scholarly journals Electrophysiological modulations of lexical prediction by conversation requirements

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cristina Baus ◽  
Anne-Sophie Dubarry ◽  
F.-Xavier Alario
Keyword(s):  
Social Context ◽  
Language Processing ◽  
Language Comprehension ◽  
Social Life ◽  
Language Production ◽  
Social Partner ◽  
Social Relevance ◽  
The Social ◽  
Priming Paradigm ◽  
Interactive Nature

Language mediates most of our social life and yet, despite such social relevance and ubiquity, little is known about language processing during social interactions. To explore this issue, two experiments were designed to isolate two basic components of a conversation: 1) the interplay between language production and comprehension systems, and 2) the participation of a social partner. We explored how prediction processes in language comprehension are modulated by two basic components of a conversation. Participants were asked to perform a cross-modal priming paradigm in two blocks, one involving only comprehension trials and another in which trials requiring production and comprehension were intermixed. In the first experiment, participants were alone during the task and in the second experiment, participants believed they were performing the task jointly with an interactive partner. A critical electrophysiological signature of lexical prediction was observed, the N400 component, allowing to assess its modulation across conditions and experiments. when production was involved in the task, the effect of lexical predictability was enhanced at the early stages of language comprehension (anticipatory phase), irrespective of the social context. In contrast, language production reduced the effect of lexical predictability at later stages (integration phase), only when participants performed the task alone but not in the social context. These results support production based-models and reveal the importance of exploring language considering its interactive nature.

scholarly journals Perlawanan Visual Perempuan dalam Poster

2018 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 147
Author(s):  
Misbah Zulfa Elizabeth
Keyword(s):  
Qualitative Research ◽  
Social Context ◽  
Gender Inequality ◽  
Social Life ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Text Interpretation ◽  
Religious Text ◽  
The Social ◽  
Visual Expression ◽  
And Gender

<p>Visual expression is something un-denayable in social life because the viasuality is the expression of the social life. This article has the purpose to explore how visual expression of women resistance toward gender inequality. Applying qualitative research with the method of documentation study this article in detail analyses the interpretation of religious text as the source of inequality and gender reality in social context. It is revealed that visual expression of the poster suggesting to treat men and women respectfully is the resistance toward religious text interpretation which is inequally treat men and women.</p>

Spoken language comprehension: insights from eye movements

2007 ◽  
pp. 308-326 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael K. Tanenhaus
Keyword(s):  
Eye Movements ◽  
Language Processing ◽  
Language Comprehension ◽  
Language Production ◽  
World Literature ◽  
Spoken Language ◽  
Response Measure ◽  
Visual World ◽  
Spoken Language Processing ◽  
Spoken Language Comprehension

Recently, eye movements have become a widely used response measure for studying spoken language processing in both adults and children, in situations where participants comprehend and generate utterances about a circumscribed “Visual World” while fixation is monitored, typically using a free-view eye-tracker. Psycholinguists now use the Visual World eye-movement method to study both language production and language comprehension, in studies that run the gamut of current topics in language processing. Eye movements are a response measure of choice for addressing many classic questions about spoken language processing in psycholinguistics. This article reviews the burgeoning Visual World literature on language comprehension, highlighting some of the seminal studies and examining how the Visual World approach has contributed new insights to our understanding of spoken word recognition, parsing, reference resolution, and interactive conversation. It considers some of the methodological issues that come to the fore when psycholinguists use eye movements to examine spoken language comprehension.

Testing the automaticity of syntax using masked visual priming

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elena Pyatigorskaya ◽  
Matteo Maran ◽  
Emiliano Zaccarella
Keyword(s):  
Language Processing ◽  
Language Comprehension ◽  
Syntactic Priming ◽  
Visual Words ◽  
Visual Priming ◽  
Priming Paradigm ◽  
Syntactic Information ◽  
Fast Pace ◽  
Behavioural Experiments

Language comprehension proceeds at a very fast pace. It is argued that context influences the speed of language comprehension by providing informative cues for the correct processing of the incoming linguistic input. Priming studies investigating the role of context in language processing have shown that humans quickly recognise target words that share orthographic, morphological, or semantic information with their preceding primes. How syntactic information influences the processing of incoming words is however less known. Early syntactic priming studies reported faster recognition for noun and verb targets (e.g., apple or sing) following primes with which they form grammatical phrases or sentences (the apple, he sings). The studies however leave open a number of questions about the reported effect, including the degree of automaticity of syntactic priming, the facilitative versus inhibitory nature, and the specific mechanism underlying the priming effect—that is, the type of syntactic information primed on the target word. Here we employed a masked syntactic priming paradigm in four behavioural experiments in German language to test whether masked primes automatically facilitate the categorization of nouns and verbs presented as flashing visual words. Overall, we found robust syntactic priming effects with masked primes—thus suggesting high automaticity of the process—but only when verbs were morpho-syntactically marked (er kau-t; he chew-s). Furthermore, we found that, compared to baseline, primes slow down target categorisation when the relationship between prime and target is syntactically incorrect, rather than speeding it up when the prime-target relationship is syntactically correct. This argues in favour of an inhibitory nature of syntactic priming. Overall, the data indicate that humans automatically extract abstract syntactic features from word categories as flashing visual words, which has an impact on the speed of successful language processing during language comprehension.

The Oxford Handbook of Psycholinguistics

2018 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Language Processing ◽  
Language Comprehension ◽  
Language Production ◽  
Text Comprehension ◽  
Sentence Comprehension ◽  
Linguistic Diversity ◽  
First Language ◽  
Grammatical Encoding ◽  
Current State

This handbook reviews the current state of the art in the field of psycholinguistics. Part I deals with language comprehension at the sublexical, lexical, and sentence and discourse levels. It explores concepts of speech representation and the search for universal speech segmentation mechanisms against a background of linguistic diversity and compares first language with second language segmentation. It also discusses visual word recognition, lexico-semantics, the different forms of lexical ambiguity, sentence comprehension, text comprehension, and language in deaf populations. Part II focuses on language production, with chapters covering topics such as word production and related processes based on evidence from aphasia, the major debates surrounding grammatical encoding. Part III considers various aspects of interaction and communication, including the role of gesture in language processing, approaches to the study of perspective-taking, and the interrelationships between language comprehension, emotion, and sociality. Part IV is concerned with language development and evolution, focusing on topics ranging from the development of prosodic phonology, the neurobiology of artificial grammar learning, and developmental dyslexia. The book concludes with Part V, which looks at methodological advances in psycholinguistic research, such as the use of intracranial electrophysiology in the area of language processing.

scholarly journals The Social Life of Gas Stations

2016 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 75
Author(s):  
Giulio Giovannoni
Keyword(s):  
Social Life ◽  
Central Italy ◽  
Public Life ◽  
Policy Implications ◽  
Social Relevance ◽  
Ongoing Research ◽  
Gas Stations ◽  
The Social ◽  
Youth Subcultures ◽  
Post War

Literature on gas stations is attributable to a handful of approaches: a nostalgic/historical approach on the first vernacular manifestations of such roadside artifacts; an opposite bleak approach, stressing their features of "non-places"; the obvious branch of technological literature; and a few others. Almost never are gas stations considered as public spaces. However gas stations, as well as other curbside artifacts, abound of social life. This is particularly true in Italy, where thanks to the post-war tradition of Autogrill, gas stations are often much more than just a place to fill up. They provide coffee shops, restaurants, pastry shops, as well as newsstands, stores, food vendors, not to say of the inevitable Mac Drives. Al that accessible, easy to park, and in many instances open 24/7, in a country which shuts at 7.00 pm, or at best at 9.00 pm. Therefore gas stations end to be the crossroads of many social interactions, especially – but not only –of youth subcultures. For these reasons gas stations deserve being studied for what they are, avoiding both nostalgic and bleak approaches. The paper presents the first results of an ongoing research on the social life of gas stations in central Italy. It is structured in five main sections. Section one synthesizes the main positions on gas stations, from the pessimistic ones equating gas stations to nonplaces, to the more optimistic framing gas stations within street and car cultures. Section two frames the relevance of gas stations within the wider transformation produced on cities by the advent of car. Section three provides an historical framework in order to explain today’s social relevance of gas stations in Italy. Section four presents the research findings on the social life of such ‘architectures in motion’, confirming the importance of gas stations for public life. The conclusive section of the paper draws policy implications of such findings claiming the necessity of explicitly designing gas stations as places for public life.

scholarly journals Social Context Influences Resting Physiology in Dogs

Animals ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (12) ◽  
pp. 2214
Author(s):  
Kim Kortekaas ◽  
Kurt Kotrschal
Keyword(s):  
Social Context ◽  
Social Life ◽  
Social Rank ◽  
Social Orientation ◽  
Cardiac Responses ◽  
The Social

Domestication has affected the social life of dogs. They seem to be less dependent on their pack members than wolves, potentially causing dogs to be more alert towards their environment, especially when resting. Such a response has been found in dogs resting alone compared to wolves in the same situation. However, as this may be influenced by social context, we compared alertness (i.e., degree of activation along the sleep–wake continuum—measured via cardiac parameters) of pack-living and enclosure-kept dogs in two conditions: (1) alone, and (2) with pack members, and in two states of activation: (1) inactive wakefulness, and (2) resting. We found that when dogs were resting alone, alertness was higher than when resting in the pack; individual alertness was potentially influenced by social rank. However, alertness was similar in the two conditions during inactive wakefulness. Thus, depending on social context, familiar conspecifics may still provide support in dogs; i.e., domestication has probably only partly shifted the social orientation of dogs from conspecifics to humans. We suggest that cardiac responses of dogs may be more flexible than those of wolves because of their adaptation to the more variable presence of humans and conspecifics in their environment.

scholarly journals Situating language in a minimal social context: how seeing a picture of the speaker’s face affects language comprehension

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
David Hernández-Gutiérrez ◽  
Francisco Muñoz ◽  
Jose Sánchez-García ◽  
Werner Sommer ◽  
Rasha Abdel Rahman ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Social Context ◽  
Language Processing ◽  
Language Comprehension ◽  
Event Related Potentials ◽  
Semantic Level ◽  
Related Potentials ◽  
Processing Resources ◽  
Mere Presence ◽  
Anterior Negativity ◽  
Communicative Context

Abstract Natural use of language involves at least two individuals. Some studies have focused on the interaction between senders in communicative situations and how the knowledge about the speaker can bias language comprehension. However, the mere effect of a face as a social context on language processing remains unknown. In the present study, we used event-related potentials to investigate the semantic and morphosyntactic processing of speech in the presence of a photographic portrait of the speaker. In Experiment 1, we show that the N400, a component related to semantic comprehension, increased its amplitude when processed within this minimal social context compared to a scrambled face control condition. Hence, the semantic neural processing of speech is sensitive to the concomitant perception of a picture of the speaker’s face, even if irrelevant to the content of the sentences. Moreover, a late posterior negativity effect was found to the presentation of the speaker’s face compared to control stimuli. In contrast, in Experiment 2, we found that morphosyntactic processing, as reflected in left anterior negativity and P600 effects, is not notably affected by the presence of the speaker’s portrait. Overall, the present findings suggest that the mere presence of the speaker’s image seems to trigger a minimal communicative context, increasing processing resources for language comprehension at the semantic level.

scholarly journals A dimensão social na poesia de Ferreira Gullar e na de Tarso de Melo / The social dimension in the poetry of Ferreira Gullar and Tarso de Melo

2021 ◽  
Vol 30 (2) ◽  
pp. 154
Author(s):  
Henrique Duarte Neto
Keyword(s):  
Social Context ◽  
Social Life ◽  
Social Dimension ◽  
The Social

Resumo: O objetivo principal deste artigo é o de pensar de que forma há a ressonância da vida social brasileira na poesia de Ferreira Gullar (2001) e na de Tarso de Melo (2017), especificamente nas obras: Dentro da noite veloz, do primeiro, e Íntimo desabrigo, do segundo. Também se expõe a hipótese interpretativa de que em ambos surge uma espécie de “neorrealismo”, mas muito mais agudo e desenvolvido em Ferreira Gullar, com sua sede pelo referencial, pela realidade em toda a sua crueza. Por fim, conclui-se que ambos os poetas retratam de maneira contundente o contexto social brasileiro, com grande vigor expressivo e gerando poemas que tendem a permanecer não só enquanto retrato de uma época, mas, nos melhores casos, como produções artísticas de alto valor estético.Palavras-chave: Ferreira Gullar; Tarso de Melo; poesia social; neorrealismo.Abstract: The main objective of this article is to think about the resonance of Brazilian social life in Ferreira Gullar (2001) and Tarso de Melo (2017) poetry, specifically in the works: Into the fast night, of the first, and Intimate homelessness, of the second. It also exposes the interpretive hypothesis that in both a kind of “neorealism” appears, but much acuter and developed in Ferreira Gullar, with his desire to be referential, for the reality in all its rawness. Finally, it is concluded that both poets strongly portray the Brazilian social context, with great expressive vigor and generating poems that tend to remain not only as a portrait of an era, but, in the best cases, as high-value artistic productions aesthetic.Keywords: Ferreira Gullar; Tarso de Melo; social poetry; neorealism.

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