SEMANTIC COMPONENTS OF ATTITUDES TOWARDS THE HOMELAND IN THE CULTURAL SPACE OF YOUNG PEOPLE

В статье анализируются смысловые значения отношения к Родине в культурном пространстве российской молодёжи. Большая часть смысловых компонентов отношения к Родине связаны с историей российского народа и находят своё выражение в национальном характере в форме духовно-нравственных ценностей. Данные базовые компоненты отражены в нормативных документах, регулирующих процесс воспитания подрастающего поколения. В роли таких ценностей выступает исполнение нравственного долга перед Отечеством в форме служения ему и готовности его защищать. Другая часть смысловых компонентов отношения к Родине формируется в рамках молодёжных субкультур. Данные смыслы рождаются в процессе переосмысления молодыми людьми своего отношения к феномену «Родина». Результатом этого процесса становится переконструирование социальной реальности молодёжными группами в соответствии с их символическими универсумами. Анализируются данные, полученные в ходе проведенного социологического исследования, о связи ментальных и современных черт национального характера с отклоняющимся смыслом образа Родины в культурном пространстве молодёжи. Отмечается, что современные черты в большей степени связаны с отклоняющимся смыслом формирования отношения к Родине, чем с ментальными чертами. The paper analyses the meanings of attitudes towards the Homeland in the cultural space of Russian youth. Some of the semantic components of the relationship to the Motherland are largely associated with the history of the Russian people and find their expression in the national character in the form of spiritual and moral values. These basic components are reflected in the normative documents governing the upbringing of the younger generation. The role of such values is the fulfillment of moral duty to the Motherland in the form of service to it and readiness to defend it. Another part of the semantic components of attitudes towards the Motherland is formed within the framework of youth subcultures. These meanings are born in the process of young people's reconsideration of their attitude to this phenomenon. The result of this process is a reconstruction of social reality by youth groups according to their symbolic universes. The publication analyzes the data obtained during sociological study on the relationship between mental and modern traits of national character with the deviant meaning of the image of the Motherland in the cultural space of young people. The research shows that contemporary traits are connected with the deviant meaning of forming attitudes towards the Homeland rather than with mental traits.

A Multifunctional Model of a Modern Listener’s Behavior

The article focuses on strengthening positions of a modern listener in the context of the development of academic musical art. Since the end of the last century, there has been a surge in scientific interest in studying the audience of classical music. Listening experience is being analyzed on an equal basis with composition and performing. Interdisciplinary researches touch upon historical practices, semantic aspects and communication characteristics. However, today the very nature of listeners’ relationship with art is changing, too. The listener becomes an active participant in musical events, playing new roles — that of a musical critic, manager, expert, and even a co-author and performer of works. The formation of new listener’s functions in addition to the perception of music requires a revision of the audience evaluation factor, now based only on the sophistication of the “listening function”. The issue of justifying a new scheme, which would take into account the positions of all participants in a musical event in relation to each other, is extremely relevant. The public refuses the “vassal” role and steadily strengthens its position in the intergroup hierarchy by choosing new behaviors. While the leitmotif of the musical life of the 20th century was the theme of educating a wide audience of genuine taste and a deep understanding of musical content, today the listeners defend their freedom of choice. It is important to understand the reasons and predict the consequences of the increasing emancipation of not only the experienced listener, but also of the neophyte. Music streaming services make a significant contribution to this process. The growing popularity of two youth subcultures demonstrating a high interest in classical art — Dark Academia and Light Academia — deserves attention too.

The Artisan Economy and the New Spirit of Capitalism

Against the backdrop of deindustrialization and the rise of the service economy, small artisan businesses have been promoted as a liberatory alternative to large-scale enterprise and mass production in the wake of the 2007 global financial crisis. We analyze advice manuals for aspiring artisan entrepreneurs by adapting Boltanski and Chiapello’s (2005) framework and analysis of management textbooks to investigate books for would-be artisan business owners. These texts are “manuals of moral instruction” (58) that offer the reader the promise of a more fulfilling and ethical life through self-employment. We reveal that the artisan economy promoted by these advice manuals represents a further evolution in capitalism’s co-optation of the artistic critique via the oppositional strata of punk and indie youth subcultures—and their style.

Виникнення стилів "байкер" і "рокер" у сучасній світовій моді

Study of the prerequisites of the emergence of Bikers and Rockers archetypes and their influence on the formation of corresponding subcultures and the direction of independent world fashion styles. The work uses a historical analysis and a visual-analytical method based on illustrative publications to study the artistic and compositional features of rider's clothing. Based on the scientific works of K. Jung, the influence of the collective unconscious on the process of the emergence of "bikers" and "rockers" subcultures are determined. The prerequisites at the inception of these styles were considered, the development of rider's clothing formation in world and Soviet’s fashion as artistic objects was studied, and the manifestations of compositional expressiveness were analysed. Scientific novelty consists in systematization of factors of occurrence of the classical biker style as an independent world fashion stream. Archetypical "bikers" and "rockers" have been identified and classified as part of subcultures and as a model of instinctive behaviour that exist in the collective unconscious. The practical significance consists in the analysis and theoretical generalization of materials that can be used in further applied scientific research of youth subcultures. The results are promising for further study of the influence of socially synthesized art on the clothing of drivers of motorized vehicles and on general trends in the development of world fashion.

Cosplay As a Youth Subculture: The Factors of Choice and Identity Formation

The article addresses the establishment and peculiarities of cosplay as a youth urban subculture in modern Russia. Cosplay is referred to as a subculture created by young people specifically for themselves, which, in a sense, defines it as elitist as long as it is aimed to form a relatively closed community. The authors demonstrate the possibilities of conducting a sociological analysis of cosplay by means of methodologies of sociology of recreation, sociology of game, sociology of communication and sociology of subculture, which supports a multidisciplinary approach to understanding of new practices in youth subcultures. The study actualizes the problem of constructing a new type of identity through subculture, while enhancing such aspects of cosplay as values and norms, and culture and behavior. The subculture analysis relies on the results of multi-methodological, empirical research in sociology: a mass survey (n=496) and in-depth interviews (n=10) conducted in 2018 with cosplayers in Russia. The techniques of on-line survey and face-to-face interview were used. The study reveals basic motives of cosplayers at the stages of entering the subculture and subculture affiliation; addresses the criteria of self-identification as cosplayers and characterizes the attitude of their immediate environment to the choice of this specific subculture. The low level of identifying cosplay with subculture and the absence of opposition to mainstream societal norms and values is one of the most significant conclusions, which corresponds to growing urban tolerance towards displays of subcultures, the rise of cosplay positive connotations in mass media and reference groups. Furthermore, cosplayers give recreational and communicative components of cosplay priority, thus making cosplay a cultural and ludic “hybrid phenomenon”. This study is one of the pioneering ones to research cosplay in Russia, which accounts for its particular relevance and salience. Keywords: cosplay, subculture, motivation, playisation, recreation

Paradigm approach in the analysis of Russian and European youth subcultures

European scientific tradition distinguishes between modern and postmodern subcultural paradigms. Contrary to that, the issue of youth subcultural paradigms in Russian research tradition is still open. The specificity of the Russian subcultures is that they trace their origin either in Europe or the USA. In view of this, it is important to identify the features of European cultural phenomena that are present in the Russian cultural space. The European paradigm approach is introduced through the works of D. Hebdige and D. Muggleton. Paradigm features of subcultural analysis offered by these scholars provide the basis for analysis of the Russian empirical material. In particular, the study takes into account such characteristics as the presence / absence of a border between subcultures, the presence / absence of the ideology of a subculture, the fixity / fluidity of subcultural identity, the presence / absence of the influence of mass media on subcultural identity, the presence / absence of capitalist values in the subculture, the presence / lack of protest potential in subcultures. Interviews with representatives of the first and second waves of the Samara graffiti subculture became the empirical material of the study. We identified paradigmatic characteristics in the first and second waves of the subculture and compared them. The results obtained allow concluding that the Russian subcultural space has its own specifics, and the subcultural paradigms of both the first and second waves are of a hybrid nature, containing features of both modern and postmodern paradigms.

Formation of Subcultural Entity under the Influence of Public Sphere

The last two decades have been a time of serious transformation of youth subcultures. Researchers speak about the formation of the postmodernism paradigm of subculture and the virtualisation of sociocultural phenomena. The subcultural subject and the power that formed it continue to exist in the new realities, but are undergoing a transformation. Changes having occured to the public sphere were especially significant for a subcultural entity since it is the public sphere where a subcultural entity can present itself to authorities, thereby maintaining its social subsistence. Our research was aimed at studying how the transformation of the public sphere has affected the entity’s subculture. For the study, the authors employed the method of a qualitative half-structurated interview and draw on the disciplinary authority concept suggested by M. Foucault. The analysis was based on materials of interviewing some representatives of the graffiti subculture in the city of Samara (twenty-two people) from 2016 to 2018. The author has established that the subcultural subject is processual and dependent on the practices in use; a change in practices leads to a change in the subject. Changes of practices in the graffiti subculture were a result of the virtualisation of culture. The author has identified the changes that have taken place in the subcultural subject under the influence of the transformation of the public sphere (the ‘short time’ of instantaneous fame prevails over the ‘long time’ of the symbolic capital of the nickname, new space-time coordinates within which the entity exists, the ‘digital body’ of the subcultural entity becomes ever more informative rather than that which was created via sketches placed in urban space). Unlike the public sphere, the private sphere under the influence of a subculture ideology remains unchanged.

Harry Potter and the Orthodox community: еxperience in content analysis

В статье анализируется хронологическое изменение палитры мнений духовенства и мирян российской части Русской Православной Церкви по отношению к произведениям Дж. Роулинг (цикл романов о Гарри Поттере) и молодежным субкультурам, появившимся на их основе в 2002–2020 гг. В качестве источников исследования выступают высказывания православного духовенства в религиозных и светских средствах массовой информации, интервью авторов со священнослужителями, сотрудниками церковной администрации, преподавателями Православного Свято-Тихоновского гуманитарного университета (ПСТГУ), выпускниками и учащимися православных гимназий и воскресных школ. The article analyzes the chronological change in the palette of opinions of the clergy and laity of the Russian part of the Russian Orthodox Church in relation to the works of J.K. Rowling (a cycle of novels about Harry Potter) and the youth subcultures that emerged on their basis in 2002–2020.