardiac remodeling and development of Heart Failure (HF). In this review we have summarized the recent studies investigating the role of TLRs in CVD and the potential for using TLRs signaling pathways as a therapeutic target in CVD.

scholarly journals Cytokine storm in aged people with CoV-2: possible role of vitamins as therapy or preventive strategy

2020 ◽  
Vol 32 (10) ◽  
pp. 2115-2131
Author(s):  
Sirio Fiorino ◽  
Claudio Gallo ◽  
Maddalena Zippi ◽  
Sergio Sabbatani ◽  
Roberto Manfredi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune System ◽  
Autoimmune Diseases ◽  
Elderly Subjects ◽  
Preventive Strategy ◽  
System Function ◽  
Proinflammatory Response ◽  
Aged People ◽  
Immune System Dysfunction ◽  
Immune System Function

Abstract Background In December 2019, a novel human-infecting coronavirus, SARS-CoV-2, had emerged. The WHO has classified the epidemic as a “public health emergency of international concern”. A dramatic situation has unfolded with thousands of deaths, occurring mainly in the aged and very ill people. Epidemiological studies suggest that immune system function is impaired in elderly individuals and these subjects often present a deficiency in fat-soluble and hydrosoluble vitamins. Methods We searched for reviews describing the characteristics of autoimmune diseases and the available therapeutic protocols for their treatment. We set them as a paradigm with the purpose to uncover common pathogenetic mechanisms between these pathological conditions and SARS-CoV-2 infection. Furthermore, we searched for studies describing the possible efficacy of vitamins A, D, E, and C in improving the immune system function. Results SARS-CoV-2 infection induces strong immune system dysfunction characterized by the development of an intense proinflammatory response in the host, and the development of a life-threatening condition defined as cytokine release syndrome (CRS). This leads to acute respiratory syndrome (ARDS), mainly in aged people. High mortality and lethality rates have been observed in elderly subjects with CoV-2-related infection. Conclusions Vitamins may shift the proinflammatory Th17-mediated immune response arising in autoimmune diseases towards a T-cell regulatory phenotype. This review discusses the possible activity of vitamins A, D, E, and C in restoring normal antiviral immune system function and the potential therapeutic role of these micronutrients as part of a therapeutic strategy against SARS-CoV-2 infection.

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