Argyrophilic nucleolar organizing region associated protein synthesis in hair root cells of humans at different developmental stages and sex

2013 ◽  
Vol 88 (5) ◽  
pp. 267-271 ◽  
Author(s):  
R Eroz ◽  
S Yilmaz ◽  
N Cucer
Keyword(s):  
Protein Synthesis ◽  
Developmental Stages ◽  
Hair Root ◽  
Root Cells ◽  
Nucleolar Organizing Region

Development of Haemoglobin by De-embryonated Chick Blastoderms Cultured in vitro and the Effect of Abnormal RNA upon its Synthesis

Development ◽  
1961 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 202-221
Author(s):  
B. R. A. O'Brien
Keyword(s):  
Protein Synthesis ◽  
Developmental Stages ◽  
Specific Protein ◽  
Cytoplasmic Protein ◽  
Whole Cells ◽  
Restricted Group ◽  
Dividing Cells ◽  
First Time ◽  
Structural Code

The embryo provides a sequence of developmental stages in which proteins both structural and enzymatic appear or become detectable for the first time in a restricted group of dividing cells. The cells or tissues can be maintained in vitro for a period that may precede and include the synthesis of a specific ‘cytoplasmic’ protein. In this way systems of protein synthesis within the cells of higher organisms can be studied during those stages in which current hypotheses suggest that some structural code is passed on from the DNA of the nucleus to the cytoplasm where the synthesis of the protein becomes maximal. Acellular preparations have contributed much to the elucidation of protein synthesis, but it is doubtful whether actual net synthesis has been obtained in systems less complex than the ‘protoplast’ developed by Spiegelman (1957). In order to study the synthesis of a specific protein it seems necessary at this stage to use whole cells.

Stage-specific changes in cytoplasmic protein synthesis in Entomophaga aulicae protoplasts

1989 ◽  
Vol 35 (3) ◽  
pp. 373-378
Author(s):  
Richard A. Nolan
Keyword(s):  
Protein Synthesis ◽  
Developmental Stages ◽  
Late Fusion ◽  
One Dimensional ◽  
Early Fusion ◽  
Specific Proteins ◽  
Fungal Protoplasts ◽  
General Protein ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Synthesis Stage

The patterns of protein synthesis associated with three sequential stages in protoplast morphogenesis (spindle-shaped, early fusion sphere, and late fusion sphere protoplasts) of the fungus Entomophaga aulicae were studied using both one-dimensional gels with general protein staining and two-dimensional gels with [35S]methionine protein labelling and fluorography. A total of 332 proteins were observed with 63.5% (211) common to all three developmental stages. Of the individual totals, 3.3% (8 out of 245), 7.3% (22 out of 301), and 4.5% (13 out of 286) of the proteins were unique to the spindle-shaped, early fusion sphere, and late fusion sphere protoplasts, respectively. The molecular mass and pI distribution profiles for early fusion sphere protoplast proteins are discussed.Key words: protein synthesis, stage-specific proteins, fungal protoplasts, Entomophaga aulicae.

Endothelial progenitor cell clonality and response to treatment in multiple myeloma

2006 ◽  
Vol 24 (18_suppl) ◽  
pp. 17546-17546
Author(s):  
D. M. Kahn ◽  
M. Braunstein ◽  
E. L. Smith ◽  
U. Klueppelberg ◽  
T. Ozcelik ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Multiple Myeloma ◽  
Progenitor Cell ◽  
Gene Rearrangement ◽  
Response To Treatment ◽  
Hair Root ◽  
Endothelial Progenitor ◽  
Root Cells ◽  
Clonal Identity ◽  
Igh Gene Rearrangement ◽  
Single Allele

17546 Background: In multiple myeloma (MM), increased levels of endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs) contribute to neoangiogenesis, covary with disease activity and response to treatment. To understand the mechanisms of enhanced neoangiogenic function by EPCs in MM, we investigated whether EPCs and tumor cells share clonal identity, and related this finding to clinical progression. EPC clonality was analyzed by X-chromosome inactivation (XCI) and the presence of clonotypic immunoglobulin heavy-chain (IGH) gene rearrangement. Methods: Hair root cells and confluent EPCs from 18 female patients were studied for XCI patterns by human androgen receptor assay (HUMARA). In 6 patients, EPCs were studied for the presence of IGH gene rearrangement using family-specific PCR primers for IGH variable genes (VH). Nine patients were treated with TDZ: thalidomide (100 mg/day), dexamethasone (10–40 mg for 4 days/3 weeks for 6 months, then reduced to 4 days/month), and zoledronate (4 mg/4 weeks). Results: Eleven of the 18 female patients displayed allelic XCI. Analysis of their EPCs for evidence of clonality revealed significant skewing (≥ 77% expression of a single allele) in 64% (n = 7). In 4 of these 7 patients, EPC XCI skewing was extreme (≥ 90% expression of a single allele) while in hair root cells XCI was random. Furthermore, sequencing of PCR products obtained with VH primers resulted in identification of the same product in EPCs and bone marrow cells in 67% (n = 4) of another 6 patients, while no IGH rearrangement was found in EPCs from healthy controls. 9 patients were subsequently treated with TDZ, 4 patients had clonal EPCs and Stage 2 MM, and 5 patients had non-clonal EPCs and Stage 3 MM. Despite having less advanced disease, patients whose EPCs were clonal had a significantly attenuated response to treatment with TDZ compared to patients whose EPCs were non-clonal (P = .05). Conclusions: Clonal identity between EPCs and neoplastic cells highlight the necessity to explore the thesis that MM cells and EPCs are derived from a progenitor cell capable of self-renewal and differentiation. The relationship between EPC clonality and impaired response to treatment underscores the pathogenic significance of EPCs in MM. No significant financial relationships to disclose.

Fluorescent Male Sex Chromatin in Hair Root Cells

1971 ◽  
Vol 64 (2) ◽  
pp. 161-162 ◽  
Author(s):  
ERIC ENGEL ◽  
M. KENT MOORE ◽  
BARBARA J. MCGEE ◽  
MIREILLE L. ENGEL
Keyword(s):  
Hair Root ◽  
Root Cells ◽  
Sex Chromatin ◽  
Male Sex

scholarly journals Characterization of cell-free protein-synthesis systems from undeveloped and developing Artemia embryos

1991 ◽  
Vol 276 (3) ◽  
pp. 809-816 ◽  
Author(s):  
A Moreno ◽  
R Mendez ◽  
C de Haro
Keyword(s):  
Protein Synthesis ◽  
Developmental Stages ◽  
Wide Spectrum ◽  
Initiation Factor ◽  
Synthetic Activity ◽  
Globin Mrna ◽  
Free System ◽  
Early Developmental Stages ◽  
Reticulocyte Lysate ◽  
Early Developmental

We have developed and characterized translationally active cell-free systems from Artemia embryos at different developmental times. The optimized lysates from 16 h-developed embryos incorporated radiolabelled amino acids into polypeptides for up to 120 min. The polypeptides synthesized ranged in Mr from 150,000 to 10,000, suggesting that the endogenous mRNA was capable of directing the synthesis of complete polypeptides. Similar results were obtained by using lysates from early developmental stages; even the cell-free system prepared from 1 h-developed embryos was partially active in protein synthesis. Furthermore, all these lysates were capable of re-initiation, as demonstrated by inhibition of initiation with the inhibitors edeine and 7-methylguanosine 5′-triphosphate. Because we found no endogenous protein-synthetic activity in the corresponding lysates from undeveloped embryos, we have used cell-free translation systems from 0 h- and 16 h-developed Artemia embryos to analyse the mechanisms limiting protein synthesis at very early developmental stages. Undeveloped-embryo lysates supplemented with nuclease-treated reticulocyte lysate were capable of translating endogenous mRNAs to give products with a wide spectrum of Mr values, but lysates of 16 h-developed embryos supplemented in this way were not further stimulated. The nuclease-treated lysate appeared to be unnecessary 5 h after resumption of development. These results suggested that a component(s) limiting translation in the undeveloped-embryo lysate was provided by the nuclease-treated reticulocyte lysate, and that this component(s) no longer limited protein synthesis after development. In view of these results, partially fractionated reticulocyte lysates were tested for restoration of protein-synthetic activity in the undeveloped embryo lysate. A high-salt ribosomal wash devoid of ribosomal subunits, which is considered a crude polypeptide-initiation-factor preparation, also restored translation activity in the undeveloped embryo lysate and made it capable of directing the synthesis of both endogenous mRNAs and exogenous (globin) mRNA.

scholarly journals Sucrose Transport into Citrus Juice Cells: Evidence for an Endocytic Transport System

2005 ◽  
Vol 130 (2) ◽  
pp. 269-274 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ed Etxeberria ◽  
Pedro Gonzalez ◽  
Javier Pozueta-Romero
Keyword(s):  
Developmental Stages ◽  
Sucrose Phosphate Synthase ◽  
Sink Strength ◽  
High Definition ◽  
Sucrose Transport ◽  
Root Cells ◽  
Sucrose Metabolizing Enzymes ◽  
Cytoplasmic Vesicles ◽  
Sucrose Phosphate Phosphatase ◽  
Sucrose Phosphate

To investigate the mechanisms of sucrose transport and its accumulation into `Murcott' mandarin (Citrus reticulata Blanco) fruit, developmental changes in determinants of sink strength such as sucrose metabolizing enzymes, and sucrose transport across both plasmalemma and tonoplast were analyzed. Concurrently with sucrose levels, sucrose synthase, sucrose phosphate synthase and sucrose phosphate phosphatase increased throughout fruit development. Plasmalemma and tonoplast vesicles isolated from fruit collected at different developmental stages were analyzed for their transport capabilities. Sucrose uptake into energized plasmalemma vesicles was abolished by gramicidin, which is in accordance with the presence of an active symport mechanism of sucrose transport from the apoplast into the cytosol. Unexpectedly, tonoplast vesicles were shown to lack active transport mechanism of sucrose into the vacuole. More importantly, however, and in conformity with recent findings showing the occurrence of an endocytic mechanism of ion uptake in maize (Zea mays L.) root cells, citrus (Citrus L.) juice cells were shown to incorporate membrane impermeable dyes into their vacuoles in the presence of sucrose. High definition confocal microscopy revealed the co-localization of membrane impermeable markers in cytoplasmic vesicles and the formation of vesicles at the plasmalemma. The data provide evidence for an endocytic system of transport that allows direct incorporation of sucrose from the apoplast to the vacuole bypassing both the plasmalemma and tonoplast.

scholarly journals Differing thermal sensitivities of physiological processes alter ATP allocation

2020 ◽  
pp. jeb.233379
Author(s):  
Francis T. C. Pan ◽  
Scott L. Applebaum ◽  
Donal T. Manahan
Keyword(s):  
Protein Synthesis ◽  
Energy Demand ◽  
Developmental Stages ◽  
Thermal Sensitivity ◽  
Biological Organization ◽  
Bioenergetic Model ◽  
Physiological Processes ◽  
Atp Pool ◽  
Temperature Impact

Changes in environmental temperature impact rate processes at all levels of biological organization. Yet, the thermal sensitivity of specific physiological processes that impact allocation of the ATP pool within a species is less well understood. In this study of developmental stages of the Pacific oyster, Crassostrea gigas, thermal sensitivities were measured for growth, survivorship, protein synthesis, respiration, and transport of amino acids and ions. At warmer temperatures, larvae grew faster but suffered increased mortality. An analysis of temperature sensitivity (Q10 values) revealed that protein synthesis, the major ATP-consuming process in larvae of C. gigas, is more sensitive to temperature change (Q10 value of 2.9±0.18) than is metabolic rate (Q10 of 2.0±0.15). Ion transport by Na+/K+-ATPase measured in vivo has a Q10 value of 2.1±0.09. The corresponding value for glycine transport is 2.4±0.23. Differing thermal responses for protein synthesis and respiration result in a disproportional increase in the allocation of available ATP to protein synthesis with rising temperature. A bioenergetic model is presented illustrating how changes in growth and temperature impact allocation of the ATP pool. Over an environmentally relevant temperature range for this species, the proportion of the ATP pool allocated to protein synthesis increases from 35% to 65%. The greater energy demand to support protein synthesis with increasing temperature will compromise energy availability to support other essential physiological processes. Defining the tradeoffs of ATP demand will provide insights into understanding the adaptive capacity of organisms to respond to various scenarios of environmental change.

A radioenzymatic assay of catechol-O-methyltransferase in hair root cells: Comparison with erythrocyte activity

1981 ◽  
Vol 57 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
J.J. Hoo ◽  
T. Strohmeyer ◽  
W.J. Beckermann ◽  
D.P. Agarwal ◽  
H.W. Goedde
Keyword(s):  
Hair Root ◽  
Root Cells ◽  
Radioenzymatic Assay
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