Human models in acute and chronic stress: Assessing determinants of individual hypothalamus–pituitary–adrenal axis activity and reactivity

Stress ◽  
2010 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-14 ◽  
Author(s):  
Brigitte M. Kudielka ◽  
Stefan Wüst
Keyword(s):  
Chronic Stress ◽  
Adrenal Axis ◽  
Acute And Chronic Stress ◽  
Human Models ◽  
Hypothalamus Pituitary Adrenal Axis ◽  
Pituitary Adrenal Axis

scholarly journals The Stress Axis in Obesity and Diabetes Mellitus: An Update

Endocrines ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 2 (3) ◽  
pp. 334-347
Author(s):  
Laura Gianotti ◽  
Sara Belcastro ◽  
Salvatore D’Agnano ◽  
Francesco Tassone
Keyword(s):  
Diabetes Mellitus ◽  
Insulin Resistance ◽  
Type 2 Diabetes ◽  
Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus ◽  
Chronic Stress ◽  
Hypothalamic Pituitary Adrenal ◽  
Adrenal Axis ◽  
Acute And Chronic Stress ◽  
Pituitary Adrenal Axis

The hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis is a tightly regulated system that represents one of the body’s mechanisms for responding to acute and chronic stress. Prolonged stress and/or inadequate regulation of the stress system can lead to a condition of chronic hypercortisolism or, in some cases, a blunted cortisol response to stress, contributing to insulin resistance, increased adiposity and type 2 diabetes mellitus. Moreover, acute and chronic stress can exacerbate or worsen metabolic conditions by supporting an inflammatory state and a tight relationship between stress, inflammation and adipose tissue has been reported and has been a growing subject of interest in recent years. We reviewed and summarized the evidence supporting hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis dysregulation as an important biological link between stress, obesity, inflammation and type 2 diabetes mellitus. Furthermore, we emphasized the possible role of infectious-related stress such as SarsCov2 infection in adrenal axis dysregulation, insulin resistance and diabetes in a bidirectional link. Understanding and better defining the links between stress and obesity or diabetes could contribute to further definition of the pathogenesis and the management of stress-related complications, in which the HPA axis dysregulation has a primary role.

scholarly journals Stress History and Pubertal Development Interact to Shape Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal Axis Plasticity

Endocrinology ◽  
2006 ◽  
Vol 147 (4) ◽  
pp. 1664-1674 ◽  
Author(s):  
Russell D. Romeo ◽  
Rudy Bellani ◽  
Ilia N. Karatsoreos ◽  
Nara Chhua ◽  
Mary Vernov ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Stress Response ◽  
Chronic Stress ◽  
Arginine Vasopressin ◽  
Hypothalamic Pituitary Adrenal Axis ◽  
Male Rats ◽  
Pubertal Maturation ◽  
Hypothalamic Pituitary Adrenal ◽  
Adrenal Axis ◽  
Acute And Chronic Stress ◽  
Pituitary Adrenal Axis

Both the magnitude and the duration of the hormonal stress response change dramatically during neonatal development and aging as well as with prior experience with a stressor. However, surprisingly little is known with regard to how pubertal maturation and experience with stress interact to affect hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis responsiveness. Because adolescence is a period of neurodevelopmental vulnerabilities and opportunities that may be especially sensitive to stress, it is imperative to more fully understand these interactions. Thus, we examined hormonal and neural responses in prepubertal (28 d of age) and adult (77 d of age) male rats after exposure to acute (30 min) or more chronic (30 min/d for 7 d) restraint stress. We report here that after acute stress, prepubertal males exhibited a significantly prolonged hormonal stress response (e.g. ACTH and total and free corticosterone) compared with adults. In contrast, after chronic stress, prepubertal males exhibited a higher response immediately after the stressor, but a faster return to baseline, compared with adults. Additionally, we demonstrate that this differential stress reactivity is associated with differential neuronal activation in the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus, as measured by FOS immunohistochemistry. Using triple-label immunofluorescence histochemistry, we found that a larger proportion of CRH, but not arginine vasopressin, cells are activated in the arginine vasopressin in response to both acute and chronic stress in prepubertal animals compared with adults. These data indicate that experience-dependent plasticity of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal neuroendocrine axis is significantly influenced by pubertal maturation.

scholarly journals Acupuncture blocks cold stress-induced increases in the hypothalamus–pituitary–adrenal axis in the rat

2013 ◽  
Vol 217 (1) ◽  
pp. 95-104 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ladan Eshkevari ◽  
Eva Permaul ◽  
Susan E Mulroney
Keyword(s):  
Cold Stress ◽  
Chronic Stress ◽  
Stress Hormones ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Adrenal Axis ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Hypothalamus Pituitary Adrenal Axis ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Treatment Control Group ◽  
Pituitary Adrenal Axis

Electroacupuncture (EA) is used to treat chronic stress; however, its mechanism(s) of action in allaying stress remains unclear. The interplay of stress hormones of the hypothalamus–pituitary–adrenal axis (HPA) and the sympathetic nervous system (SNS) is critical in the stress response. Our objective was to determine whether EA at acupoint, stomach 36 (EA St36) is effective in preventing chronic cold stress-induced increased hormone levels in the rat by examining four groups of animals, three of which were exposed to cold and one of which was a non-treatment control group. Before exposure to the cold, two groups were treated with either EA St36, or Sham-EA, before 10 days of cold stress. The EA St36 animals demonstrated a significant decrease in peripheral HP hormones (ACTH and CORT) compared with stress animals (P<0.05). These effects were specific; rats receiving Sham-EA had elevation of these hormones, similar to the stress-only animals. These effects were mirrored centrally in the brain; CRH levels were significantly (P<0.05) reduced in EA St36 animals compared with the other animals. Finally, EA effect on peripheral and adrenal SNS hormones (norepinephrine (NE) and neuropeptide Y (NPY) respectively) was examined, with no significant difference noted in adrenal tyrosine hydroxylase or circulating NE in any of the groups. However, EA St36 was effective in preventing stress-induced elevation is adrenal Npy mRNA. These results indicate that EA St36 blocks the chronic stress-induced elevations in the HPA and the sympathetic NPY pathway, which may be a mechanism for its specific stress-allaying effects.

Deciphering the Association Between Hypothalamus‐Pituitary‐Adrenal Axis Activity and Obesity: A Meta‐Analysis

Obesity ◽  
2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Giada Ostinelli ◽  
Anaïs Scovronec ◽  
Sylvain Iceta ◽  
Anne‐Sophie Ouellette ◽  
Simone Lemieux ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Adrenal Axis ◽  
Hypothalamus Pituitary Adrenal Axis ◽  
Pituitary Adrenal Axis

Contribution of Growth Arrest-Specific 5/miR-674 to the Hypothalamus Pituitary Adrenal Axis Regulation Effect by Electroacupuncture following Trauma

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-13
Author(s):  
Jing Zhu ◽  
Chunxia Guo ◽  
Pingping Lu ◽  
Shuijin Shao ◽  
Bing Tu
Keyword(s):  
Hpa Axis ◽  
Interleukin 1 ◽  
Growth Arrest ◽  
Luciferase Assay ◽  
Function Evaluation ◽  
Protein Levels ◽  
Adrenal Axis ◽  
Post Surgery ◽  
Hypothalamus Pituitary Adrenal Axis ◽  
Pituitary Adrenal Axis

<b><i>Background:</i></b> Electroacupuncture (EA) can improve trauma-induced hypothalamus pituitary adrenal axis (HPA) hyperactivity. However, the mechanism underlying the EA effect has not been fully understood. <b><i>Methods and Study Design:</i></b> This study was undertaken to explore the role of hypothalamic growth arrest-specific 5 (Gas5) in the regulation of EA on HPA axis function post-surgery. Paraventricular nuclear Gas5 levels were upregulated in rats using an intracerebroventricular injection of pAAV-Gas5. Primary hypothalamic neurons and 293T cells were cultured for miRNA and siRNAs detection. Radioimmunoassay, PCR, Western blot, and immunohistochemistry were used for HPA axis function evaluation. <b><i>Results:</i></b> The overexpression of Gas5 abolished the effect of EA on the regulation of trauma-induced HPA axis hyperactivity. Using a bioinformatics analysis and dual luciferase assay, we determined that miRNA-674 was a target of Gas5. Additionally, miRNA-674 levels were found to have decreased in trauma rats, and this effect was reversed after EA intervention. TargetScan analysis showed that serum and glucocorticoid inducible kinase 1 (SGK1) were targets of miR-674. Moreover, we found that SGK1 protein levels increased in trauma rats and SGK1 expression inhibition alleviated HPA axis abnormality post-surgery. EA could improve the number of hypothalamus iba-1 positive cells and hypothalamic interleukin 1 beta protein expression. <b><i>Conclusions:</i></b> Our study demonstrated the involvement of the hypothalamic Gas5/miRNA-674/SGK1 signaling pathway in EA regulation of HPA axis function after trauma.

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