The somatic error hypothesis of anxiety

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sahib S. Khalsa ◽  
Justin S. Feinstein
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Physiological State ◽  
Brain Regions ◽  
Novel Therapies ◽  
Body State ◽  
Long Term Changes ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
And Behavior ◽  
The Brain

A regulatory battle for control ensues in the central nervous system following a mismatch between the current physiological state of an organism as mapped in viscerosensory brain regions and the predicted body state as computed in visceromotor control regions. The discrepancy between the predicted and current body state (i.e. the “somatic error”) signals a need for corrective action, motivating changes in both cognition and behavior. This chapter argues that anxiety disorders are fundamentally driven by somatic errors that fail to be adaptively regulated, leaving the organism in a state of dissonance where the predicted body state is perpetually out of line with the current body state. Repeated failures to quell somatic error can result in long-term changes to interoceptive circuitry within the brain. This chapter explores the neuropsychiatric sequelae that can emerge following chronic allostatic dysregulation of somatic errors and discusses novel therapies that might help to correct this dysregulation.

Klk8, a multifunctional protease in the brain and skin: analysis of knockout mice

2010 ◽  
Vol 391 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Shigetaka Yoshida
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Long Term Potentiation ◽  
Term Potentiation ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Synaptic Changes ◽  
Adhesive Molecules ◽  
High Level ◽  
Activity Dependent ◽  
The Brain

Abstract Klk8 is a tryptic serine protease with limited substrate specificity. Klk8 mRNA is expressed in many developing organs, whereas its expression is confined to limited regions, including the hippocampus, in adults. In the hippocampus, Klk8 is involved in activity-dependent synaptic changes such as long-term potentiation, which was found to be suppressed in Klk8 knockout (KO) mice. Oligodendrocytes only expressed Klk8 mRNA after injury to the central nervous system. The epidermis of the skin is one of the tissues that exhibits a high level of KLK8 expression. Klk8 might be involved in desquamation through the degradation of adhesive molecules that connect layers of the epidermis. Klk8 might thus be involved in tissue development and rearrangement.

scholarly journals Modern aspects of neuropathogenesis and neurological manifestations of COVID-19

2021 ◽  
Vol 17 (2) ◽  
pp. 6-15
Author(s):  
L.A. Dziak ◽  
O.S. Tsurkalenko ◽  
K.V. Chekha ◽  
V.M. Suk
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Psychiatric Symptoms ◽  
Clinical Manifestations ◽  
The Body ◽  
Altered Level ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
The Brain

Coronavirus infection is a systemic pathology resulting in impairment of the nervous system. The involvement of the central nervous system in COVID-19 is diverse by clinical manifestations and main mechanisms. The mechanisms of interrelations between SARS-CoV-2 and the nervous system include a direct virus-induced lesion of the central nervous system, inflammatory-mediated impairment, thrombus burden, and impairment caused by hypoxia and homeostasis. Due to the multi-factor mechanisms (viral, immune, hypoxic, hypercoagulation), the SARS-CoV-2 infection can cause a wide range of neurological disorders involving both the central and peripheral nervous system and end organs. Dizziness, headache, altered level of consciousness, acute cerebrovascular diseases, hypogeusia, hyposmia, peripheral neuropathies, sleep disorders, delirium, neuralgia, myalgia are the most common signs. The structural and functional changes in various organs and systems and many neurological symptoms are determined to persist after COVID-19. Regardless of the numerous clinical reports about the neurological and psychiatric symptoms of COVID-19 as before it is difficult to determine if they are associated with the direct or indirect impact of viral infection or they are secondary to hypoxia, sepsis, cytokine reaction, and multiple organ failure. Penetrated the brain, COVID-19 can impact the other organs and systems and the body in general. Given the mechanisms of impairment, the survivors after COVID-19 with the infection penetrated the brain are more susceptible to more serious diseases such as Parkinson’s disease, cognitive decline, multiple sclerosis, and other autoimmune diseases. Given the multi-factor pathogenesis of COVID-19 resulting in long-term persistence of the clinical symptoms due to impaired neuroplasticity and neurogenesis followed by cholinergic deficiency, the usage of Neuroxon® 1000 mg a day with twice-day dosing for 30 days. Also, a long-term follow-up and control over the COVID-19 patients are recommended for the prophylaxis, timely determination, and correction of long-term complications.

Acute Disseminated Encephalomyelitis

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Benjamin M. Greenberg ◽  
Allen Desena
Keyword(s):  
Spinal Cord ◽  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Supportive Care ◽  
Acute Disseminated Encephalomyelitis ◽  
Autoimmune Response ◽  
Inflammatory Disorder ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
The Brain

Acute disseminated encephalomyelitis (ADEM) is a rare inflammatory disorder of the central nervous system (CNS) that can be fatal or lead to long-term disability. Various triggers have been identified in children and adults, which presumably cause an autoimmune response targeting myelin. The resulting inflammation causes demyelination and edema of the brain, spinal cord, and optic nerves. Depending on which portion of the CNS is affected, patients will experience a variety of symptoms including weakness, numbness, ataxia, encephalopathy, and seizures. Treatment is currently focused on reducing the amount of inflammation and supportive care.

The role of metabolites and the role of histo-hematological barriers in the regulation of body functions. (End)

1937 ◽  
Vol 33 (5) ◽  
pp. 523-532
Author(s):  
L. S. Stern
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Cerebrospinal Fluid ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
General Circulation ◽  
Physiological State ◽  
The State ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Physiological Systems

Evaluation of the results obtained in the study of the effect of cerebrospinal fluid on various physiological systems is complicated by the fact that the composition of the cerebrospinal fluid depends to a large extent on the state of the blood-brain barrier, and thus reflects not only a certain physiological state of the central nervous system. There is no doubt that the metabolic products of the brain, secreted into the cerebrospinal fluid, exert their effect not only on the activity of various parts of the brain and on the coordination of their functions, but due to the rapid transition of these substances from the cerebrospinal fluid into the general circulation, they also affect as a humoral a factor on the function of other physiological systems, as it was revealed in a number of experiments carried out in recent years in our laboratories. For example, it turned out that under various influences (direct irritation of the central nervous system in experimental epilepsy, irritation of the sensory nerves associated with severe pain, traumatic shock, toxemic or chemical shock, as well as starvation, prolonged insomnia, etc.) - substances appear in the cerebrospinal fluid that affect the state and activity of the cardiovascular system, the tone of smooth muscles, the excitability of the central nervous system, etc. These are the results of the work of our employees: Zeitlin, Weiss, Harles, Voskresensky, Gromakovskaya , Bazarova, Gotsman, Komarova and others. Work in this direction continues at the present time.

Brain Damage in Diabetes Mellitus

1973 ◽  
Vol 122 (568) ◽  
pp. 337-341 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. N. Bale
Keyword(s):  
Diabetes Mellitus ◽  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Brain Damage ◽  
Cerebrovascular Accident ◽  
Diabetic Encephalopathy ◽  
Autopsy Study ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Permanent Brain Damage ◽  
The Brain

Several previous studies have demonstrated involvement of the central nervous system in diabetes mellitus. Reske-Nielsen and Lundbaek (1963) gave a description of cerebral changes seen in an autopsy study of three cases of long term diabetes and considered these to contribute a diabetic encephalopathy. Lawrence et al. (1942) demonstrated lesions in the brain following fatal hypoglycaemia, and Fineberg and Altschul (1952) described cases in which permanent brain damage followed non-fatal hypoglycaemia. Grunnet (1963) found cerebral atherosclerosis to develop at an earlier age and more severely in the diabetic than the non-diabetic, and a higher incidence of cerebrovascular accident was found in diabetic than non-diabetic subjects by Alex et al. (1962).

scholarly journals Insight from animal models of environmentally driven epigenetic changes in the developing and adult brain

2016 ◽  
Vol 28 (4pt2) ◽  
pp. 1229-1243 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tiffany S. Doherty ◽  
Tania L. Roth
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Animal Models ◽  
Behavioral Outcomes ◽  
Adult Brain ◽  
Epigenetic Changes ◽  
Behavioral Deficits ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Brain And Behavior ◽  
And Behavior ◽  
The Brain

AbstractThe efforts of many neuroscientists are directed toward understanding the appreciable plasticity of the brain and behavior. In recent years, epigenetics has become a core of this focus as a prime mechanistic candidate for behavioral modifications. Animal models have been instrumental in advancing our understanding of environmentally driven changes to the epigenome in the developing and adult brain. This review focuses mainly on such discoveries driven by adverse environments along with their associated behavioral outcomes. While much of the evidence discussed focuses on epigenetics within the central nervous system, several peripheral studies in humans who have experienced significant adversity are also highlighted. As we continue to unravel the link between epigenetics and phenotype, discerning the complexity and specificity of epigenetic changes induced by environments is an important step toward understanding optimal development and how to prevent or ameliorate behavioral deficits bred by disruptive environments.

Intravenous delivery of adeno-associated viral gene therapy in feline GM1 gangliosidosis

Brain ◽  
2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Amanda L Gross ◽  
Heather L Gray-Edwards ◽  
Cassie N Bebout ◽  
Nathan L Ta ◽  
Kayly Nielsen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gene Therapy ◽  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Cerebrospinal Fluid ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Galactosidase Activity ◽  
Gm1 Gangliosidosis ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Imaging And Spectroscopy ◽  
The Brain

Abstract GM1 gangliosidosis is a fatal neurodegenerative disease caused by a deficiency of lysosomal β-galactosidase. In its most severe form, GM1 gangliosidosis causes death by 4 years of age, and no effective treatments exist. Previous work has shown that injection of the brain parenchyma with an adeno-associated viral vector provides pronounced therapeutic benefit in a feline GM1 model. To develop a less invasive treatment for the brain and increase systemic biodistribution, intravenous injection of AAV9 was evaluated. AAV9 expressing feline β-galactosidase was intravenously administered at 1.5x1013 vector genomes/kilogram body weight to six GM1 cats at approximately 1 month of age. The animals were divided into two cohorts: 1) a long-term group, which was followed to humane endpoint, and 2) a short-term group, which was analyzed 16-weeks post treatment. Clinical assessments included neurological exams, cerebrospinal fluid and urine biomarkers, and 7-Telsa magnetic resonance imaging and spectroscopy. Postmortem analysis included β-galactosidase and virus distribution, histological analysis, and ganglioside content. Untreated GM1 animals survived 8.0 ± 0.6 months while intravenous treatment increased survival to an average of 3.5 years (n = 2) with substantial improvements in quality of life and neurologic function. Neurological abnormalities, which in untreated animals progress to the inability to stand and debilitating neurological disease by 8 months of age, were mild in all treated animals. Cerebrospinal fluid biomarkers were normalized, indicating decreased central nervous system cell damage in the treated animals. Urinary glycosaminoglycans decreased to normal levels in the long-term cohort. Magnetic resonance imaging and spectroscopy showed partial preservation of the brain in treated animals, which was supported by postmortem histological evaluation. β-galactosidase activity was increased throughout the central nervous system, reaching carrier levels in much of the cerebrum and normal levels in the cerebellum, spinal cord and cerebrospinal fluid. Ganglioside accumulation was significantly reduced by treatment. Peripheral tissues such as heart, skeletal muscle, and sciatic nerve also had normal β-galactosidase activity in treated GM1 cats. GM1 histopathology was largely corrected with treatment. There was no evidence of tumorigenesis or toxicity. Restoration of β-galactosidase activity in the central nervous system and peripheral organs by intravenous gene therapy led to profound increases in lifespan and quality of life in GM1 cats. This data supports the promise of intravenous gene therapy as a safe, effective treatment for GM1 gangliosidosis.

scholarly journals Literature Study: The Effectiveness of Aromatherapy on Reducing Anxiety in Chronic Kidney Failure Patients Undergoing Hemodialysis

2013 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 168-177
Author(s):  
Eka Agustin ◽  
◽  
Dian Hudiyawati
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Cerebral Cortex ◽  
Kidney Disease ◽  
The Body ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Long Term Treatment ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
The Brain

Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) is a progressive and irreversible decline in kidney function that results in the decreased ability of the body to retain fluids and electrolytes. Treatment methods in end-stage kidney disease are long-term treatment with hemodialysis and kidney transplantation. Hemodialysis therapy in the long term can cause anxiety. Aromatherapy can assist patients in coping with anxiety. The goal of this study was to determine the efficacy of aromatherapy in reducing anxiety in patients with hemodialysis. Articles were obtained through online databases such as PubMed, Google Scholar, and Science Direct. There are seven articles obtained after going through data screening and will be identified for critical review. The findings show that inhalation aromatherapy was effective in reducing anxiety levels among hemodialysis patients. Inhaled aromatherapy affects the central nervous system and has a balancing effect on the cerebral cortex and nerves in the brain. Inhaled aroma compounds will interact quickly through the central nervous system and olfactory nerves and then stimulate the nerves in the brain under the balance of the cerebral cortex to produce the release of the hormone melatonin, serotonin, which can cause a feeling of relaxation or sedative. Future research should include a variety of aromatherapy variants that can be used based on patient preferences, as well as an assessment of possible side effects.

scholarly journals Neuroinflammation in Sepsis: Molecular Pathways of Microglia Activation

2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (5) ◽  
pp. 416
Author(s):  
Carolina Araújo Moraes ◽  
Camila Zaverucha-do-Valle ◽  
Renaud Fleurance ◽  
Tarek Sharshar ◽  
Fernando Augusto Bozza ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Brain Dysfunction ◽  
Regulatory Mechanisms ◽  
Molecular Pathways ◽  
Neurological Manifestations ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
The Brain

Frequently underestimated, encephalopathy or delirium are common neurological manifestations associated with sepsis. Brain dysfunction occurs in up to 80% of cases and is directly associated with increased mortality and long-term neurocognitive consequences. Although the central nervous system (CNS) has been classically viewed as an immune-privileged system, neuroinflammation is emerging as a central mechanism of brain dysfunction in sepsis. Microglial cells are major players in this setting. Here, we aimed to discuss the current knowledge on how the brain is affected by peripheral immune activation in sepsis and the role of microglia in these processes. This review focused on the molecular pathways of microglial activity in sepsis, its regulatory mechanisms, and their interaction with other CNS cells, especially with neuronal cells and circuits.

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