scholarly journals The Category of Dual in the Two Slavic Grammar Books: Adam Bohorič and Meletius Smotrytsky

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jelena Konickaja ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Written Language ◽  
Stable Forms ◽  
Dual Forms ◽  
The Church

In the Slavic grammar books of the 16th-17th centuries, the category of dual was represented in the fi rst Slovenian grammar book «Arcticae horulae succisivae» (1584, Wit-tenberg) by the Protestant grammarian A. Bohorič (1520 –1588) and in the grammar book of the Church Slavonic lan-guage «Slavonic Grammar with Correct Syntax» (1619, Jevje) by M. Smotrytsky (1578–1633 (?)).It was assumed earlier that the Slovenian grammar had had a possible impact on Smotrytsky’s Grammar. However, the analysis of the dual forms in Bohorič’s G r a m m a r and Smotrytsky’s Grammar showed that such an impact was most likely impossible. When creating their gram-mar books, the authors were guided by different aims: if A. Bohorič was following the practice of using the forms of a living language, then Smotrytsky was orienting towards the fi xed stable forms of dead written language.

scholarly journals Old Finnish language and written Finnish literature in 1560–1640

2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
pp. 14-33
Author(s):  
Nadezda S. Bratchikova
Keyword(s):  
Cultural Influence ◽  
Written Language ◽  
16Th Century ◽  
Verbal Art ◽  
Common Features ◽  
Rhetorical Devices ◽  
Latin Language ◽  
Semantic Models ◽  
Church Service ◽  
The Church

The genesis of the old Finnish language (1560-1640) is unique due to two historical reasons: first, the literature of this period was religious; secondly, religious and literary languages represented a single entity. The material of the study was the texts of the period of Catholicism and early Lutheranism (1560-1640). The author employed the analysis of semantic models, rhetorical devices, language structures (helped to identify the peculiarities of the formation of the old Finnish language and the reasons for the growth of its influence on the audience), content analysis of texts (allowed to trace the stages of transition in the church service from Latin and German to Finnish) were used. Comparison of folk texts with the translated ones revealed their common features (repetitions at the level of phrase and alliteration). The development of Old Finnish language was decelerated by the excessive use of the Latin language. However, by the middle of the 16th century, the external and internal political situations in Finland were in favour of using the Finnish language as an instrument of religious authority and a means of cultural influence on society. The written literature of Finland in the studied period was of a translatable state. The translated literature was pivotal in the formation and development of verbal art. Educated people (Justen, Finno, Hemminki from Mask, Sorolainen and L. Petri) made a vast contribution to the written language. Due to them, it was enriched with various forms of dialects and a greater lexicon.

scholarly journals Jazyková krajina Banskej Bystrice (Kontinuita textov a križovatka etník)

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pavol Odaloš
Keyword(s):  
Ethnic Groups ◽  
Written Language ◽  
Complex Sentences ◽  
Business Transactions ◽  
Basic Orientation ◽  
History Of ◽  
Business Function ◽  
Orientation Information ◽  
Visible Language ◽  
The Church

Language Landscape of Banská Bystric (Continuity of Texts and Intersection of Ethnic Groups)The language landscape of Banská Bystrica is made up of visible language, which means written language in the form of contextually fixed words, sentences and complex sentences of a commercial and non-commercial nature. Non-commercial language fulfills a communicative function in terms of presenting basic orientation information in and around Banská Bystrica town, and about the town’s activities, the church and cemetery buildings, and monuments. Commercial language has a business function because it becomes part of the process of business transactions: first in the form of advertising texts offering commercial products; later in the form of information concerning goods offered directly by business facilities. The language landscape of Banská Bystrica is a collection of texts in Slovak, German and Hungarian and is a manifestation of the ethnolinguistic activities of Slovaks, Germans and Hungarians. Some texts in English, German, Latin, Russian and Romanian are evidence of the vitality of these languages in presenting facts about the present day and the history of this town. Krajobraz językowy Bańskiej Bystrzycy (kontinuum tekstów a krzyżowanie się grup etnicznych)Na krajobraz językowy Bańskiej Bystrzycy składają się teksty o charakterze komercyjnym i niekomercyjnym, dostępne w wersji wizualnej, powstałe w języku pisanym, w formie kontekstowo uwarunkowanych słów, zdań prostych i zdań złożonych. Język o charakterze niekomercyjnym pełni funkcję komunikacyjną w zakresie przekazywania podstawowych informacji orientacyjnych w mieście Bańska Bystrzyca i w jego okolicach, a także informacji o działalności związanej z miastem, o budynkach kościelnych i cmentarnych oraz o zabytkach. Język o charakterze komercyjnym pełni funkcję biznesową, ponieważ staje się częścią procesu obrotu gospodarczego: najpierw w postaci tekstów reklamowych oferujących produkty handlowe, później w formie informacji o produktach oferowanych bezpośrednio przez placówki handlowe i usługowe. Krajobraz językowy Bańskiej Bystrzycy tworzą teksty w językach słowackim, niemieckim i węgierskim, będące przejawem działalności etnolingwistycznej Słowaków, Niemców i Węgrów. Teksty w językach angielskim, niemieckim, rosyjskim, rumuńskim i po łacinie świadczą o istotnej roli tych języków w przedstawianiu faktów dotyczących współczesności i historii tego miasta.

From Chronicles to Customs Accounts: The Uses of Latin in the Long 14th Century

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wendy R. Childs
Keyword(s):  
Written Language ◽  
14Th Century ◽  
The Church

The 14th century continued to see a predominantly trilingual society in England, with a number of vernaculars used alongside English, French, and Latin. Latin was the most widely written language and its use in the church, scholarship, and administration provides an immense range of Latin sources for the medievalist, from the highly literary to the practical. This chapter focuses on chronicles and customs accounts for shipping. The chroniclers consciously used classical styles, vocabulary, and quotations, while nonetheless incorporating the changes inevitably occurring in a living language. The customs collectors used plain, often formulaic, Latin and introduced vernaculars, but always within an accurate Latin matrix. Together they illustrate the range of content, style, and vocabulary found in 14th-century Latin sources.

Historical, Cultural, and Literary Background

2019 ◽  
pp. 251-316
Author(s):  
Howard Jones ◽  
Martin H. Jones
Keyword(s):  
Roman Empire ◽  
Rural Economy ◽  
German Society ◽  
Written Language ◽  
Holy Roman Empire ◽  
Middle High German ◽  
Religious Literature ◽  
Key Concepts ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
The Church

This chapter describes the context in which the texts chosen for study originated and in which the use of German as a written language developed during the Middle High German period. No prior knowledge of the period is presupposed; key concepts are explained as they arise. The chapter is divided into three sections. The first explains the formation of the kingdom of Germany and of the Holy Roman Empire and examines the relationship between them. The second section describes the structure and working of German society under the following headings: the church; kingship and the secular nobility (including discussion of knighthood and chivalry); peasants and the rural economy; towns and townspeople. The third section surveys the principal types of texts that provide the basis for the study of Middle High German. The survey covers religious literature, courtly literature, chronicles, legal and administrative texts, and medical and other specialist literature.

scholarly journals Interferencja rosyjsko-cerkiewnosłowiańska w tekstach staroobrzędowych z XIX–XX wieku

2019 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 373-388
Author(s):  
Helena Pociechina
Keyword(s):  
Written Language ◽  
Read Aloud ◽  
Orthodox Church ◽  
Church Fathers ◽  
Old Believers ◽  
Church Life ◽  
The Everyday ◽  
Book Of Hours ◽  
Everyday Reality ◽  
The Church

Until today, the Russian of Old Believers’ prints and manuscripts has not been subject to research in linguistic studies. The written language under investigation here, as seen in hand-written notebooks or books printed illegally, is based on the urban variant of the Russian colloquial language. Old Church Slavonic elements are prominent in the analyzed texts, which might be the result of teaching the skills of reading and writing from Old Church Slavonic primers (azbukas) and from the Church Slavonic Psalter and Horologion (Book of Hours). This feature of the analyzed texts refers not only to paraliturgical scripts (used to pray at home) but also to polemic and didactic writings, as well as texts aimed to be read aloud or sung, such as spiritual poems. Fragments of texts in Old Church Slavonic are mainly quotations or reminiscences from the Holy Scripture and writings of the Church Fathers, taken from early polemic texts. The fragments also refer to the everyday reality of the Orthodox Church life. The paper presents analyses of texts such as: “Wiecznaja Pravda” by Avvakum Komissarov, Sinodik, Skitskoje pokajanije, Czin ispowiedaniju, as well as calendars and spiritual guides.

scholarly journals Authors and languages in a sociohistorical context: Basque religious literature in seventeenth-century France

2020 ◽  
Vol 0 (0) ◽  
Author(s):  
Eneko Zuloaga ◽  
Dorota Krajewska
Keyword(s):  
Seventeenth Century ◽  
Catholic Church ◽  
Basque Country ◽  
Written Language ◽  
Religious Movements ◽  
Religious Literature ◽  
Historical Sociolinguistics ◽  
The Reformation ◽  
Sociohistorical Context ◽  
The Church

AbstractIn this paper, we apply the methods of historical sociolinguistics to seventeenth-century religious literature in Basque. We explore issues related to macrosociolinguistics, and, in particular, the problem of contextualisation of authors and their works. As an example of this approach, we analyse Doctrina Christiana by Esteve Materra (published in 1617 and 1623), the first Basque Catholic catechism in the province of Labourd, in the northern part of the Basque Country. It marked the beginning of an intense period of publishing in Basque which lasted until the late seventeenth century. We place the book in the context of major religious movements in France at that time. Materra’s catechism was a response of the Catholic Church to the Reformation in the Basque Country, and was produced with the support of the Church authorities, which needed Basque to reach monolingual speakers. Notwithstanding, Materra’s catechism also attests to the development of a model of written language to be used in the Labourdin literature.

scholarly journals The Reformation and the Linguistic Situation in Norway

Nordlit ◽  
2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Endre Mørck
Keyword(s):  
Spoken Language ◽  
Written Language ◽  
Religious Literature ◽  
Short Account ◽  
The Bible ◽  
The Reformation ◽  
The Church ◽  
Modern Form ◽  
The Way

The article gives a short account of the development of the spoken language from Old Norwegian to Modern Norwegian, the transition from Norwegian to Danish as the written language in Norway and the language of the church around the Reformation. It is argued that the changes in the spoken language were a long-term development completed, on the whole, at the time of the Reformation, that the transition from Norwegian to Danish as the written language was also well on the way before the Reformation, and that the vernacular was not abruptly introduced in the Lutheran service. So, the linguistic situation in the centuries following the Reformation is only to a lesser degree a result of the Reformation itself. The Reformation should first and foremost be credited with the translation of the Bible into Danish and with it the consolidation of a modern form of Danish which was spread through the extensive religious literature of the time. Later this consolidated written language formed the basis for the development of a higher variety of spoken Norwegian.

Spiritual Healing, Sick Kids and the Law: Inequities in the American Healthcare System

2003 ◽  
Vol 29 (2-3) ◽  
pp. 269-299
Author(s):  
Janna C. Merrick
Keyword(s):  
Medical Science ◽  
Spiritual Healing ◽  
Best Interests ◽  
Legal Rights ◽  
High Tech ◽  
Divine Love ◽  
Religious Minority ◽  
Human Need ◽  
East End ◽  
The Church

Main Street in Sarasota, Florida. A high-tech medical arts building rises from the east end, the county's historic three-story courthouse is two blocks to the west and sandwiched in between is the First Church of Christ, Scientist. A verse inscribed on the wall behind the pulpit of the church reads: “Divine Love Always Has Met and Always Will Meet Every Human Need.” This is the church where William and Christine Hermanson worshipped. It is just a few steps away from the courthouse where they were convicted of child abuse and third-degree murder for failing to provide conventional medical care for their seven-year-old daughter.This Article is about the intersection of “divine love” and “the best interests of the child.” It is about a pluralistic society where the dominant culture reveres medical science, but where a religious minority shuns and perhaps fears that same medical science. It is also about the struggle among different religious interests to define the legal rights of the citizenry.

Ideas and Leaders in Contentious Politics: One Parish Priest in El Salvador's Popular Movement

2014 ◽  
Vol 38 (01) ◽  
pp. 76-101
Author(s):  
PETER M. SANCHEZ
Keyword(s):  
Collective Action ◽  
El Salvador ◽  
Liberation Theology ◽  
Contentious Politics ◽  
Religious Leaders ◽  
Political Movement ◽  
Parish Priest ◽  
Historical Moment ◽  
Resource Mobilisation ◽  
The Church

AbstractThis paper examines the actions of one Salvadorean priest – Padre David Rodríguez – in one parish – Tecoluca – to underscore the importance of religious leadership in the rise of El Salvador's contentious political movement that began in the early 1970s, when the guerrilla organisations were only just beginning to develop. Catholic leaders became engaged in promoting contentious politics, however, only after the Church had experienced an ideological conversion, commonly referred to as liberation theology. A focus on one priest, in one parish, allows for generalisation, since scores of priests, nuns and lay workers in El Salvador followed the same injustice frame and tactics that generated extensive political mobilisation throughout the country. While structural conditions, collective action and resource mobilisation are undoubtedly necessary, the case of religious leaders in El Salvador suggests that ideas and leadership are of vital importance for the rise of contentious politics at a particular historical moment.

Word Prompt Programs

1997 ◽  
Vol 6 (3) ◽  
pp. 57-65 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lisa A. Wood ◽  
Joan L. Rankin ◽  
David R. Beukelman
Keyword(s):  
Learning Disabilities ◽  
Current Literature ◽  
Word Processing ◽  
Computer Software ◽  
Written Language ◽  
Written Communication ◽  
Speech Language Pathologists ◽  
Basic Word ◽  
The Matrix ◽  
Language Needs

Word prompt programs are computer software programs or program features that are used in addition to basic word processing. These programs provide word lists from which a user selects a desired word and inserts it into a line of text. This software is used to support individuals with severe speech, physical, and learning disabilities. This tutorial describes the features of a variety of word prompt programs and reviews the current literature on the use of these programs by people with oral and written language needs. In addition, a matrix that identifies the features contained in eight sample word prompt programs is provided. The descriptions of features and the matrix are designed to assist speech-language pathologists and teachers in evaluating and selecting word prompt programs to support their clients' oral and written communication.

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