What factors are associated with ambulance use for non-emergency problems in children? A systematic mapping review and qualitative synthesis

ObjectiveTo explore what factors are associated with ambulance use for non-emergency problems in children.MethodsThis study is a systematic mapping review and qualitative synthesis of published journal articles and grey literature. Searches were conducted on the following databases, for articles published between January 1980 and July 2020: MEDLINE, EMBASE, PsycINFO, CINAHL and AMED. A Google Scholar and a Web of Science search were undertaken to identify reports or proceedings not indexed in the above. Book chapters and theses were searched via the OpenSigle, EThOS and DART databases. A literature advisory group, including experts in the field, were contacted for relevant grey literature and unpublished reports. The inclusion criteria incorporated articles published in the English language reporting findings for the reasons behind why there are so many calls to the ambulance service for non-urgent problems in children. Data extraction was divided into two stages: extraction of data to generate a broad systematic literature ‘map’, and extraction of data from highly relevant papers using qualitative methods to undertake a focused qualitative synthesis. An initial table of themes associated with reasons for non-emergency calls to the ambulance for children formed the ‘thematic map’ element. The uniting feature running through all of the identified themes was the determination of ‘inappropriateness’ or ‘appropriateness’ of an ambulance call out, which was then adopted as the concept of focus for our qualitative synthesis.ResultsThere were 27 articles used in the systematic mapping review and 17 in the qualitative synthesis stage of the review. Four themes were developed in the systematic mapping stage: socioeconomic status/geographical location, practical reasons, fear of consequences and parental education. Three analytical themes were developed in the qualitative synthesis stage including practicalities and logistics of obtaining care, arbitrary scoring system and retrospection.ConclusionsThere is a lack of public and caregiver understanding about the use of ambulances for paediatrics. There are factors that appear specific to choosing ambulance care for children that are not so prominent in adults (fever, reassurance, fear of consequences). Future areas for attention to decrease ambulance activation for paediatric low-acuity reports were highlighted as: identifying strategies for helping caregivers to mitigate perceived risk, increasing availability of primary care, targeted education to particular geographical areas, education to first-time parents with infants and providing alternate means of transportation.PROSPERO registration numberCRD42019160395.

Magnetic silica particles functionalized with guanidine derivatives for microwave-assisted transesterification of waste oil

This study aimed to develop a facile synthesis procedure for heterogeneous catalysts based on organic guanidine derivatives superbases chemically grafted on silica-coated Fe3O4 magnetic nanoparticles. Thus, the three organosilanes that were obtained by reacting the selected carbodiimides (N,N′-dicyclohexylcarbodiimide (DCC), N,N′-diisopropylcarbodiimide (DIC), respectively 1-ethyl-3-(3-dimethylaminopropyl) carbodiimide (EDC) with 3-aminopropyltriethoxysilane (APTES) were used in a one-pot synthesis stage for the generation of a catalytic active protective shell through the simultaneous hydrolysis/condensation reaction with tetraethyl orthosilicate (TEOS). The catalysts were characterized by FTIR, TGA, SEM, BET and XRD analysis confirming the successful covalent attachment of the organic derivatives in the silica shell. The second aim was to highlight the capacity of microwaves (MW) to intensify the transesterification process and to evaluate the activity, stability, and reusability characteristics of the catalysts. Thus, in MW-assisted transesterification reactions, all catalysts displayed FAME yields of over 80% even after 5 reactions/activation cycles. Additionally, the influence of FFA content on the catalytic activity was investigated. As a result, in the case of Fe3O4@SiO2-EDG, a higher tolerance towards the FFA content can be noticed with a FAME yield of over 90% (for a 5% (weight) vs oil catalyst content) and 5% weight FFA content.

Effect of Phosphorus on Crystallization of Alkaline Molybdenum-Containing Borosilicate Glasses

The effect of additives of P2O5 on the solubility of molybdenum in the amorphous part of glass and on the phase composition of the crystallized part of the highly alkaline glasses of the Li2O–(Na2O–K2O)–B2O3-SiO2 system was studied. The comparison of the phase composition of samples with or without phosphorus prior and after annealing allowed to determine the change of solubility of molybdenum in the amorphous part of the samples and to evaluate the thermal stability of the synthesized glass-ceramic materials. It was found, that for the compositions without phosphorus and the samples without lithium, when molybdenum is added at the synthesis stage, almost all of the molybdenum is included only in the crystalline molybdates. The study has shown an increase in the solubility of molybdenum only in the structure of lithium-containing glasses with phosphorus.

PUSAT KOMUNITAS SEPEDA DI KOTA PONTIANAK

Bicycle is the sustainable land transport. The background of this design is the cycling trend in Pontianak City has existed since 2000. In 2005 the Bike to Work community was formed and until now more than 20 bicycle communities have been formed in Pontianak City. Members of the cycling community need a place to gather and share their interest in cycling, and people need a safe place to play and practice cycling. This design is in line with the commitment of the Pontianak City Government to realize Pontianak City as a bicycle-friendly city. The main purpose is to provide an interactive, flexible, and combine meeting point with the shape of bicycle wheels as part of the design. The design used the Whitaker design method, which consists of the introduction stage, definition stage, preparation stage, analysis stage, synthesis stage, evaluation stage, and re-evaluation stage. The main concept is to create eight bicycle community clusters that are integrated with commercial, recreational, and educational areas to meet the needs and lifestyles of cyclists. This design produces a plaza area with an arrangement of eight bicycle clusters that are centralized and integrated with a commercial area, waterfront, food court, and freestyle area with cluster organization.

Metabolite Characteristics in Tongue Coating from Damp Phlegm Pattern in Patients with Gastric Precancerous Lesion

Objective. In this study, we analyzed the metabolite profile of the tongue coating of patients having gastric precancerous lesion (GPL) with damp phlegm pattern and proposed a mechanism of pathological transition. Methods. The changes in tongue-coating metabolites in patients with GPL damp phlegm pattern were analyzed using GC-TOF-MS and UHPLC-QE-MS metabolomics methods. Results. When compared with 20 patients who did not exhibit a nondamp phlegm pattern, 12 metabolites were highly expressed and 10 metabolites were under expressed in 40 cases of damp phlegm pattern, of which involved 9 metabolic pathways. Compared with 15 healthy people, 134 metabolites were upregulated and 3 metabolites were downregulated in 40 cases exhibiting a damp phlegm pattern, of which involved 17 metabolic pathways. The patients with damp phlegm pattern were compared with nondamp phlegm pattern patients and healthy people, the main differential metabolites were primarily lipids and lipid-like molecules, and the main differential metabolic pathways were related to glycerophospholipid metabolism. In the glycerophospholipid metabolism, the metabolites with changes were phosphatidylethanolamine and lysoPC(18 : 1 (9z)). Among them, phosphatidylethanolamine exists in the synthesis stage of glycerophospholipid metabolism.Conclusions. Abnormal expression of lipids and lipid-like molecules, as the major metabolic change, was involved in the formation of GPL patients with damp phlegm pattern.

Post-synthesis nanostructuration of BSA-Capsaicin nanoparticles generated by sucrose excipient

In the pharmaceutical industry nano-hydrocolloid systems frequently coalesce or present nanoparticle aggregation after a long storage periods. Besides, the lyophilization process used to dry nanoparticles (NPs) produces loss of their original properties after dispersion. In this work we evaluated the effect on morphology and physicochemical properties of different protective excipients during drying of bovine serum albumin (BSA) NPs loaded with different concentrations of capsaicin. Capsaicin concentrations of 0, 812, 1625, 2437, and 3250 µg mL−1 were used; subsequently, NPs were dried with deionized water (DW), NaCl (DN), sucrose (DS), and not dried (ND). We found that ND, DW, and DN treatments showed a negative effect on the NPs properties; while, DS reduced the aggregation and produced the formation of isolated nanoparticles at higher concentrations of capsaicin (3250 µg mL−1), improving their circular shape, morphometrical parameters, and ζ-potential. The stability of the BSA-capsaicin NPs was associated to complex capsaicin/amino acid/water, in which GLY/GLN, ALA/HIS, ARG, THR, TYR, and Iso/CYS amino acids are involved in the restructuration of capsaicin molecules into the surface of nanoparticles during the drying process. The secondary nanostructuration in the post-synthesis stage can improve the molecular stability of the particles and the capacity of entrapping hydrophobic drugs, like capsaicin.

KONSEP BIOPHILIC DALAM PERANCANGAN ARSITEKTUR

Various attempts were made to reconnect humans with the buildings and places they inhabit. Biophilic design, as the newest theory of reconnection, essentially incorporates organic life into the built environment. This study aims to explore the biophilic concept in architectural design as a literacy reference in the field of architecture. The research method is through literature review and interviews with the primary data source of an architect and one other architect as a secondary data source. The collected data were analyzed using the Biophilia Architecture theory by Prof. Samalavicius (2020). The analysis showed that the primary source was not included in the Biophilia category, while the secondary data sources had applied the Biophilia concept. The study based on the Biophilic Architecture theory concludes that the concept of biophilic design is an architectural approach to solving residential needs problems by bringing the natural atmosphere into space as a therapy for its occupants both psychologically and physiologically. Meanwhile, understanding the creativity of an architect's work can be done through Intangible (intangible) and Tangible (real). The architectural design process consists of the analysis stage, the synthesis stage, and the evaluation stage, which are known as the divergent, transformation, and convergent stages.Abstrak: Berbagai upaya dilakukan untuk menghubungkan kembali manusia dengan bangunan dan tempat yang mereka huni. Desain biofilik sebagai teori rekoneksi terbaru, menggabungkan kehidupan organik ke dalam lingkungan binaan secara esensial. Penelitian ini bertujuan menggali konsep biophilic dalam perancangan arsitektur sebagai referensi literasi dalam bidang arsitektur. Metode penelitian melalui kajian literatur dan interview sumber data primer seorang arsitek dan satu orang arsitek lainnya sebagai sumber data sekunder. Data yang terkumpul dianalisis menggunakan teori Biophilia Architecture oleh Prof. Samalavicius (2020). Hasil analisa menunjukkan sumber primer belum termasuk kategori Biophilia, sedangkan sumber data sekunder telah menerapkan konsep Biophilia. Pengkajian berdasarkan teori Biophilic Architecture disimpulkan bahwa konsep parancangan biophilic merupakan pendekatan arsitek untuk memecahkan permasalahan kebutuhan hunian dengan membawa suasana alam kedalam ruang sebagai terapi bagi penghuninya baik psikologis maupun fisiologis. Sedangkan memahami kreativitas karya arsitek dapat dilakukan melalui Intangible (tak berwujud) dan Tangible(nyata). Proses perancangan arsitektur terdiri dari tahapan analisis, tahap sintesis, dan tahap evaluasi yang dikenal dengan tahap divergen, transformasi, dan konvergen.

Effective Doping of Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes with Polyethyleneimine

More and more electrically conducting materials are required to sustain the technological progress of civilization. Faced with the performance limits of classical materials, the R&D community has put efforts into developing nanomaterials, which can offer sufficiently high operational parameters. In this work, single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) were doped with polyethyleneimine (PEI) to create such material. The results show that it is most fruitful to combine these components at the synthesis stage of an SWCNT network from their dispersion. In this case, the electrical conductivity of the material is boosted from 249 ± 21 S/cm to 1301 ± 56 S/cm straightforwardly and effectively.

Sintesis Taganing Adaptif Menggunakan Metode Pitch Shifting by Delay-Line Based untuk Standardisasi Gondang Batak Toba

This research using pitch shifting by delay line based method which consist of two main stage. The first stage is called analysis stage (framing, windowing, pre-emphasis and de-emphasis and FFT) that can detect the value of fundamental frequency of each taganing’s gendang. Then, this fundamental frequncy from each gendang will be classified into keyboard tones. The second one is called synthesis stage that will process the fundamental frequency become a new desire signal by creat an upward pitch change or a downward pitch change by delay line based method. Result of this research is created new signals as standard tones of each taganing’s gendang. The evaluation of synthesis output is using comparation method between fudamnetal frequency value of signal output as result of synthetis stage and the fundamental frequency value of keyboard standard’s tone. From the results of the system, it can be concluded that taganing synthesis tone have 98.87% accuration rate.

Properties of basalt-fiber-reinforced polyamide-6 filled by polymerization at the synthesis stage

The composition, physical-mechanical and structural features of polyamide-6 modified at the stage of synthesis by basalt fillers are investigated. The influence of the introduced fillers on the structural features, deformation-strength, technological and physic-chemical properties of the synthesized polymer is established. The positive effect of heat treatment of fillers on their adhesion interaction with the polymer matrix in the synthesis of the composite is revealed. It is shown that with the introduction of a fibrous filler of more than 7.5 wt%, there is a tendency to increase the physical and mechanical characteristics of the synthesized polymer. The behavior of the synthesized composite under high temperature conditions was evaluated by thermogravimetric analysis, which showed that the thermal treatment of basalt fiber can significantly increase the activation energy of destruction, which confirms the effectiveness of the thermal modification of the basalt thread. With the help of infrared spectroscopy, it is shown that the synthesized polymer is fully identified with the spectral pattern characteristic of polyamide-6.