Neuroplasticity and Psychiatry

1998 ◽  
Vol 32 (1) ◽  
pp. 119-128 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bruce D. Gynther ◽  
Mike B. Calford ◽  
Pankaj Sah
Keyword(s):  
Psychiatric Disorder ◽  
Psychiatric Disorders ◽  
Neural Development ◽  
Critical Period ◽  
Clinical Observation ◽  
Aggressive Treatment ◽  
Long Term Changes ◽  
Activity Dependent ◽  
The Brain

Objective: There is increasing concern that the course of psychiatric disorders may be affected by parameters such as the duration and intensity of symptoms of initial episodes of illness. As this indicates that abnormal function produces long-term changes within the brain, a review of the neuroscience literature regarding neuroplasticity is warranted. Method: This article is a selective review, focusing in particular on results obtained from physiological experiments assessing plasticity within the mammalian neocortex. The possible relevance of results to psychiatry is discussed. Results: While the most dramatic examples of neuroplasticity occur during a critical period of neural development, neuroplasticity can also occur in adult neocortex. Neuroplasticity appears to be activity-dependent: synaptic pathways that are intensively used may become strengthened, and conversely, there may be depression of transmission in infrequently used pathways. Conclusions: Results from neurophysiological experiments lend support to the clinical observation that the intensity and duration of a psychiatric disorder may adversely alter its long-term course. Rapid aggressive treatment may prevent this from occurring. While pharmacotherapy may reduce the duration and severity of symptoms, it may also have an independent, as yet unknown, effect on neuroplasticity.

scholarly journals Psychiatric Disorders after Transurethral Resection of the Prostate

1998 ◽  
Vol 91 (1) ◽  
pp. 13-15 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rosemary Lethem ◽  
Gianetta Rands
Keyword(s):  
Psychiatric Disorders ◽  
Transurethral Resection ◽  
Transurethral Prostatectomy ◽  
Long Term Changes ◽  
The Brain

Three men in their 70s had long-term changes in mood and personality dating from immediately after transurethral prostatectomy. Focal abnormalities in the brain were not detected. The possibility of psychiatric as well as cardiovascular sequelae from this operation deserves investigation.

scholarly journals Reelin deficiency contributes to long-term behavioral abnormalities induced by chronic adolescent exposure to Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol in mice

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Attilio Iemolo ◽  
Aisha Nur ◽  
Patricia Montilla-Perez ◽  
Victoria B Risbrough ◽  
Francesca Telese
Keyword(s):  
Psychiatric Disorders ◽  
Emotional Reactivity ◽  
Lateral Septum ◽  
Early Gene ◽  
Novelty Seeking ◽  
Behavioral Abnormalities ◽  
Specific Manner ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Adolescent Exposure

AbstractHeavy and frequent use of cannabis during adolescence increases the risk of developing psychiatric disorders. However, the neurobiological mechanisms underlying this vulnerability remain largely unknown. Here, we explore whether adolescent vulnerability to long-term behavioral effects of cannabis is modulated by Reelin, a gene implicated in the development of the brain and of psychiatric disorders. To this aim, heterozygous Reeler (HR) mice, that express reduced level of Reelin, were chronically exposed during adolescence to high doses (10mg/kg) of Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), a major psychoactive component of cannabis. Mice were tested in early adulthood with multiple behavioral assays, including working memory, social interaction, locomotor activity, anxiety-like responses, stress reactivity, and pre-pulse inhibition. Compared to wild-type (WT), HR mice treated with THC showed impaired social behaviors, elevated disinhibitory phenotypes and increased responsiveness to aversive situations, in a sex-specific manner. Independent of THC exposure, HR mice also spent more time exploring unfamiliar objects, indicating that Reelin modulates novelty seeking behavior. To identify the neuronal ensemble underlying this elevated novelty seeking in HR mice, we mapped the regional brain expression of the immediate early gene, Fos, in mice exposed to novel objects. HR mice exhibited reduced neuronal activation in the lateral septum, a subcortical brain structure implicated in emotions, cognition and reward processes. Overall, these findings show that (1) Reelin deficiency influences behavioral abnormalities caused by heavy consumption of THC during adolescence, and (2) that Reelin plays a role in the neurobiological mechanisms underlying disinhibitory behaviors, such as novelty seeking.Significant StatementThe link between cannabis abuse and the development psychiatric disorders, especially in adolescents, makes understanding the neurobiological mechanisms underlying cannabis effects on the brain a significant biomedical problem. Reelin is a key signaling molecule in the development of the adolescent brain and of psychiatric disorders, but its role in modulating the behavioral changes induced by cannabis remain unknown. Here, we report an interaction between Reelin deficiency and chronic adolescent exposure to THC, a major psychoactive component of cannabis. This interaction led to cognitive deficits, disinhibitory behaviors and altered emotional reactivity in mice, in a sex-specific manner. These experiments are the first to establish a link between Reelin signaling and the endocannabinoid system targeted by THC.

Brain for Learning

2020 ◽  
pp. 127-154
Author(s):  
Daeyeol Lee
Keyword(s):  
Synaptic Plasticity ◽  
Reinforcement Learning ◽  
Memory Systems ◽  
Sensory Experience ◽  
Physical Location ◽  
Behavioral Observations ◽  
Long Term Changes ◽  
Rational Choices ◽  
The Brain

Long-lasting effects of brief sensory experience must be mediated by long-term changes in the strength of connections between neurons in the brain. This phenomenon is known as synaptic plasticity, and the physical location of such change is referred to as the engram. This chapter illustrates how multiple learning and memory systems might be implemented in different anatomical modules of the brain and what role dopamine plays in learning. Most of these neurobiological and behavioral observations can be accounted for by reinforcement learning theory. The goal of reinforcement is to understand how utilities must be altered by experience so that rational choices based on the utility functions can result in the most desirable outcomes through learning.

scholarly journals Psychiatric Disorders in Puerperium

2016 ◽  
Vol 28 (1) ◽  
pp. 38-43 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tahmina Afreen Daise ◽  
Nazneen Kabir ◽  
Saria Tasnim ◽  
Nahid Yesmin ◽  
AKM Badrul Ahasan
Keyword(s):  
Psychiatric Disorder ◽  
Psychiatric Disorders ◽  
Post Partum ◽  
Antidepressant Drugs ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Important Place ◽  
Pregnancy And Childbirth ◽  
Post Natal Depression ◽  
Women Experiences

Introduction: Post partum psychiatric illness was initially conceptualized as a group of disorders specifically linked to pregnancy and childbirth and thus was considered diagnostically distinct from other types. More recent evidence suggest that Post partum psychiatric disorder is virtually indistinguishable from psychiatric disorders that occur at other times during a woman’s life. A wide variety of disorders are seen. Recognition of disorders for the mother-infant relationship is important, because these have pernicious long-term effects but generally respond to treatment.Objective: The objective of this review is to highlight the different type of psychiatric disorders in the puerperium and their management.Materials and Methods: Literature of reputed journals were used to prepare this article with the help of pshychiatric consultant.Results: Psychiatric disorder in puperium has got different severity. Commonly encountered disorders are: Maternity blues, Post natal depression, Post partum psychosis. Most common is related to manic depression, in which neuroleptic drugs should be used with caution. Eighty five (85%) of women experiences mood changes in postpartum. About 10%-15% of women develops post partum depression. 0.1% -0.2% experience postpartum psychosis. 4,00000 children are born to depressed mothers every year.Conclusion: The obstetrics team should alert both to possible interaction between psychological and obstretics factors and to the range of psychiatric disorders that may occur during pregnancy and puperium. The obstetrics and psychiatric teams should work together to improve their services locally and high light the need for greater service provision every where ic stress disorder, obsessions of child harm, and a range of anxiety disorders all require specific psychological treatments. Postpartum depression necessitates thorough exploration. Cessation of breastfeeding is not necessary, because most antidepressant drugs seem not to affect the infant. Controlled trials have shown the benefit of involving the child’s father in therapy and of interventions promoting interaction between mother and infant. Owing to its complexity, multidisciplinary specialist teams have an important place in postpartum period. It should have clinical priority those are suffering from psychiatric problem during puperium as they are in crucial situation. It is important to recognize earliar to avoid undesirable consequences, which are harmful both for mother and infant.. According to severity patient may need counseling, social support, sometimes patient may need hospitalization in severe cases. There are several traditional methods worldwide sometimes they are beneficial and sometimes harmful to mother and infant.Bangladesh J Obstet Gynaecol, 2013; Vol. 28(1) : 38-43

Spinal and Supraspinal Effects of Long-Term Stimulation of Sensorimotor Cortex in Rats

2007 ◽  
Vol 98 (2) ◽  
pp. 878-887 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiang Yang Chen ◽  
Shreejith Pillai ◽  
Yi Chen ◽  
Yu Wang ◽  
Lu Chen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Spinal Cord ◽  
Operant Conditioning ◽  
Sensorimotor Cortex ◽  
H Reflex ◽  
Freely Moving ◽  
Activity Dependent ◽  
Spinal Cord Function ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Stimulation Of

Sensorimotor cortex (SMC) modifies spinal cord reflex function throughout life and is essential for operant conditioning of the H-reflex. To further explore this long-term SMC influence over spinal cord function and its possible clinical uses, we assessed the effect of long-term SMC stimulation on the soleus H-reflex. In freely moving rats, the soleus H-reflex was measured 24 h/day for 12 wk. The soleus background EMG and M response associated with H-reflex elicitation were kept stable throughout. SMC stimulation was delivered in a 20-day-on/20-day-off/20-day-on protocol in which a train of biphasic 1-ms pulses at 25 Hz for 1 s was delivered every 10 s for the on-days. The SMC stimulus was automatically adjusted to maintain a constant descending volley. H-reflex size gradually increased during the 20 on-days, stayed high during the 20 off-days, and rose further during the next 20 on-days. In addition, the SMC stimulus needed to maintain a stable descending volley rose steadily over days. It fell during the 20 off-days and rose again when stimulation resumed. These results suggest that SMC stimulation, like H-reflex operant conditioning, induces activity-dependent plasticity in both the brain and the spinal cord and that the plasticity responsible for the H-reflex increase persists longer after the end of SMC stimulation than that underlying the change in the SMC response to stimulation.

Klk8, a multifunctional protease in the brain and skin: analysis of knockout mice

2010 ◽  
Vol 391 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Shigetaka Yoshida
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Long Term Potentiation ◽  
Term Potentiation ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Synaptic Changes ◽  
Adhesive Molecules ◽  
High Level ◽  
Activity Dependent ◽  
The Brain

Abstract Klk8 is a tryptic serine protease with limited substrate specificity. Klk8 mRNA is expressed in many developing organs, whereas its expression is confined to limited regions, including the hippocampus, in adults. In the hippocampus, Klk8 is involved in activity-dependent synaptic changes such as long-term potentiation, which was found to be suppressed in Klk8 knockout (KO) mice. Oligodendrocytes only expressed Klk8 mRNA after injury to the central nervous system. The epidermis of the skin is one of the tissues that exhibits a high level of KLK8 expression. Klk8 might be involved in desquamation through the degradation of adhesive molecules that connect layers of the epidermis. Klk8 might thus be involved in tissue development and rearrangement.

Psychiatric Disorders in Children in Long-Term Residential Care: a Follow-Up Study

1979 ◽  
Vol 135 (2) ◽  
pp. 129-135 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stephen Wolkind ◽  
George Renton
Keyword(s):  
Psychiatric Disorder ◽  
Psychiatric Disorders ◽  
Residential Care ◽  
Original Study ◽  
Behavioural Pattern ◽  
Follow Up Study ◽  
Children’S Homes ◽  
Psychiatric Study

SummaryNinety-two children who had been examined in a psychiatric study of five to twelve year-olds in long-term residential care were followed up four years later. Three-quarters were still in children's homes, but over half had been moved to different establishments. At both the original study and follow-up, the majority showed evidence of psychiatric disorder. Considerable continuity of behavioural pattern was found, particularly amongst those who originally had antisocial disorders, who were also most likely to have had changes of care-taker during the four years. It is suggested that the persistence of their disorder may be due to a vicious circle of unacceptable behaviour and adult rejection.

The somatic error hypothesis of anxiety

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sahib S. Khalsa ◽  
Justin S. Feinstein
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Physiological State ◽  
Brain Regions ◽  
Novel Therapies ◽  
Body State ◽  
Long Term Changes ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
And Behavior ◽  
The Brain

A regulatory battle for control ensues in the central nervous system following a mismatch between the current physiological state of an organism as mapped in viscerosensory brain regions and the predicted body state as computed in visceromotor control regions. The discrepancy between the predicted and current body state (i.e. the “somatic error”) signals a need for corrective action, motivating changes in both cognition and behavior. This chapter argues that anxiety disorders are fundamentally driven by somatic errors that fail to be adaptively regulated, leaving the organism in a state of dissonance where the predicted body state is perpetually out of line with the current body state. Repeated failures to quell somatic error can result in long-term changes to interoceptive circuitry within the brain. This chapter explores the neuropsychiatric sequelae that can emerge following chronic allostatic dysregulation of somatic errors and discusses novel therapies that might help to correct this dysregulation.

LONG-TERM DYNAMIC OF ISCHEMIC LESION VOLUME AND THE BRAIN HEMISPHERES’ VOLUME IN THE MODEL OF FOCAL ISCHEMIA MODEL IN RAT

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Владислав Александрович Шварц ◽  
Марина Станиславовна Кудабаева ◽  
Илья Леонидович Губский ◽  
Дарья Дмитриевна Наместникова ◽  
Марина Юрьевна Ходанович
Keyword(s):  
Sharp Increase ◽  
Focal Ischemia ◽  
Lesion Volume ◽  
Manual Segmentation ◽  
Ischemic Lesion ◽  
Brain Hemisphere ◽  
Brain Hemispheres ◽  
Long Term Changes ◽  
The Brain

В исследовании изучалась динамика объема ишемического очага и объемов полушарий мозга у животных с локальной ишемией в течении 2 месяцев после ишемии при помощи ручной сегментации. Были выявлены значимые различия между объемами полушарий на 1, 3, 14, 21, 30, 42 день исследования (p<0,01-0,05),, а также резкий рост объема ишемического поражения в течение 1-3 суток, после чего его объем монотонно уменьшался. Ischemic lesion volume and the brain hemisphere volume long-term changes were evaluated during 2 month after focal ischemia in rats using manual segmentation,. Significant differences were identified between hemisphere volumes on the 1st, 3rd, 14th, 21st, 30th, 42nd day after ischemia (p<0,01-0,05). A sharp increase in volume ischemic lesion was identified from the 1st till the 3rd day, then lesion volume constantly decreased.

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